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Direct Air capture (DAC) deployment: A review of the industrial deployment
Get PDFCurrently, scientists and investors consider Direct Air Capture (DAC) as one of the candidates to reduce CO2 emissions. The emissions cut is pressing since 30% of the current greenhouse gas emissions must be addressed by 2030. In seven years, CO2 removal (CDR) technologies are expected to reach a Technology Readiness Level (TRL), relevant to industrial applications. The most promising technologies are at TRL-7, but the jump to TRL-11 in the new IEA scale for disruptive technologies looks unlikely because the scale-up from small pilots to industrial scale requires time and large investments. Moreover, validation on a large scale is still missing or even unplanned. This work also identifies the critical materials supply chain and the competition with the energy transition as limiting factors which could further hinder DAC deployment and reduce DAC contribution in the next years when a first significant emissions cut should be addressed.publishedVersio
Experimental Study of Clamping Pressure during Step Loading of Power Transformer with and without Prior Energisation
Get PDFThe electrification of society, increasing renewable energy sources and mobility charging lead to new loading patterns for power transformers. Dynamic load conditions induce enhanced mechanical stress on the transformers’ windings, potentially causing degradation of the solid insulation over time and compromising the transformer’s short-circuit withstand capability. Thermal expansion of the windings, caused by losses in the copper conductors, occurring as the transformer is loaded, increases the stress. Conversely, magnetic losses in the core and tie plate expansion contribute to a reduction in stress. This paper presents the effect of step changes in core losses and copper losses by on-line measurements of the clamping pressure, to better understand the mechanical stresses acting upon the solid insulation cellulose materials. Energisation is found to decrease the clamping pressure following warming up of the transformer, and loading the transformer increased the pressure as the windings increased in temperature. The converse effect was found when unloading and de-energising. The on-line monitoring system provides a new and important step towards ensuring the short-circuit performance of power transformers. Keywords: power transformer; clamping pressure; transformer energisation; transformer loading; short-circuit performance; on-line measurementsExperimental Study of Clamping Pressure during Step Loading of Power Transformer with and without Prior EnergisationpublishedVersio
REPTILE: a Tool for Replay-driven Continual Learning in IIoT
Get PDFWe present an automated Machine Learning (ML) tool designed as a continual learning pipeline to adapt to evolving data streams in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). This tool creates ML experiences, starting with training a neural network model. It then iteratively refines this model using fresh data while judiciously replaying pertinent historical data segments. When applied to IIoT sensor data, our tool ensures sustained ML performance amid evolving data dynamics while preventing the undue accumulation of obsolete sensor data. We have successfully assessed our tool across three industrial datasets and affirm its efficacy in dynamic knowledge retention and adaptation.acceptedVersio
Estimating metastable thermodynamic properties by isochoric extrapolation from stable states
Get PDFThe description of metastable fluids, those in local but not global equilibrium, remains an important problem of thermodynamics, and it is crucial for many industrial applications and all first order phase transitions. One way to estimate their properties is by extrapolation from nearby stable states. This is often done isothermally, in terms of a virial expansion for gases or a Taylor expansion in density for liquids. This work presents evidence that an isochoric expansion of pressure at a given temperature is superior to an isothermal density expansion. Two different isochoric extrapolation strategies are evaluated, one best suited for vapors and one for liquids. Both are exact for important model systems, including the van der Waals equation of state. Moreover, we present a simple method to evaluate all the coefficients of the isochoric expansion directly from a simulation in the canonical ensemble. Using only the properties of stable states, the isochoric extrapolation methods reproduce simulation results with Lennard-Jones potentials, mostly within their uncertainties. The isochoric extrapolation methods are able to predict deeply metastable pressures accurately even from temperatures well above the critical. Isochoric extrapolation also predicts a mechanical stability limit, i.e., the thermodynamic spinodal. For water, the liquid spinodal pressure is predicted to be monotonically decreasing with decreasing temperature, in contrast to the re-entrant behavior predicted by the direct extension of the reference equation of state. © 2024 Author(s).Estimating metastable thermodynamic properties by isochoric extrapolation from stable statesacceptedVersio
Techno-economic assessment of integrated NH3-power co-production with CCS and energy storage in an LNG regasification terminal
Get PDFEnergy efficiency and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are two key levers to attain global warming targets. Integration of various industrial and energy processes as well as complementary use of fuels with low carbon intensity such as natural gas with renewable sources will enable to mitigate environmental impacts in a cost competitive manner. This study proposes one such opportunity through integration of LNG cold exergy utilization for liquid N2 energy storage during regasification coupled to a novel NH3-electricity co-production scheme with CCS. A techno-economic benchmarking between standalone NH3 production process with net electricity imports (Case A), an integrated co-production solution (Case B) and non-integrated co-production plant with a standard combined cycle for power generation (Case C) is performed. Base economic assumptions are a natural gas price of 6.5 €/ton, CO2 tax of 100 €/ton, NH3 selling price of 400 €/ton and electricity average price of 80 €/MWh. At varying power generation capacity factors CFEl ranging from 30 to 50%, the electricity price premium required by the co-production schemes to break even with Case A is 2.5–9.9 €/MWh lower for Case B compared to Case C, with a premium as low as 12.9 €/MWh at 50% CFEl for the former when 2 days' worth of energy storage capacity is constructed. Thus, integration improves economic competitiveness for short storage times, applicable to regions with reliable year-round solar resources. However, the competitive advantage disappears when storage periods longer than one week are considered, such as power systems with high wind shares or seasonal solar availability.publishedVersio
A survey-based mapping of the building and construction entrepreneurial ecosystem
Get PDFThe architecture, engineering and construction sector has long been known for its traditional methods and slow adoption of innovations. However, technologies such as Internet of Things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and robotics have led to significantly increased development and use of innovative tools and processes in the architecture, engineering and construction sector. This article presents the results of an explorative online survey of the sector’s entrepreneurial ecosystem carried out in spring 2023. It aims to identify the most promising technologies, quantify their potential, and investigate the dynamics of startups’ collaboration with academia. The results show that most startups focus on addressing the construction phase (76.1%) of the building life cycle, while only 15.9% deal with the end-of-life phase. Developed technologies most commonly include Data analytics and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. While 64% of startups consider collaboration with academia important, respondents identified several barriers and challenges of collaborating, such as bureaucracy and time-consuming processes. We conclude with a discussion on entrepreneurial ecosystems and academia-startup collaboration.publishedVersio
Power system impacts of new environmental constraints for hydropower in Norway
Get PDFThe research project "New environmental constraints – consequences for the power system" aimed to provide a thorough understanding of the effects of new hydropower environmental constraints on the power system. The project employed three power system models, FanSi, Primod and EMPS, to analyse the power systems for the year 2030 under varying assumptions. Results and insights into the effects of environmental restrictions were obtained by comparing results from model runs with and without restrictions. Variables quantified by the models included power prices, power balances and exchanges between regions, power production patterns, flooding, availability of spinning reserve capacity and socioeconomic surplus.Power system impacts of new environmental constraints for hydropower in NorwaypublishedVersio
Optimization approach of DED process to fulfil the requirements on material properties and component performance of waterjet impeller
Get PDFDirected energy deposition (DED) processes have a great potential for ship building industry to reduce the lead time of ship part supply. However, ship parts such as propellers and impellers have critical requirements on material's properties and component's performance. To ensure the exploitation of DED manufacturing for critical parts, an optimization approach of DED process was developed and demonstrated on waterjet impeller made of duplex stainless steel. The developed approach is based on the understanding of the effects of DED process and heat treatment on the material microstructure, and the effects of the microstructure on the material properties, all optimized to fulfil the requirements on the component. The manufacturing and qualification testing were planned based on the requirements in accordance with the current standard guidance. The assessments by standard testing methods, including tensile, Charpy impact, and bending tests demonstrates that the DED material with an optimized heat treatment fulfil the standard requirements. Corrosion and cavitation tests were also performed and demonstrates the high resistances of DED material to cavitation erosion.publishedVersio
Safe, robust, and productive Exposed Aquaculture Operations - Challenges and solutions
Get PDFIn this report, challenges and solutions for exposed aquaculture operations have been presented. Exposed aquaculture is culturing of aquatic animals or plants at exposed locations. Exposed sites have potentially high waves, strong currents, and strong winds. Challenges for operations on exposed aquaculture sites, as described in this report's part I: Controlling hazards of weather, training, competence, organization of work, safety management emergency preparedness, and regulation. Understanding fish welfare and behavior in different environmental conditions, current, and waves Developing aquaculture structures that are operational at exposed sites with respect to sea load response, personnel safety, and fish welfare. Building safe vessels that can endure rough waters in sensitive exposed aquaculture operations. Reducing risk during lifting, crane operations or monitoring in harsh and complex conditions.Safe, robust, and productive Exposed Aquaculture Operations - Challenges and solutionspublishedVersio
From Milk to Cow. Reflections on the data governance of Parmigiano Reggiano
Get PDFThis reflection note is about cheese.
Over the years, my research has focused broadly on data infrastructures (Monteiro & Parmiggiani, 2019; Parmiggiani & Grisot, 2020). While working with good colleagues and practitioners, I discovered that data infrastructures are a lot about day-to day, mundane, and seemingly inconsequential practice (ibid). When gaining access to cases, my colleagues and I would typically be asked to help with or at least advise on the design, implementation, or evaluation of some digital tool. This could happen as part of an ethnography of the implementation of an infrastructure for real-time subsea environmental monitoring during oil and gas operations (Parmiggiani, 2015), our longitudinal engagement with subsurface exploration and the digitalisation of the work of geologists (Monteiro et al., 2018), or an Action Design Research study of welfare services and ways to better communicate the use of AI to citizens (Schmager et al., 2023). As part of these projects, I began to observe the daily work practices of deciding about, testing, and repairing data and/or instrumentation to solve a particular concern and get operations going in data infrastructures.
Our unit of analysis in research is never neutral but depends on what we look at, which is influenced by what we find engaging. This is something widely accepted in the anthropological tradition (Clifford & Marcus, 1986; Gupta & Ferguson, 1997; see Parmiggiani, 2017 for a review). It was not a surprise, for example, that my university education in computer engineering made me suddenly attracted to the nitty gritty work of tuning and setting up sensors to monitor fish and coral from a seafloor sensor station. In the context of this reflection note, this observation matters because it underlines the importance of the experience in discovering a research theme to pursue on the empirical field. In my case, my interest has motivated a close interaction with professionals in the field (beyond management) to investigate the actual use of technology and negotiations around its design: What should it look like? Why? According to whose interests? These professionals would be my ‘infrastructural allies,’ (Ribes, 2014) whose job is to ask themselves questions that resonate with mine: What work is needed to make this work? Again, this is very familiar to a CSCW scholar, or one influenced by Actor-Network Theory.publishedVersio