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Novel Numerical Method for Studying Water Freezing on Surfaces Texturized by Laser
Get PDFWithin this study, a methodology for the numerical simulation of droplet freezing, including a micrometer texturized pattern, was developed. The finite volume method was then applied to simulate the behavior of water droplets. The procedure was divided into two processes: stabilization and freezing. In the stabilization step, the droplet was dropped onto the material surface and took an equilibrium shape. In the second step, additional energy equation and temperature boundary conditions were applied to perform freezing simulation. Based on the laser-texturized samples of polyurethane-coated metal substrates studied with freezing delay experiments, numerical models were generated, and droplet freezing simulations were performed. Three cases were studied—non-texturized and texturized with respectively linear and triangular patterns. The obtained simulation results of freezing time were compared with experimental measurements to evaluate the proposed methodology. The study revealed that despite the inability to predict accurate freezing delay time, the proposed methodology can be used to compare the freezing delay capabilities for different texturized patterns. Additionally, the proposed model renders it possible to analyze additional aspects of wetting and freezing of the droplet on rough surfaces, which may be helpful in understanding these processes. (directly taken from the abstract)publishedVersio
Intelligent Ship Transport System - Introduction to the Maritime ICT Reference Architecture
No full textThis report gives an overview of the background for the ISTS project. This includes the role of digitalization in reaching the UN sustainable development goals as well as a discussion of the benefits of digitalization and standardization (section 2 and 3). A main point is that digitalization is essential in reaching the sustainable development goals, but that the maritime sector is small compared to others, and that standards and international cooperation are required to accelerate digitalization in the sector. Section four goes on to give an overview of a suggested maritime reference ICT architecture (MIRA) that can be used to facilitate harmonized standardization in the sector, without losing the opportunity to develop the different components separately.Intelligent Ship Transport System - Introduction to the Maritime ICT Reference ArchitecturepublishedVersio
Impact of automation and zero-emission propulsion on design of small inland cargo vessels
Get PDFSmall inland waterways offer considerable capacity for modal shift of cargo transport. Revitalization of smaller inland waterways, however, may require new vessel designs as most of the existing small vessels are outdated and incompatible with the present state of the technology development and the current commercial and regulatory requirements. This paper investigates the possibilities for modernization of small inland vessel designs and offers a systematic analysis of impact of "automation" and "zero-emission propulsion technology" on reference designs of standard European inland cargo vessels of CEMT classes I, II, III, and IV. The adopted level of automation enables the vessels to be remotely operated without human crew onboard, whereas the adopted zero-emission propulsion concept is based on electrification of the powertrain. The paper identifies the impacts of the modernization on general arrangement, cargo capacity, safety, structural design, etc. and indicates the vessel classes which could be the most promising candidates for the design of a future small autonomous inland ships.publishedVersio
Wind Turbines and Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Hub Concept for Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms in the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Get PDFThe Norwegian government has the ambition to decarbonize the offshore petroleum sector while retaining its international competitiveness. Considering that individual electrification of platforms from shore is both inefficient and expensive, the centralization of the heat and power generation at an offshore hub is thought to have the potential to be an energy and cost-efficient solution. This paper aims to develop an innovative cost-efficient concept for a clean offshore energy hub for supplying low-carbon heat and power to existing offshore oil and gas cluster. The simulations were performed using Oogeso, an optimization tool used to study the optimal operation of offshore energy systems. In summary, the concept is based on an offshore wind farm supplying a cluster of offshore platforms, with energy storage, electrolyzer, and fuel cells added to smooth out fluctuations in wind power. Two different variations of this concept are analyzed and compared by evaluating metrics such as wind power curtailment and hydrogen usage. The results have shown that a hybrid system using renewable energy sources can successfully power a cluster of offshore oil and gas platforms.Wind Turbines and Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Hub Concept for Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms in the Norwegian Continental ShelfacceptedVersio
Low Molecular Weight Alginate Oligosaccharides as Alternatives to PEG for Enhancement of the Diffusion of Cationic Nanoparticles Through Cystic Fibrosis Mucus
Get PDFAirway mucus is a major barrier to the delivery of lipid-based nanoparticles in chronic airway diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Receptor-Targeted Nanocomplexes (RTN), comprise mixtures of cationic lipids and bifunctional peptides with receptor-targeting and nucleic acid packaging properties. The aim of this study is to improve the mucus-penetrating properties of cationic siRNA and mRNA RTNs by combining them with low molecular weight alginate oligosaccharides, OligoG and OligoM. Cationic RTNs formulated with either alginate become strongly anionic, while PEGylated messenger RNA (mRNA) and short interfering RNA (siRNA) RTNs remain cationic. Both alginates enhance mucus diffusion rates of cationic siRNA and mRNA RTNs in a static mucus barrier diffusion model, with OligoG particularly effective. PEGylation also enhance mucus diffusion rates of siRNA RTNs but not mRNA RTNs. Electron microscopy shows that RTNs remained intact after mucosal transit. The transfection efficiency of OligoM-coated mRNA RTNs is better than those coated with OligoG or PEG, and similar to cationic RTNs. In siRNA RTN transfections, OligoM is better than OligoG although 1% PEG is slightly better than both. The combination of cationic RTNs and alginate oligosaccharides represents a promising alternative to PEGylation for epithelial delivery of genetic therapies across the mucus barrier while retaining transfection efficiency.publishedVersio
Directing SEI formation on Si-based electrodes using atomic layer deposition
Get PDFThe design of artificial solid eletroctrolyte interphase is an important task to minimize capacity losses in Li-ion batteries. Herein, TiO2 created through atomic layer deposition was used as an artificial SEI on Si nanoparticles. Such coating led to substantial improvement of cycling stability when evaluated with FEC-free electrolyte.publishedVersio
Life cycle assessment of ventilation systems. Experience from FME ZEN and current knowledge basis
Get PDFAs modern buildings become more energy efficient and more advanced in terms of integrated technical systems, the embodied emissions in these systems are receiving more attention. A recent advancement is the emergence, both within FME ZEN and other national research initiatives, of generic and comprehensive data sets for embodied emissions in ventilation systems, for which there has been a general lack, hindering a full understanding of their contribution to total building emissions. Initial studies applying the new databases indicate that the contribution from ventilation systems to building construction emissions is in the range of 5-10%, and likely higher when accounting for replacement and lifetime emissions. The contribution to lifetime emissions is heavily dependent on lifetime assumptions for components and ventilation systems, for which there is very little empirical evidence. The main part of the embodied emissions is found to be related to ductwork and air handling units. With increased attention to environmental impacts in general, the industry itself expects a significant increase in the number of available product EPDs (Environmental Product Declarations) both as a response to market expectations and as a proactive measure for expected legislation.publishedVersio
Data management and quality control
Get PDFIt is often said that data gathering is much more expensive than data-management software (such as geographic information system). Indeed, data are perhaps the most important element of any asset management approach. In this comprehensive chapter, we embark on a journey through digital era, highlighting the pivotal role of data in our contemporary world, emphasizing the importance of data in today’s landscape. We delve into the critical question of which data to collect, providing insights into the strategic selection of data based on a cost–benefit approach and the significance of anticipation in data collection. A three-layer approach, encompassing object, system, and urban fabric levels, is proposed as a structure to organize data, elucidating the diverse information requirements at each layer, from descriptive data to performance assessments and requirements. A substantial portion of this chapter is devoted to data models and bias, elucidating the complexities of modeling sewer pipe deterioration and addressing issues such as selective survival and recruitment bias. Quality control emerges as a pivotal concern, clarifying the requirements for data quality, methods to assess completeness, and handling issues such as incompleteness, timeliness, uncertainty, and imprecision. Questions related to data quantity are explored, discussing the data-loop problem, reconstruction methods, and the implications of big data. Practical considerations related to data access and storage are also addressed. The chapter concludes by three enlightening case studies illustrating real-world applications of data models.publishedVersio
INTEND: Human-Like Intelligence for Intent-Based Data Operations in the Cognitive Computing Continuum
Get PDFThis paper outlines a research roadmap of the INTEND project towards the development of a cognitive computing continuum that leverages human-like intelligence for intent-based data operations. The primary objective of this initiative is to create a system that can adapt dynamically to varying contexts by understanding and acting upon the intents of stakeholders in a decentralised and strategic manner. The project focuses on three main research pillars: resource management through intelligent agents, decentralised decision-making inspired by human cognitive processes, and enhancing human-AI interaction using Generative AI technologies.publishedVersio
Assessment of resilience in a maritime autonomous transport system
Get PDFResilience attributes are turned upside down when introducing autonomous maritime transport systems, as technology replaces or assists human functions. We enter an unknown world where we need to rely on autonomous functions and the collaboration between humans and technology. Since less human interaction might cause challenges and effects not yet uncovered, Kaber (2018)[1] discussed levels of autonomy in the context of human automation interaction (HAI). The paper particularly looks at the use of levels of autonomy as taxonomies to structure and improve analysis of human performance, workload, but also situational awareness as well as some of the problems that this may cause. The introduction of increasing automation changes the way human and machine interact in many ways. As such, to ensure resilience in autonomous transport systems, these human and machine interaction challenges must be addressed and systemized, and in this paper the different awareness categories humans, technology and external (Fjørtoft, K.E., 2021), are revisited and linked to resilience. Also, as an extension on how to utilize integrated planning for autonomous transport systems (IPA), as presented by Fjørtoft, et al. (2023), this paper further details emerging issues related to human and machine interface by presenting a framework for how to secure resilience during the design, plan and follow up autonomous ship operations. In other words, the ability to assess and ensure resilience when planning operations in autonomous maritime transport system, while accounting for the interaction between humans and technology. This is of particular relevance due to the likelihood of vessels sailing with different degrees of autonomy, depending on the ongoing operation and its surroundings. Described as operational envelopes in "Towards approval of autonomous ship systems by their operational envelope" (Rødseth 2021), the overall operation must be broken down into sub-operations such as sailing in open seas, berthing, cargo loading/unloading (crane operation), etc.The framework is exemplified through a case study, by combining research results from the Norwegian project MARMAN and EU projects like AUTOSHIP and AEGISpublishedVersio