SINTEF Open
Not a member yet
11374 research outputs found
Sort by
European energy vision 2050 and beyond: Designing scenarios for Europe’s energy transition
Full text linkEurope is warming at the fastest rate of all continents, experiencing a temperature increase of about 1 C higher than the corresponding global increase. Aiming to be the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 under the European Green Deal, Europe requires an in-depth understanding of the potential energy transition pathways. In this paper, we develop four qualitative long-term scenarios covering the European energy landscape until 2060, considering key uncertainty pillars— categorised under social, technological, economic, political, and geopolitical dimensions. First, we place the scenarios in a three-dimensional space defined by Social dynamics, Innovation, and Geopolitical instabilities. These scenarios are brought to life by defining their narratives and focus areas according to their location in this three-dimensional space. The scenarios envision diverse futures and include distinct features. The EU Trinity scenario pictures how internal divisions among EU member states, in the context of global geopolitical instability, affect the EU climate targets. The REPowerEU++ scenario outlines the steps needed for a self-sufficient, independent European energy system by 2050. The Go RES scenario examines the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality earlier than 2050 given favourable uncertain factors. The NECP Essentials scenario extends current national energy and climate plans until 2060 to assess their role in realising climate neutrality. The scenarios are extended by incorporating policies and economic factors. They are then detailed in a Qualitative to Quantitative (Q2Q) matrix, linking narratives to quantification. Finally, two scenarios (Go RES and REPowerEU++) are quantified using the open-source energy system model GENeSYS-MOD to illustrate the quantification process.European energy vision 2050 and beyond: Designing scenarios for Europe’s energy transitionpublishedVersio
Multipole Expansion for the Calculation of Field-Dependent Molecular Ionization Potentials
Full text linkThe field-dependent ionization potential of six molecules relevant for transformer insulating liquids has been examined by an analytical expression based on a multipole expansion. Molecular properties were calculated by density functional theory at zero field. We found that many molecules are explained well by a classical Frenkel model at low to moderate field strengths. Large molecules and molecules with a significant permanent dipole moment require additional terms, especially the interactions between the electron and the dipole and polarizability of the cation.Multipole Expansion for the Calculation of Field-Dependent Molecular Ionization PotentialsacceptedVersio
Tilstandsindikatorer for vegnettet – valg av indikatorer og forslag til videre arbeid
Full text linkDette notatet oppsummerer drøftinger om hvilke tema eller vegobjekter som er aktuelle for tilstandsindikatorer. Hensikten med notatet er å dokumentere diskusjoner knyttet til valg av indikatorer i løpet av prosjektet og peke på behov og muligheter for videreutvikling.publishedVersio
A framework for designing a decision support system for energy aware production planning and scheduling
Full text linkThis paper describes a decision-making and support framework for energy efficient and flexible production planning and scheduling. The framework aims to provide guidelines to align the design and development of the energy-aware production scheduling decision support systems with the requirements and characteristics of the manufacturing environments. The framework consists of multifaceted factors, including the scope of the production planning and scheduling tasks, the characteristics of the manufacturing environments, and not least the involvement of the human, technology, and organizational factors for energy-aware production planning and scheduling process. A use case example is included to illustrate the application of the framework.acceptedVersio
Confidence analysis of design and cost performance for solvent-based CO2 capture from a cement plant: a stochastic modeling perspective
Full text linkThis study seeks to understand the impact of uncertainties in the solvent property submodel on the design and cost of the solvent-based CO2 capture process. First, a deterministic model of the MEA-based CO2 capture process using the CEMCAP reference cement plant case was developed and validated in the CO2SIM flowsheet simulator. Subsequently, a stochastic approach using the Monte Carlo simulation framework was applied by coupling the validated process model and UQLab, a MATLAB-based uncertainty quantification toolbox. Based on this, the implications of these uncertainties on key performance indicators are derived: CO2 capture ratio, specific reboiler duty, reboiler duty, condenser duty, lean rich heat exchanger duty, and lean and rich loading. Finally, the impact of these uncertainties on equipment design and the CO2 avoidance cost are assessed and discussed. The results show that heat exchanger duty uncertainty falls within the overdesign margin commonly used in engineering practice. However, the CO2 avoidance cost exhibits significant uncertainty linked to solvent properties (∼5.2%) that are mainly linked to uncertainty in the CO2 capture ratio. Hence, a key element in reducing CO2 avoidance cost uncertainty may be to validate suitable absorber height to guarantee, with a reasonable confidence, a 90% capture ratio via pilot testing.Confidence analysis of design and cost performance for solvent-based CO2 capture from a cement plant: a stochastic modeling perspectivepublishedVersio
Methodology for assessment of coastal fishing electrification and Grid Implications
Full text linkThe paper makes an assessment of the gradual transition to electric propulsion of vessels involved in coastal fishing nearby the Lofoten archipelago, one of the principal fishing grounds in Norway. The study considers the electrification from the power grid perspective and develops a methodology for predicting the future energy demand growth patterns from the fishing vessels, using publicly available data for fish deliveries in Norway. These data were applied to a logistic growth model to outline the future path for the electrification. Furthermore, the impact of the predicted electricity demand on the existing power grid is investigated in two representative cases in Lofoten: a small harbour and an island with estimated emissions of 361 tons and 13,870 tons per year, which can be removed by full conversion to zero-emission propulsion. The island is supplied with electricity from the mainland via a submarine cable with limited capacity and receives high volumes of fish delivered by various types of vessels, corresponding to a peak energy demand of 650 MWh per day. On the other hand, the small harbour has a limited residential load and very seasonal fish delivery patterns with a corresponding peak energy demand of 48 MWh per day. Although the current grid is highly stable in both locations today, the power flow analysis indicates that these two cases represent different challenges and opportunities, which should be considered prior to the electrification. Based on these findings, the study outlines viable and sustainable decarbonisation paths for different vessel groups involved in coastal fishing, considering available capacities of the existing power grid infrastructure.Methodology for assessment of coastal fishing electrification and Grid ImplicationspublishedVersio
Experimental and simulation studies of oxygen-blown, steam-injected, entrained flow gasification of lignin
Full text linkThis article presents results from experimental and simulation studies on a laboratory-scale pressurized O2-blown Entrained Flow biomass gasification Reactor (EFR) using pulverized commercial lignin pellets as feedstock. The primary focus lies in the assessment of the EFR’s performance indicators such as the H2/CO ratio, the Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE), and the Carbon Conversion Efficiency (CCE). The gasifier was operated at an absolute pressure of 8.2 bars, with varying amounts of O2 and steam. In the first series of experiments, the O2 equivalence ratio varied between 0.2 and 0.8, with no steam injection. This yielded a maximum CGE of 47%, a CCE of 94%, and an H2/CO ratio within the range of 0.4–0.7. In the last series of experiments, a perforated horizontal steam tube was installed allowing for a variation of the steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B), between 0.5 and 1.5. At a S/B of 1.5, the CGE and the CCE were at their highest levels of 91% and 99%, respectively. Based on the experimental setup, a 3D multiscale Eulerian-Lagrangian computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) model for the reactor was developed and validated against the experimental data. This model was then employed to explore the impacts of reactor temperature, S/B, equivalence ratio (λ), and the lignin particle size distribution (PSD) on the gasification process. The findings show that increased reactor temperature enhances H2 and CO production. Higher S/B ratios lead to greater H2 production but reduced CO production. Increased S/B ratios improve both CGE and CCE. Larger particles and higher λ values decrease CO and H2 production. Without steam injection, the peak CGE occurs at λ ≈ 0.45, corresponding to complete CH4 conversion. Beyond this point, as λ increases, reactor temperatures rise while CGEs decrease. Simulations reveal the optimal λ range for steam injection is 0.15–0.35. A sensitivity analysis highlights the significant impact of reactor temperature on H2 and CO production. While λ shows high sensitivity for H2 production, the S/B ratio exerts a greater impact on CO production.Experimental and simulation studies of oxygen-blown, steam-injected, entrained flow gasification of ligninpublishedVersio
Stability of beryllium-tungsten coatings under annealing up to 1273 K
Full text linkTungsten and beryllium were foreseen to be the plasma facing materials (PFMs) for the first wall and divertor in ITER. Particles eroded from PFMs surfaces will be transported by the plasma and co-deposited in different locations of the vessel walls. Elemental mixing in the exposed surfaces enables the formation of distinct phases that may influence the stability of PFMs in a wide temperature range. In the present work, Be and W coatings were deposited on W and Be plates, respectively, and annealed in vacuum in the 673–1073 K temperature range. Additionally, Be75W25 coatings deposited on Be plates were annealed in the 873–1273 K range. The Be-W chemical reactivity, phase formation and coatings stability were followed by ion beam analysis, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The reactivity is too weak up to 973 K. It becomes fast at 1073 K with a competitive formation of Be2W and Be12W. At 1173 K, a strong Be22W formation occurs, and Be22W is the only stable phase at 1273 K. The growth of BeO occurs at the coatings surface and increases with temperature. Despite the presence of distinct phase structures, the experiment evidences that the growth of tungsten beryllides enhances the mechanical stability of the coatings from 973 K to 1073 K. In opposition, Be22W formation at 1173 K and 1273 K induced fracture and split off from the Be plates.publishedVersio
Offshore wind farm site selection in Norway: Using a fuzzy trigonometric weighted assessment model
Full text linkMaximising the energy potential of offshore wind farms requires an in-depth assessment of technological, economic, sociopolitical, and environmental aspects. Given the large economic impact of large-scale projects, a robust site selection procedure is critical for limiting financial risks while supporting informed investments. This research uncovers a novel and multidisciplinary approach for boosting the efficacy of Norwegian and global offshore wind farm siting investments. The proposed method uses a two-stage fuzzy mathematical model that considers technical, economic, logistical, and environmental factors. It combines the Ordinal Priority Approach (F-OPA) and Trigonometric Weighted Assessment (TRWA) technique by using an in-depth techno-economic assessment. An alternative reactive power compensation model, power loss calculations, and associated techno-economic analysis were performed for the investigated offshore wind farm locations. Furthermore, the energy economic calculations are carried out to provide support for the proposed decision-making framework. The proposed methodology was tested through a case study, focusing on ranking Norwegian offshore wind farm sites selected from potential locations announced by The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). Within the Norwegian offshore wind farm sites, the approach demonstrated a versatile and efficient decision-making process at both individual and collective levels, identifying the Sandskallen-Sørøya Nord project as a pivotal investment priority and providing valuable managerial insights to enhance Norway’s offshore wind initiatives. The model’s stability was affirmed through a sensitivity analysis, underscoring its potential to enhance renewable energy policy and decision-making globally.Offshore wind farm site selection in Norway: Using a fuzzy trigonometric weighted assessment modelpublishedVersio