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Approaches to opposing new build and green gentrification in Norway : a case study of Ås’ Langbakken
Get PDFAs climate change threatens our environment’s adaptations and biodiversity, urban city planners have reacted by designing more urban green spaces that not only help the environment but positively affect human health. The creation of newly built urban green spaces, however, can increase housing costs and create both newly built and green gentrification. In small cities in Norway, however, there are few pieces of research that examines gentrification because of newly built green spaces. Further, there is little research on solutions to new built and green gentrification in small cities in Norway. This thesis first provides a literature review on the concepts of new build and green gentrification. Then, the literature review analyzes three popular approaches to mitigate gentrification. Those approaches are community-led nature-based solutions, community land trusts, and inclusionary zoning. The literature review provides context to answer the questions ‘How do urban green spaces have implications on gentrification?', and ‘What specific approaches can be used in Norway for decreasing new build and green gentrification whilst still sustaining greening?’. Through the case study of a small city, Ås, and the city's future green housing development, Langbakken, the study first aims to discover Langbakken’s likely driver of new build and green gentrification. From there, community-led nature-based solutions, community land trusts, and inclusionary zoning are examined to determine the steps of implementation each solution would need to be feasible for Ås’ Langbakken. In turn, the steps towards solutions from the case study can help to answer, ‘How can urban green spaces be integrated into small Norwegian cities with new housing developments without contributing to new-build, green gentrification’.B-D
ystems Thinking in Food Chain Certification: A Case Study of the impacts of GLOBALG.A.P. Certification in a Food Industry Supply Chain.
Get PDFPrivate certification standards increasingly govern sustainability in global food systems, yet
their systemic impacts, particularly within industrialised contexts, require deeper
understanding. This thesis undertakes an investigation into how GLOBALG.A.P. certification
requirements could affect the specific tomato supply chain of Unil AS, which links
Mediterranean production (Greece/Italy) with Norwegian retail. My research employed a
qualitative case study methodology informed by agroecology and systems thinking, my
research utilised semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, document analysis,
and systems mapping to explore the potential ripple effects of certification.
The analysis reveals certification primarily functions as a market access gatekeeper,
structuring supplier participation. This occurs, however, alongside significant power
asymmetries where producers bear substantial prerequisite costs while retailers retain
decision authority. Implementation faces challenges in adapting standardised
requirements to diverse local agroecological and social contexts, a process often mediated
by intermediaries. Applying a systems perspective highlights feedback loops that reinforce
certification's role but may also exclude smaller producers, leading to emergent properties
like supply chain consolidation and governance hybridisation.
My study concludes that GLOBALG.A.P. certification acts as a complex adaptive
governance intervention within this supply chain. While offering standardisation benefits
valued by retailers, it presents clear trade-offs concerning equity, farmer autonomy, and
agroecological principles such as diversity and local adaptation. Understanding these
systemic dynamics, as revealed through this research, is crucial for leveraging certification
effectively and equitably in transitions towards sustainable food systems.
Keywords: GLOBALG.A.P., certification systems, food supply chains, systems thinking,
agroecology, sustainability governance, Norwegian retail, case study.Private certification standards increasingly govern sustainability in global food systems, yet
their systemic impacts, particularly within industrialised contexts, require deeper
understanding. This thesis undertakes an investigation into how GLOBALG.A.P. certification
requirements could affect the specific tomato supply chain of Unil AS, which links
Mediterranean production (Greece/Italy) with Norwegian retail. My research employed a
qualitative case study methodology informed by agroecology and systems thinking, my
research utilised semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, document analysis,
and systems mapping to explore the potential ripple effects of certification.
The analysis reveals certification primarily functions as a market access gatekeeper,
structuring supplier participation. This occurs, however, alongside significant power
asymmetries where producers bear substantial prerequisite costs while retailers retain
decision authority. Implementation faces challenges in adapting standardised
requirements to diverse local agroecological and social contexts, a process often mediated
by intermediaries. Applying a systems perspective highlights feedback loops that reinforce
certification's role but may also exclude smaller producers, leading to emergent properties
like supply chain consolidation and governance hybridisation.
My study concludes that GLOBALG.A.P. certification acts as a complex adaptive
governance intervention within this supply chain. While offering standardisation benefits
valued by retailers, it presents clear trade-offs concerning equity, farmer autonomy, and
agroecological principles such as diversity and local adaptation. Understanding these
systemic dynamics, as revealed through this research, is crucial for leveraging certification
effectively and equitably in transitions towards sustainable food systems.
Keywords: GLOBALG.A.P., certification systems, food supply chains, systems thinking,
agroecology, sustainability governance, Norwegian retail, case study
En strategisk plan uten strategisk retning: En evaluering av Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen.
Get PDFI 2018 vedtok bystyret i Oslo Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen som en del av Oslo kommunes utbyggingsstrategi. Planen legger opp til utvikling av mellom 30 000 og 40 000 nye boliger, og mellom 50 000 til 100 000 arbeidsplasser, og fremmer Hovinbyen som en utvidelse av indre by. Områder innenfor Hovinbyen er imidlertid sterkt preget av sin industrielle og næringsbaserte fortid og nåtid, hvor planlegging ikke skjer på et tomt lerret, men i en kontekst med allerede etablerte strukturer, et mangfoldig aktørlandskap og motstridende interesser. Dette gjør utviklingen av Hovinbyen til et planleggingsprosjekt preget av både kompleksitet, usikkerhet og uforutsigbarhet.
Planen har siden vedtaket vært gjenstand for diskusjon, særlig knyttet til hvilke forventninger man har til en strategisk plan, og om planen faktisk har reell styringsevne. Denne oppgaven søker dermed å diskutere problemstillingen; Er Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen en strategisk plan? Problemstillingen søkes diskutert gjennom en triangulert evaluering av planen basert på tre forskningsspørsmål: 1. Har Hovinbyen en slik kompleksitet at det er behov for en strategisk plan? 2. Er det samsvar mellom planens selvdefinerte intensjon og planens innhold? 3. Besitter Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen teoretiske kjennetegn på en strategisk plan?
Oppgaven anvender ulike teoretiske perspektiver for å belyse konteksten rundt planlegging av Hovinbyen og ulik operativ teori for å besvare forkninsspørsmålene. Spesielt står teori om strategisk planlegging sentralt, og oppgaven bygger i stor grad på et teoretiske rammeverk som tar utgangspunkt i teori om strategiske planer slik det er presentert av Albrechts og Balducci (2013).
Evalueringen viser at den komplekse konteksten i Hovinbyen med gitt planavgrensning, tilsier et behov for en strategisk plan. Likevel fremstår Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen i liten grad som en strategisk plan i teoretisk forstand – verken i form eller intensjon. Planen oppfyller bare delvis sin egenuttalte intensjon, noe som reiser spørsmål knyttet til hvordan Plan- og bygningsetaten som planmyndighet har ønsket at planen skal fungere som et strategisk styringsverktøy. Som en oppfølging av funnene drøfter oppgaven hvordan man kan forstå Strategisk plan for Hovinbyen som plandokument.
Avslutningsvis drøfter jeg hvilke grep Plan- og bygningsetaten kan ta dersom planen i fremtiden skal få en tydeligere rolle som et strategisk verktøy i en kompleks urban transformasjonsprosess.In 2018, the Oslo City Council adapted the Strategic Plan of Hovinbyen as a part of the municipality’s urban development strategy. The plan outlines the development of between 30,000 and 40,000 new dwellings, and between 50,000 and 100,000 new jobs, positioning Hovinbyen as an extension of Oslo’s inner city. However, the areas within Hovinbyen are still strongly shaped by their industrial and commercial past and present. Planning does not occur in a blank slate, but rather in a context defined by existing physical structures, a diverse landscape of stakeholders, and conflicting interests. This makes the development of Hovinbyen a highly complex planning project, characterized by uncertainty and unpredictability.
Since its adaptation the plan has been subject to ongoing debate, particularly concerning expectations of what a strategic plan should be, and whether this plan possesses real steering capacity. This thesis therefore seeks to address the question: Is the Strategic Plan of Hovinbyen a strategic plan? The research question is explored through a triangulated evaluation of the plan, based on three sub-questions: 1. Does the complexity of Hovinbyen warrant the need for a strategic plan? 2. Is there consistency between the plans staded intentions and its actual content? 3. Does the Strategic Plan of Hovinbyen exhibit the theoretical characteristics of a strategic plan?
The thesis applies a combination of theoretical perspectives to shed light on the planning context of Hovinbyen and employs operational theory to answer the research questions. Central to the thesis is theory on strategic spatial planning, drawing on particularly in the conceptual framework developed by Albrechts and Balducci (2013).
The evaluation shows that the complexity of the Hovinbyen context within the defines planning boundary clearly indicates the need for a strategic plan. Nevertheless, the Strategic Plan of Hovinbyen does not meet the theoretical criteria for such a plan, neither in form nor in function. The plan partially fulfils its own stated intentions, raising questions about whether the Planning and Building Agency (Plan- og bygningsetaten), as the responsible planning authority, ever intended the plan to operate as a strategic governance tool for the area’s development.
In conclusion, the thesis discusses what kind of plan the Strategic Plan of Hovinbyen actually is, and considers what measures the Planning and Building Agency might take if the plan is to serve more effectively as a strategic instrument in a complex urban transformation process
Lønnsomhet i private kiropraktorklinikker: En kvalitativ og kvantitativ studie
Get PDFFormålet med denne utredningen er å identifisere og analysere faktorer som forklarer lønnsomhetsnivået i den norske kiropraktorbransjen. Utredningen benytter metodetriangulering, der kvantitative regnskapsdata innhentet fra Proff.no, kombineres med kvalitative intervjuer for å belyse problemstillingen. Lønnsomhetsnivået i bransjen er analysert ved hjelp av regnskapstall fra et utvalg på 41 klinikker for perioden 2019–2023. I tillegg er daglige ledere fra fem klinikker i utvalget intervjuet for å tilføre dypere innsikt i underliggende forhold som kan påvirke lønnsomheten.
Analysen viser at bransjen generelt har høy lønnsomhet, noe som fremkommer av at årlig gjennomsnittlig driftsmargin i perioden 2019-2023 varierer fra 9-12 %, mens totalkapitalrentabiliteten varierer fra 9,4-15,6 %. Begge disse er høyere enn gjennomsnittet for andre helsenæringer. Resultatene antyder at kiropraktorklinikker kaprer en stor andel av verdiskapingen i markedet, delvis som følge av markedssvikt og svak priskonkurranse, noe som gir klinikkene økt forhandlingsmakt overfor både pasienter og leverandører.
Det er imidlertid betydelige lønnsomhetsvariasjoner mellom klinikkene, og flere kostnadsdrivere identifiseres som forklaringsfaktorer. De mest sentrale funnene er at større klinikker har bedre forutsetninger for å realisere stordriftsfordeler, i tillegg har kompleksiteten i behandlingstilbudet direkte innvirkning på marginene. Videre fremstår erfaring som en lønnsomhetsdriver, både gjennom styrket kundelojalitet og reduserte kostnader som følge av operasjonell læring.
Fremtidsutsiktene for bransjens lønnsomhet vurderes som usikre. Bedre folkehelse kan føre til redusert behandlingsbehov, og et økende antall kiropraktorer i forhold til pasientgrunnlaget kan intensivere konkurransen. I tillegg vil en mulig helsereform påvirke både prisnivå, refusjonsordninger og pasientstrømmer. Samlet sett peker analysen på at bransjen må forberede seg på et mer krevende lønnsomhetsbilde i årene som kommer.The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze factors that explain the profitability level in the Norwegian chiropractic industry. The study uses method triangulation, where quantitative accounting data obtained from Proff.no is combined with qualitative interviews to shed light on the issue. The profitability level in the industry is analyzed using accounting figures from a sample of 41 clinics for the period 2019–2023. In addition, general managers from five clinics in the sample were interviewed to provide deeper insight into underlying conditions that may affect profitability.
The analysis shows that the industry generally has high profitability, which is evident from the fact that the average operating margin in the period 2019-2023 varies from 9-12 %, while the return on total capital varies from 9.4-15.6 %. Both of these are higher than the average for other healthcare industries. The results suggest that chiropractic clinics capture a large share of the value creation in the market, partly as a result of market failure and weak price competition, which gives the clinics increased bargaining power towards both patients and suppliers.
However, there are significant profitability variations between clinics, and several cost drivers are identified as explanatory factors. The most central findings are that larger clinics are better placed to realize economies of scale, and the complexity of the treatment offering has a direct impact on margins. Furthermore, experience appears to be a profitability driver, both through strengthened customer loyalty and reduced costs as a result of operational learning.
The future prospects for the industry's profitability are considered uncertain. Better public health may lead to reduced treatment needs, and an increasing number of chiropractors in relation to the patient base may intensify competition. In addition, a possible health reform will affect both price levels, reimbursement schemes and patient flows. Overall, the analysis indicates that the industry must prepare for a more demanding profitability picture in the years to come
Campusbekken - et innblikk i hvordan blågrønn infrastruktur fungerer i praksis
No full textEn konsekvens av klimaendringer som følge av menneskelig aktivitet vil være hyppigere og mer intense nedbørsperioder, med økt risiko for flom. Urbane områder har ofte overflater hvor vann ikke kan infiltrere grunnen, og overvann ledes til kummer og sluk i avløpssystemet. Avløpssystemene er ikke dimensjonert til å ta i mot økningen av overvann, og man risikerer at kloakk og forurenset vann havner i vassdragene. Derfor er det nødvendig å finne løsninger som kan være med på å møte klimaendringene og håndtere økningen i overvann lokalt. Blågrønn infrastruktur (BGI) er en type anlegg som kan bidra til håndteringen. Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet (NMBU) har en nyanlagt BGI, Campusbekken, som er en del av den åpne overvannshåndteringen på campus. Målet med denne oppgaven er å vurdere om Campusbekken oppfyller flere funksjoner og bruksområder, se på erfaringene man har gjort seg med bekken, og hvordan man kan bruke erfaringene i planleggingen av BGI i framtiden.
Hensikten med anlegget er at det skal bidra til ulike bruksområder som lokal vannhåndtering, økt biodiversitet gjennom å være habitat for planter, dyr og andre organismer, og som område for rekreasjon. Tre ferdigstilte, og én pågående masteroppgave har undersøkt hvordan Campusbekken fungerer innenfor de ulike bruksområdene. Resultatene viste at Campusbekken har gode renseegenskaper som forbedrer vannkvaliteten da konsentrasjonen av fosfor, nitrogen og metaller ble lavere nedstrøms. I tillegg har anlegget skapt habitater for rødlistede planter og amfibier som trues av arealendringer. På den måten kan BGI antas å være med på å øke biodiversiteten i området. Bekken og vannet som element i grøntarealet ble oppfattet positivt av befolkningen på Ås. Parkenheten ved NMBU har delt praktiske erfaringer med vedlikehold og designutfordringer som oppsummeres i oppgaven.
Planlegging og anleggelse av BGI bør foregå som en tverrfaglig prosess hvor man samarbeider på tvers av fagfelt, både teoretiske og praktiske. BGI krever betydelig med vedlikehold, men gjennom kommunikasjon og planlegging tidlig i prosessen kan det gjøres mer forutsigbart. Det er viktig å anlegge heterogene habitater hvor det er variasjon i vegetasjon og vannsystemer, fordi det tilrettelegger for ulike arter og kan øke biodiversiteten. BGI kan tilpasses området og bygge videre på det som allerede finnes, og utnytte naturens evne til å håndtere og rense overvann. En godt planlagt BGI vil i tillegg gi gode rekreasjonsmuligheter.A consequence of climate change caused by human activity will be more frequent and intense rainfall, with an increased risk of flooding. Urban areas often have surfaces impermeable to water, and stormwater is directed to the drainage system. The drainage systems are not designed to handle the increase in stormwater, and there is a risk that sewage and polluted water end up in the waterways. Therefore, it is necessary to find local solutions that can handle the climatic changes and manage the increase in stormwater. Blue-green infrastructure (BGI) is one type of facility that can contribute to this management. The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) has recently constructed a BGI, Campusbekken, which is part of the open stormwater management on campus. The objective of this thesis is to summarize the experiences gained with Campusbekken, assess whether it works as intended, and suggest how the experiences can be used in future planning of BGIs.
The aim of Campusbekken is to contribute to various purposes such as local water management, increased biodiversity by being a habitat for plants, animals and other organisms, and as an area for recreation. Three completed and one ongoing master's thesis have researched how Campusbekken functions within the different areas of use. The results showed that Campusbekken improves water quality as the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen and metals decreased downstream. In addition, the facility has created habitats for red-listed plant species, and amphibians that are threatened by land use changes. Therefore, the BGI can be assumed to contribute to increasing biodiversity on campus. Campusbekken and the water as an element in the green areas were perceived positively by the population of Ås. The park department at NMBU has shared practical experiences with maintenance and design challenges.
Planning and construction of BGI should be an interdisciplinary process where there is collaboration between different fields, both theoretical and practical. BGI requires significant maintenance, but through communication and planning early on in the process it can be made more predictable. It is important to construct heterogeneous habitats where there is a variation in vegetation and water systems, because this facilitates different species and can increase biodiversity. BGI can be adapted to the local environment, and utilize nature's own capacity to store and purify stormwater. A well-planned BGI will also provide good recreational opportunities
Factors in attitude towards mathematics : a qualitative study from the students perspective
No full textVi har gjennom egne erfaringer både i vår egen skolegang og når vi har vært i praksis sett og opplevd matematikkfagets dårlige rykte. Dette har gjort oss interesserte i elevers holdninger i matematikk. I fagfeltet holdninger i matematikk har det blitt forsket mye på holdninger i matematikk koblet til prestasjoner i faget. Det er også sett på ulike arenaer hvor holdninger i matematikk har en innvirkning. Det er derimot ikke forsket like mye på ulike faktorer som har enn innvirkning på elevenes holdninger i matematikk. Dermed har vårt forskningsspørsmål blitt: Hvordan beskriver 1P og S1 elever egne holdninger i matematikk og hva mener de er faktorene som bidrar til disse holdningen?
Dette er en casestudie som tar for seg en 1P-klasse og en S1-klasse, samt deres lærer. Først hadde vi en kvalitativ spørreundersøkelse med klassen hvor de har skrevet og uttrykt seg om egne meninger og erfaringer i matematikkfaget, og hvordan deres syn på matematikk har forandret seg gjennom årene. Først er det blitt gjort en induktiv analyse for å finne de ulike faktorene som elevene beskriver som bidrar til deres holdninger i matematikk. Deretter ble det gjort en deduktiv analyse hvor vi analyserte for elevenes holdninger i matematikk. Disse analysene var grunnlaget på valg av fire deltakere, to fra hver klasse, som vi intervjuet med hensikt å få en utdypelse av svarene deres fra spørreundersøkelsen. Til slutt hadde vi og et intervju med læreren deres for å kunne gi oss ytterligere innsikt i elevenes holdninger i matematikk og faktorene de selv har tatt opp.
Funnene våre tar for seg en bredde og nyanse av elevers ulike holdninger i matematikk. Dette innebærer deres ulike emosjoner i faget, deres instrumentelle og relasjonelle forståelse, deres oppfatning om behovet for faget og deres oppfattede kompetanse i faget. Faktorene elevene har beskrevet har bidratt til deres er arbeidsrutine, flytsone, mestring, tankesett og lærer. Vi ser at det flest elever beskriver og uttrykker som et bidrag til deres holdninger i matematikk, er mestring og mestringsfølelse. Videre i forskningsfeltet ser vi at det kan dykkes enda dypere inn i hver enkelt faktor og hvordan de bidrar til elevers holdninger i matematikk. Dette fagfeltet er stort, og hver elevs holdning i matematikk vil til en viss grad alltid være subjektivt. Dette betyr at dette alltid vil være mer å lære om elevers holdninger i matematikk.Through our own experiences, both from our time as students and during our teaching practice, we have observed and encountered the negative reputation of the mathematics subject. This has sparked our interest in students' attitudes toward mathematics. Within the field of mathematics education, much research has been conducted on the relationship between students’ attitudes and their academic performance. Studies have also explored various contexts in which attitudes toward mathematics have an impact. However, less research has focused on the different factors that influence students' attitudes toward mathematics. This has led us to formulate the following research question: How do students in 1P and S1 describe their own attitudes toward mathematics, and what do they believe are the contributing factors to these attitudes?
This is a case study involving one 1P class and one S1 class, as well as their teacher. We began with a qualitative survey in which the students wrote about and expressed their opinions and experiences with mathematics, and how their views on the subject have evolved over the years. An inductive analysis was first conducted to identify the various factors students described as contributing to their attitudes toward mathematics. This was followed by a deductive analysis focusing on the nature of students' attitudes toward the subject. These analyses formed the basis for selecting four participants—two from each class—for interviews aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of their responses from the survey. Finally, we conducted an interview with the teacher to provide additional insight into the students' attitudes and the factors they themselves had highlighted.
Our findings reveal a wide range and nuance in students’ attitudes toward mathematics. These include their emotional responses to the subject, their instrumental and relational understanding, their perception of the subject’s relevance, and their perceived competence. The factors students described as influencing these attitudes include study habits, flow state, sense of achievement (mestring), mindset, and the teacher. The most mentioned and emphasized factor was a sense of achievement and mastery. Looking forward, we see that further research could delve more deeply into each of these individual factors and how they shape students' attitudes. This field is vast, and each student's attitude toward mathematics will to some extent always be subjective. This means there will always be more to learn about students' attitudes toward mathematics.M-LU
Pea-Derived Raffinose-Family Oligosaccharides as a Novel Ingredient to Accelerate Sour Beer Production
Get PDFThis study investigated raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) derived from pulses as selective carbon sources for sour beer production. Fourteen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for growth in media supplemented with RFOs. Furthermore, the influence of ethanol and isomerized α-acids on the bacterial growth was investigated. While most LAB grew in the presence of RFOs, few did so in the presence of ethanol and α-acids. Some of the LAB with tolerance to these stressors were then combined with Brettanomyces claussenii to create classic-style sour beers with or without RFOs. These were characterized chemically, physically, and sensorially. Sour beers made with RFOs were evaluated as being comparable to a commercial Belgian sour beer for some sensory characteristics. Furthermore, the sensory analysis revealed significantly increased acidity levels and differences in flavor and taste between beers fermented with and without RFOs, which was underpinned by chemical analysis. Crucially, beany off-flavors, which are a common problem with pulse-derived ingredients, did not increase upon RFO addition. Thus, by combining selected LAB with RFOs, we successfully utilized a food sidestream and expanded the possibilities for brewing sour beers in a controlled manner in a short time. This is in contrast to the lengthy process used for traditional sour beers.publishedVersio
Kommuneansattes erfaringer med og refleksjoner rundt «Hverdagsreisen» som metode i tverrsektorielt folkehelsearbeid
Get PDFBakgrunn: Kommunene pålegges et stort ansvar i å drive med systematisk folkehelsearbeid. Myndighetene oppfordrer kommunene til å benytte medvirkning og samskaping. Det krever at kommunene tenker annerledes i møte med sine lokale utfordringer. «Hverdagsreisen» er et verktøy utviklet av DOGA ment som et tilbud til kommuner, der designtenking, medvirkning, samskaping er del av metodikken. Det er behov for mer kunnskap om hvordan prosessen rundt bruk av slike verktøy oppleves av kommunalt ansatte, og hvorvidt slike verktøy kan ha effekt på det langsiktige tverrsektorielle folkehelsearbeidet.
Formål: Å utforske hvordan kommunalt ansatte som har deltatt i implementering av «Hverdagsreisen» erfarer prosessen, og hvordan de reflekterer over betydningen av tiltaket for fremtidig tverrsektorielt folkehelsearbeid.
Metode: Studien er basert på kvalitativ tilnærming, der både fokusgruppeintervju og individuelt intervju er gjort med ansatte i fem kommuner som alle har deltatt i «Hverdagsreisen». Det ble benyttet tematisk analyse, for å identifisere og systematisere funn. Resultater: Funnene viste at sammensetning av prosjektgruppen hadde innvirkning på innsikt og resultat. Deltakerne hadde positive erfaringer med samarbeidet med DOGA og metodestøtten de fikk gjennom prosjektet. Kvalitative metoder for medvirkning ga deltakerne et nyansert kunnskapsgrunnlag, som hadde verdi blant deltakerne. Erfaringer fra bruk av tjenestedesign var nyttig både i prosjektet, og for videre utvikling for noen kommuner.
Det tverrsektorielle samarbeidet innad i kommunene var både lærerikt og utfordrende. Det ble vist til begrenset overførbarhet av metodikken innad i kommunene og til andre kommuner. Ulikt interessegrunnlag for idéene utviklet gjennom prosjektet ble en barriere for noen av deltakerne. Tidspress, ressurser og prioriteringer var også et hinder for gjennomføring av prosjektet i sin helhet. Krysspress mellom lokale behov og offentlige føringer kunne være en utfordring.
Konklusjon: Denne studien belyser hvordan nye tilnærminger basert på designtenking kan innlemmes og forankres i «tradisjonelt» folkehelsearbeid. For å sikre effektiv samskaping, medvirkning og samarbeid, er det imidlertid viktig med mer forskning på organisering av slike prosjekter i kommunene og hvordan de oppleves av deltakerne. Det er behov for mer forskning om hva som skal til for å lette kommuners bruk av designtenking og nye metoder i folkehelsearbeidet, også der hvor kommunene ikke har eksterne som støtte.Background: Municipalities are given significant responsibility for conducting systematic public health work. Authorities encourage municipalities to utilize participation and co- creation, which requires them to think differently when addressing local challenges. “Hverdagsreisen” is a tool developed by DOGA, designed as an offer to municipalities, incorporating design thinking, participation and co-creation as part of its methodology. Purpose: To explore how municipal employees, who have participated in the implementation of “Hverdagsreisen”, experience the process and how they reflect on the significance of the initiative for future cross-sectoral public health work.
Method: The study is based on a qualitative approach, involving both focus group interviews and individual interviews with employees from five municipalities. Thematic analysis was used to identify and systemize findings.
Results: The findings showed that the composition of the project group influenced insights and outcomes. Participants had positive experiences with collaboration with DOGA and the methodological support they received through the project. Qualitative methods for participation provided participants with a nuanced knowledge base, which was valuable among the participants. Experiences from using service design were beneficial both in the project and for further development for some municipalities.
The cross-sectoral collaboration within the municipalities was both educational and challenging. There was limited transferability of the methodology within municipalities and to other municipalities. Participants had positive experiences with external collaboration and methodological support. Differing interests regarding the ideas developed through the project became a barrier for some participants. Time constraints, resources and priorities were also obstacles to the project’s full implementation. The tension between local needs and public directives could be challenging.
Conclusion: The study highlights how new approaches based on design thinking can be integrated and anchored in “traditional” public health work. However, to ensure effective co- creation, participation, and collaboration, it is important to conduct more research on the organization of such projects withing municipalities and how they are perceived byparticipants. More research is needed on what can facilitate municipalities’ use of design thinking and new methos in public health work, even where municipalities do not have external support
A Novel Secondary Treatment Step for Tunnel Wash Water: Impact on Retention and Toxicity of Tire and Road Wear Particles, Tire Leachates, and Metals
Get PDFAbstract
Urban expansion and increasing vehicular traffic have significantly intensified road
related pollution in recent decades. Among the emerging contributors to environmental
degradation are tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) and tire-derived chemicals (TDCs),
which represent a growing source of microplastic and chemical contamination. These
pollutants enter ecosystems through air deposition and surface runoff. A particularly
concentrated source is tunnel wash water (TWW), generated during the maintenance of
road tunnels. In Norway, this water is frequently discharged into adjacent rivers and fjords
without adequate treatment. This study aimed to investigate the impacts a novel
secondary treatment step for TWW may have on retention and toxicity of TRWPs, TDCs
and metals taking into account the contaminant fluxes and seasonal variations by using
the Ekeberg Tunnel as a case. A two-step treatment system, consisting of a 21-day
sedimentation phase followed by filtration with Leca Filtralite HMR, was evaluated by
testing the effectiveness of sedimentation alone and in combination with filtration for
reducing key contaminants. Fieldwork was carried out during spring and autumn of 2024
to capture seasonal differences, with samples collected before and after each treatment
stage. Metal samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane to distinguish between
particle bound and dissolved fractions. All samples were subsequently analyzed for
metals, TRWPs, and TDCs using Agilent 8800 ICP-MS QQQ, Py-GC/MS, and UPLC-TOF
MS. A 14 day leaching test also evaluated metal release from particles retained before
treatment. Acute toxicity was assessed using Daphnia magna at each TWW treatment
stage, including detergent only exposures. Additional measurements included dissolved
organic carbon, anions, and other water quality parameters. Results revealed that TWW
contains a complex, seasonally variable contaminant mix. Higher concentrations of
TRWP, TDCs and metals were observed in spring, due to winter accumulation. The
treatment system effectively reduced particle bound metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb), TRWP and
some TDCs like 6PPD and DPPD. However, dissolved metals (Zn, Mo, As) and water
soluble TDCs such as HMMM, TMQ, and MTBT were not effectively removed, with some
increasing post treatment. Biological assays showed that D. magna ingested particles in
all treatments, but acute toxicity was observed only in untreated autumn samples at a
50% sample concentration. Microscopic analysis revealed that particles adhered to
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appendages and exoskeletons, causing immobilization through physical obstruction. The
leaching test confirmed that retained TWW particles also release metals such as iron
(30.0 µg/L), zinc (9.32 µg/L), and copper (2.00 µg/L) over time. This study confirms that
TWW from the Ekeberg Tunnel poses considerable environmental risks, particularly during the
spring season. While the two step treatment system effectively reduced coarse, particle
bound pollutants, it was less capable of removing some dissolved metals and water soluble
TDCs. The combination of high concentrations of untreated TRWPs, TDCs, and metals along
with evidence of particle ingestion, mechanical interference, and gradual metal leaching,
raises concerns for aquatic life and water quality. These findings highlight the importance of
effective treatment in reducing environmental risks, while also showing the need to improve
the removal of finer particles and certain dissolved pollutants. Ongoing monitoring is essential
to protect sensitive ecosystems like the Oslofjord
The Discursive Power of Right-Wing Populism: Donald Trump and the Liberal International Order
Get PDFOver the past decade, Donald Trump’s embrace of right-wing populism has elicited both broad support and skepticism, positioning him as a highly polarizing political figure in both domestic and international politics. This thesis seeks to examine how Trump’s populist discourse contributes to challenging and reshaping the liberal international order (LIO), with particular attention to his discursive construction of ‘the people’ versus ‘the elite’, and his use of crisis narratives accompanied by a personalistic leadership style. Through the application of Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and a discursive-performative approach to populism, the study examines four key speeches throughout Donald Trump’s political career: his inaugural addresses in 2017 and 2025, and two central campaign rallies during his 2024 presidential campaign. This thesis will argue that Trump’s populist discourse is not merely a response to societal grievances but also has constitutive effects on political identities, realities, and power relations. The study aims to contribute to the growing body of research on populism in International Relations, with a particular focus on the discursive and performative dimensions of populism and their political implications both domestically and globally