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No full textChapter 3 of Training manual “In-plant training under student ready program”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 4 of Training manual “In-plant training under student ready program”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 18 of Training manual “In-plant training under student ready program”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textBadnaviruses are plant pararetroviruses that belong to the family Caulimoviridae and contain 68 species demarcated based on the sequence identity in the conserved reverse transcriptase (RT)/ribonuclease H (RNase H) coding region. The family Caulimoviridae consists of 11 genera including Badnavirus, namely, Caulimovirus (12 species), Cavemovirus (three species), Dioscovirus (one species), Petuvirus (one species), Rosadnavirus (one species), Ruflodivirus (one species), Solendovirus (two species), Soymovirus (one species), Tungrovirus (one species), and Vaccinivirus (one species) . Of these, Dioscovirus and Ruflodivirus have no particle morphology while badnaviruses and tungrovirus have bacilliform particles and the rest of the viruses have isometric particles. Genomes of all pararetroviruses comprise a double-stranded DNA and they replicate through an RNA intermediate. However, in contrast to retroviruses, integration of the viral genome is not mandatory for the replication of pararetroviruses. Instead, they accumulate as minichromosomes in the host nucleus. Illegitimate and generally fragmented integration occurs once in every million years.New and emerging plant diseases are caused by different pathogens including viruses that often cause significant crop losses. Badnaviruses are pararetroviruses that contain a single molecule of ds DNA genome of 7 to 9 kb in size and infect a large number of economically important crops such as banana and plantains, black pepper, cacao, citrus, grapevine, pineapple, sugarcane, sweet potato, taro, and yam, causing significant yield losses. Many of the species in the genus have a restricted host range and several of them are known to infect a single crop. Combined infections of different virus species and strains offer conditions that favor the development of new strains via recombination, especially in vegetatively propagated crops. The primary spread of badnaviruses is through vegetative propagating materials while for the secondary spread, they depend on insects such as mealybugs and aphids. Disease emerges as a consequence of the interactions between host and pathogens under favorable environmental conditions. The viral genome of the pararetroviruses is known to be integrated into the chromosome of the host and a few plants with integrants when subjected to different kinds of abiotic stress will give rise to episomal forms of the virus and cause disease. Attempts have been made to develop management strategies for badnaviruses both conventionally and using precision breeding techniques such as genome editing. Until 2016 only 32 badnavirus species infecting different crops were known, but in a span of six years, this number has gone up to 68. The current review highlights the emerging disease problems and management options for badnaviruses infecting economically important crops.Not Availabl
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No full textChapter 39 of Training manual “In-plant training under student ready program”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 6 of Training manual “Technological Interventions in Processing, Value addition and Packaging of Aquatic Resources”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 16 of Training manual “Technological Interventions in Processing, Value addition and Packaging of Aquatic Resources”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 22 of Training manual “Technological Interventions in Processing, Value addition and Packaging of Aquatic Resources”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableThe need for innovative wound dressings has arisen due to injuries from second intention healing and their management is
associated with high costs. Modern dressings not only protect wounds but also promote proliferation of cells and tissue
regeneration. Patient compliance is crucial, ensuring that the dressing removal does not harm the newly regenerated tissue.
In this study, nano-chitosan polyvinyl alcohol- glycerol (NCH-PVA-GLY) transparent wound dressing was developed that
expedites tissue repair and can be removed through an external stimulus without disrupting the regenerated tissue. This
dressing efficiently absorbs excess wound exudates while maintaining proper hydration. Evaluation in male Wistar rats
with wounds revealed that the dressing, when applied for 16 days, resulted in minimal inflammation and denser connective
tissue compared to wounds devoid of dressings. The dressing exhibited enhanced re-epithelization and angiogenesis,
facilitating effective wound closure. The exposure of the resultant dressing, to the incised wound facilitated complete
wound closure in 16 days, suggesting the effectiveness of the dressings to cure superficial wound.Not Availabl
