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No full textNot AvailableMicrowave processing is used in industry for drying food commodities as it improves the quality of products
and reduces the drying period. In the present study, the effects of microwave power of 600W (105 and 100
min), 800 W (95 and 90 min), and 1000 W (80 and 65 min) and temperature (60 and 70 °C) on the drying
kinetics and quality of microwave-dried shrimp were investigated. The results revealed that increasing the
microwave power and temperature increase the drying rate. During the drying process, protein, fat, and ash
content increased, whereas the moisture content decreased. The energy value of the dried shrimp
increased from 54.41 to 287 kcal g−1. The yield of dried shrimp was in the range of 24–25%. The pH,
trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA),
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) values increased slightly
in the dried shrimp. Moreover, the hardness of the fried shrimp decreased, while its springiness,
gumminess, cohesiveness, and chewiness increased slightly. The lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness
(b*), chroma, browning index, whiteness index, and DE increased in the dried shrimp. The results
indicated that the quality of the dried shrimp and drying time decreased when the microwave power was
increased.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableResponse surface methodology (RSM) has broader applicability, where numerous input variables may impact a given performance metric or quality attribute of the final product or process. It involves designing experiments, collecting data, and developing models to optimize the response. Rotatable designs have the property to generate information about the response surface equally in all locations, even when no or little prior knowledge is available about the nature of the response surface. These designs are constructed by imposing certain restrictions on the moment matrix of the design to achieve constancy in the variance of predicted response at all points equidistant from the design center and is invariant to rotation of axis with respect to any angle. Most rotatable response surface designs are symmetric in nature, although factors with mixed-level have more practical utility as it can explore more regions in the design space. In this article, we have proposed a procedure for creating asymmetric third-order rotatable designs (ATORDs) as well as a strategy for creating them with fewer design points when time and resources are the main limitations. Two classes of orthogonal transformation-based ATORDs viz., ATORD-I and ATORD-II have been obtained. ATORD-II does not completely satisfy the moment matrix constraints, although both ATORD-I and ATORD-II have constant prediction variance. ATORD-II is more cost-efficient for experimentation when resource and financial constraints are the primary factors to be taken into account. A comparison of the designs developed is also made using efficiency criterion and dispersion graphs.Not Availabl
Multi-environment testing revealed the effect of yield genes on the grain yield stability in diverse rice germplasm
No full textNot AvailableDiverse rice germplasm comprising 112 genotypes was evaluated for yield traits across three environments. Pooled and environmentwise analysis of variance revealed heterogeneity in the data and significant environment interactions for all the yield traits. As per AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and GGE (genotype and genotype x environment interaction) biplots, the influence of environment was significant and varying on all the component yield traits including grain yield and was not significant in case of flowering date. Dry season at Maruteru in 2014–15 (E1) was the most discriminative and representative environment for favourable plant growth in terms of plant height, panicle number and panicle length. None of the environments represented ideal environment for the favourable expression of grain number while all the environments were equally informative for thousand grain weight and grain yield. Panicle number, grain number and thousand grain weight were contributing to grain yield across the environments. Three genotypes Panthdhan 12, Konark and Udaygiri were the most stable genotypes for grain yield with favourable combination of associated yield genes for all the traits, viz. 1000 grain weight, the number of grains per panicle, the number of filled grains per panicle, productive tillers and plant height with higher yield, and grouped in one cluster. Genotyping using previously reported markers revealed that favourable alleles of yield genes associated with the number of productive tillers were predominantly found followed by alleles for the number of grains/filled grains per panicle correlating with the superior phenotypic value of the respective trait. The information on association of yield stability with reported yield genes from this study is useful in marker-assisted breeding studies for yield improvement and can be confirmed with various sets of genotypes under multi-environment testing. The identified superior genotypes are potential components in future breeding programmes and the development of stable adaptable varieties. The present study suggests that yield stability could be effectively achieved with targeted improvement of component yield traits associated with favourable alleles.Not Availabl
Feeds and Feeding of Ducks
No full textThe role of livestock & poultry in nutritional & livelihood security and doubling farmers’ income is highly important. In India, among alternate poultry species, the contributions of ducks for egg and meat production are next to chicken. The important available ducks are few exotic breeds and locally available indigenous breeds. Generally, ducks are reared under extensive or semi-intensive or intensive rearing systems. Based on different rearing systems, the feeds of ducks are more diversified. The literature available on nutrient requirements for different types of ducks and nutrient contents of different feeds in different rearing systems is very meagre. To minimize the cost of production, many locally available low cost feed ingredients or alternate or unconventional feed ingredients like broken rice, azolla, tuber crops (cassava), different insects, earthworm, etc are used for feeding of ducks. Feed additives like ginger and vitamin (Vitamin-C and E) and mineral (Zn and Se) are highly beneficial, when supplemented in duck diets. The feed intake and nutrients metabolisability varies according to the types of ducks, physiological conditions and rearing systems. The important issues with duck feeding are monitoring of feeding, wastage of feed, wetter faeces, Aflatoxins, energy density of the diet, use of fishmeal, fishy flavour of egg, etc. There are many challenges with respect to feeds and feeding of ducks in India. The research carried out on ducks is very limited and more attention should be given on various aspects of duck research. In the scenario of climate change, various nutritional interventions have important role for sustainable duck production by which employment generation and in turn improving its contribution towards nutritional & livelihood security of the farmers of the country.Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delh
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No full textNot AvailableInduced resistance (IR) is a unique physiological state characterized by reduced plant susceptibility to (a)biotic stress. Our previous studies showed that exogenous foliar application of dehydroascorbate (DHA), the oxidized form of ascorbic acid, induces systemic resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. In the present study, the potential of DHA in protecting rice plants against M. graminicola was evaluated in lab, pot, and field studies. In an experiment where the interval between foliar treatment and inoculation was varied, 20 mM DHA was found to protect rice plants from M. graminicola for at least 14 days. Pot and field studies confirmed that 10 or 20 mM DHA are highly effective in reducing gall formation and led to a significant increase in rice seed yield. A half dose of DHA (10 mM) combined with another IR-stimulus - piperonylic acid (PA) 300 µM - was at par with DHA 20 mM, leading to reductions in gall formation of more than 80%. In in vitro bioassays, DHA was found to be highly nematicidal to the second-stage juveniles of M. graminicola, with more than 90% mortality within 3 h of exposure to 10 or 20 mM concentrations. While seed treatment had no effect, root drenching or root dipping was also effective in reducing rice susceptibility to M. graminicola, next to foliar treatment. As a dual-action compound with extended protection and ease of application, DHA has great potential for effective nematode management in rice.ICA
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No full textChapter 6 of Training manual “Advanced food packaging techniques and quality evaluation of packaging materials”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 10 of Training manual “Advanced food packaging techniques and quality evaluation of packaging materials”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 11 of Training manual “Advanced food packaging techniques and quality evaluation of packaging materials”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 1 of Training manual “Advances in seafood processing and waste utilization ”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 6 of Training manual “Advances in seafood processing and waste utilization ”Not AvailableNot Availabl