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SnowPole Detection: A comprehensive dataset for detection and localization using LiDAR imaging in Nordic winter conditions
Full text linkThe SnowPole Detection dataset is a comprehensive collection of labeled LiDAR images, specifically designed for snow pole detection in road environments. This dataset was collected using a high-resolution OS2-128 LiDAR sensor mounted on an autonomous vehicle research platform, covering diverse environments such as mountainous, open, and forested areas. The SnowPole Detection dataset supports applications in computer vision, with a particular focus on snow pole detection and localization. he OS2-128 LiDAR sensor captures point clouds, which are processed using the Ouster SDK to generate 360-degree images in four modalities: Near-IR, Signal, Reflectivity, and Range. To enhance usability, color images were generated by assigning the first three modalities (Near-IR, Signal, and Reflectivity) to the blue, green, and red channels, respectively, excluding the Range modality. Initial labeling was conducted using Roboflow, with further refinement in CVAT, resulting in high-quality annotations. The dataset comprises a total of 1,954 manually labeled images, divided into 1,367 training images, 390 validation images, and 197 test images, following a 70/20/10 split. Since the images across all modalities are pixel-aligned, the labels for the color images are also applicable to each modality individually. This structure allows researchers to directly use the dataset for snow pole detection tasks, whether focusing on color or individual LiDAR modalities. The SnowPole Detection dataset is publicly available at Mendeley1.publishedVersio
Compressibility characterization of organic and inorganic fouling by the 3ω method☆
Full text linkMembrane fouling is a major problem that reduces the sustainability and efficiency of separation processes. In this study, an online fouling monitoring technique using the 3ω method was investigated to distinguish between different compositions and compactness of fouling layers based on their distinct thermal properties. Dead-end filtration of kaolin or humic acid suspensions were performed to represent both an inorganic and organic fouling while the 3ω signals were measured during the fouling layer build-up. The formation of an inorganic fouling layer reduced the 3ω signal due to its higher thermal conductivity compared to water. Limited compaction of the kaolin fouling layer was observed by elevating the pressure. In the organic fouling layer on the other hand, the 3ω signal showed higher values than for water, due to the insulating effect of organic materials. It was also possible to detect the compaction of the fouling layer, which was in good agreement with measurements of specific cake resistance and water content. The 3ω method can potentially characterize fouling layers in a non-destructive way at a distance ranging from micrometers to a few millimeters from the surface of the membrane, thus providing operators with insights for tailored fouling mitigation strategies.publishedVersio
Simulating the long term effect of asset management strategies on reliability of supply
Full text linkThis paper presents long-term power system reliability prognosis methods aimed for decision support in asset management and grid development. The prognosis method combines power system reliability assessment with simulation of the time development of components’ technical condition. The condition of the component population is influenced by three different factors in the model: degradation due to aging, forced replacements due to non-repairable failures, and preventive replacements. We demonstrate the prognoses by simulating and comparing a set of reinvestment strategies. The reinvestment strategies we consider are age based, condition based and risk based, where risk is quantified in terms of expected energy not supplied (EENS). In demonstrating the methodology we focus on transformers and utilize an existing transformer end-of-life model. An important secondary objective of the work is to quantify the uncertainty in the end-of-life model, and include this uncertainty in the risk prognosis. We show that although there is substantial uncertainty in the end-of-life model, the relative performance of the reinvestment strategies is easily identified. The risk based strategy is seen to outperform the age-based and condition-based strategies giving considerably lower EENS and uncertainty over time.Simulating the long term effect of asset management strategies on reliability of supplypublishedVersio
Vapor–liquid equilibrium measurements of the carbon dioxide ＋ water (CO2＋H2O) system and carbon dioxide ＋ water ＋ sodium chloride (CO2＋H2O+NaCl) system
Full text linkAccurate phase equilibrium data for CO2 mixtures are essential for safe and cost-effective design of carbon capture, transport and storage chains. We report measurements of the saturation water content of the carbon dioxide-rich phase for both the CO2+H2O and the CO2+H2O+NaCl system. The experiments span the temperatures 35–120 °C, pressures 1–70 MPa, and NaCl concentrations of 0, 78 and 150 g NaCl/kg water (NaCl molalities 0, 1.3 and 2.6). Total uncertainties in the reported water mole fractions are mostly between 100 and 300 ppm. The measurements are compared to previous literature data, and two equations of state: the Spycher model and EOS-CG. The EOS-CG model agrees well with our CO2+H2O data at high pressures, but generally overpredicts the water content at pressures below - 15 MPa. The Spycher model agrees well with our data for CO2+H2O at pressures below - 15 MPa, but exhibits some systematic deviations that can be traced to simplifying assumptions made in the model development. The Spycher model predicts the influence of NaCl on water content fairly well, but surprisingly we find that better results are obtained simply by applying Raoult’s law for the influence of ions on water activity. We derive theoretically-based bounds on the influence of salt on water content, and use them to investigate systematic errors in the measurements presented herein and in the literature. The present work indicates a clear potential to improve both models and that some previous water contentVapor–liquid equilibrium measurements of the carbon dioxide ＋ water (CO2＋H2O) system and carbon dioxide ＋ water ＋ sodium chloride (CO2＋H2O+NaCl) systempublishedVersio
Impact of snow and building management on ground surface temperatures in permafrost environments - A case study from the historical mining town Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Full text linkPermafrost is warming due to changing climatic conditions, a trend that might threaten infrastructure and livelihood across the Arctic. Historical structures are especially vulnerable, as they were not designed to withstand these rapid environmental changes. In the high-Arctic settlement Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, a large number of historical buildings exist, making the village a suitable case study for investigating the interplay between historical buildings and permafrost. This study analysed two years of ground surface temperature (GST) measurements and snow observations to assess the impact of snow and building management on permafrost conditions in Ny-Ålesund. The mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) was found between −1.9°C and 1.9°C in 2022/23, and between −3.1°C and 1.1°C in 2023/24. The results reveal that GST varied substantially within the village area and exceeded the freezing point in several locations. We identified influencing factors contributing to these differences in GST: (i) Snow redistribution by wind and snow ploughing caused large variations in GST with the highest MAGST beneath artificial snow deposits. (ii) Building type, particularly crawl space ventilation, also affected GST. Ventilated crawl spaces tended to lower the MAGST beneath the buildings, while enclosed crawl spaces increased MAGST to positive values. (iii) Building wall orientation further influenced GST, with southern exposures exhibiting higher values compared to northern exposures. Our findings highlight the importance of snow and building management on GST and permafrost stability. Understanding these small scale effects is crucial for the preservation of historical infrastructure on permafrost under changing climatic conditions.publishedVersio
Fjellandbruket - Status og utvikling i landbruket i fjellkommunene i Norge
Full text linkI denne oppdragsrapporten for Nasjonalt senter for fjellandbruk belyses utviklingen
innen jordbruk og relaterte næringer i 71 norske fjellkommuner. Utviklingen i disse
kommunene sammenlignes med Nord-Norge og landet for øvrig.Selv om jordbruksareal i
drift har holdt seg stabilt de siste årene, har både bruk av utmarksbeiteressurser og
matproduksjonen i fjellkommunene gått ned. Reduksjon i melkeproduksjon følger landet
for øvrig, mens nedgangen i sauekjøtt er større og økningen i storfekjøtt er mindre enn i
resten av Sør-Norge. Nord-Norge har en større nedgang i kjøttproduksjon og bruk av
utmarksressurser, og også en mer negativ utvikling i samlet verdiskaping i jordbruket enn
fjellkommunene har samlet sett. Fjellregionen har imidlertid stort omfang av små
melkebruk som ikke har investert i løsdriftsfjøs, noe som kan indikere at en står foran
mer avvikling og en større reduksjon i matproduksjon her enn i Nord-Norge og landet for
øvrig de kommende årene.
ISBN: 978-82-14-07380-5publishedVersio
Circularity and waste treatment in a macroeconomic perspective
Full text linkThis report presents a macroeconomic analysis of two scenarios that examine the role of waste-to-energy (WtE) and municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems in a circular economy. Using a trajectory interindustry model, the study assesses how shifts in household consumption patterns and improvements in waste sorting and recycling could affect value creation, employment, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Norwegian economy by 2035. Both scenarios show modest increases in GDP and employment, but also reveal complex trade-offs, including sectoral shifts and increases in GHG emissions. The findings underscore the potential for decoupling economic growth from environmental harm, while also pointing to the challenges of achieving systemic transformation. The report highlights the importance of sectoral policy support and improved data quality to inform future circular economy strategies. It concludes that while circular transitions are feasible, they require coordinated efforts among policy, industry, and society to ensure they are both effective and equitable.publishedVersio
The role of integrated shared, demand-responsive transport services in mobility transitions
Full text linkThis paper explores the potential of a novel niche mobility solution, a demand-responsive transport (DRT) service, to address challenges associated with a transition away from car-based transport. The DRT service, piloted in Norway, uses a digital platform for booking and payment, and is designed to transport children to and from leisure activities. Based on interviews and workshops with service providers, transport companies, and different users of the service, the study provides insights into experiences and potentials of the service to outperform car-based transport. Both opportunities and barriers of implementing such a shared mobility services within the current transport system are discussed. The results highlight the need for experimentation beyond technology testing; particularly the need for transformative governance and experimenting with public policy design in order for this type of shared mobility concept to become part of future sustainable transport systems. Based on our findings, we argue that shared mobility solutions could serve multiple societal goals beyond transport, for example social inclusion, that could form the basis for support from other policy domains. Thus, cross-sectoral alignment of policies should be addressed to ensure the long-term viability and success of these servicespublishedVersio
Effect of substrate thermal properties on evaporating liquid hydrogen and ammonia spills
Full text linko decarbonize the energy, transport and industrial sectors, liquid hydrogen and ammonia are likely to be more widely employed. During an accidental release, these cryogens quickly spread and evaporate, producing explosive (H2) or toxic (NH3) clouds. Assessing the risks associated with storage and transport therefore requires tools that can simulate these spill processes, accounting for both the spill source, geometry and substrate thermal properties. In this work we have developed a flexible tool that takes the details of the spill, geometry and substrate as input. The parameters include initial spill velocity, ground topography, obstructions, and details regarding the thermal properties of the substrate. The latter includes temperature-dependent thermal properties, porosity and potential freeze out of trapped water. We validate this model against experimental data and apply it to relevant H2 and NH3 spill cases. Evaporation rates were found to vary significantly with substrate characteristics, and this is expected to have a large impact on safety distances. © 2025 The AuthorsEffect of substrate thermal properties on evaporating liquid hydrogen and ammonia spillspublishedVersio