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Klassifisering av egnethet for bledningshogst med flybåren laserdata
Get PDFSkogforvaltningen i Norge står overfor økende krav til bærekraft, der alternative hogstformer innen lukket hogst får økt oppmerksomhet. Lukket hogst, som inkluderer metodene bledningshogst, gruppehogst, fjellskoghogst og skjermstillingshogst, skiller seg fra tradisjonell flatehogst ved at kronedekket bevares etter hogst. Denne studien undersøker hvordan flybåren laserskanning (FLS) kan benyttes til å predikere egnethet for lukket hogst, med hovedfokus på bledningshogst, og hvordan dette kan fremstilles på en visuell tolkbar måte.
Datagrunnlaget ble hentet fra et 1000-km² stort område i Akershus og Østfold, der det ble samlet inn feltdata fra 88 prøveflater fordelt på 17 bestand. FLS-data fra Viken Skogs takst i 2021 ble kombinert med feltregistreringene for å beregne skoglige parametere som overhøyde, middelhøyde, grunnflate, grunnflateveid middelhøyde, kroneandel, max brysthøydediameter (DBH), Gini-koeffisient og q-verdi. Disse ble deretter brukt som responsvariabler i en SUR-modell, som simultant estimerte alle disse variablene.
Det ble foretatt både en intern- og kryssvalidering av modellen. Den viste høy presisjon for høyderelaterte parametere som grunnflateveid middelhøyde og overhøyde med en RMSE% < 15 %. Prediksjonene for variabler som Gini-koeffisient og q-verdi hadde derimot en lavere presisjon. Den prediktive usikkerheten for gini-koeffisienten og q-verdi ble delvis knyttet til hvordan disse ble beregnet.
For å vurdere egnethet for bledningshogst ble det utviklet et poengsystem basert på terskelverdier for åtte strukturelle skogparametere. Hver celle i det predikerte området på 250 m² fikk en totalscore som ble brukt til å klassifisere cellen som egnet, mulig egnet eller uegnet. Resultatene ble visualisert som heldekkende rasterkart og videre bearbeidet i QGIS.
Kartet viste at ca. 1 % av skogen i takstområdet ble klassifisert som direkte egnet for bledningshogst, og ytterligere 15 % som mulig egnet. Disse områdene kan fungere som en støtte for skogeiere og forvaltning i å identifisere relevante arealer for bledningssystemet. Resultatene peker på at FLS har potensial i kartbasert egnethetsanalyse for bledningshogst, men også at feltverifisering og lokal kunnskap fortsatt er avgjørende. Studien demonstrerer hvordan FLS-data og statistisk modellering kan bidra til en mer effektiv og framtidsrettet skogforvaltning.Norwegian forest management faces increasing demands for sustainability, leading to growing interest in alternative harvesting methods within continuous cover forestry (CCF). Continuous cover forestry, including approaches such as single-tree selection and shelterwood cutting, differs from conventional clear-cutting by maintaining a continuous forest structure even after harvesting. This study investigates how airborne laser scanning (ALS) can be used to predict suitability for continuous cover forestry, focusing primarily on single-tree selection, and how the results can be presented using a visually interpretable approach.
The dataset originated from a 1000 km² region in Akershus and Østfold counties, where field data were collected from 88 sample plots distributed across 17 stands. ALS data from Viken Skog inventory conducted in 2021 were combined with the field measurements to calculate forest parameters such as dominant tree height, mean height, basal area, lorey’s height, crown ratio, Max diameter at breast height, Gini coefficient, and q-value. These parameters were then employed as response variables in a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model, which enables simultaneous estimation of multiple correlated variables.
The model was validated both internally and through cross-validation. It demonstrated high accuracy for height-related parameters, such as Lorey’s height and dominant height, with RMSE% <15 %. However, predictions for parameters like the Gini coefficient and q-value exhibited lower accuracy. The predictive uncertainty for diameter distribution was partially linked to limitations in the chosen method.
To assess suitability for single-tree selection harvesting, a scoring system based on threshold values for eight structural forest parameters was developed. Each cell in the predicted area (250 m² resolution) received a total score, classifying it as suitable, potentially suitable, or unsuitable. The results were visualized as continuous raster maps and further processed in QGIS.
The resulting map indicated that approximately 1% of the forest in the surveyed area was directly suitable for single-tree selection, with an additional 15% classified as potentially suitable. These maps can serve as valuable tools for forest owners and management agencies in identifying relevant areas for continuous cover forestry. The results indicate that ALS data hold considerable potential for map-based forest planning. However, field verification and local knowledge remain essential. This study demonstrates how ALS data and statistical modeling can support more efficient and sustainable management practice
Regulering og prisdannelse i det norske frukt- og grøntmarkedet
Get PDFFrukt- og grøntsektoren i Norge skiller seg fra øvrige landbrukssektorer ved at den ikke omfattes av en markedsregulator med mottaksplikt og reguleringsansvar. Dette innebærer at markedet i større grad er styrt av frivillige ordninger og kommersielle relasjoner. I en tid preget av økende geopolitisk uro og handelsbarrierer, er det økende behov for nasjonal matsikkerhet og en robust norsk produksjon. På bakgrunn av dette fremstår det som relevant å undersøke hvordan produsentprisene fastsettes i praksis.
Studien har følgende problemstilling:
Hvordan brukes kontrakter i frukt- og grøntsektoren, og hvordan påvirker dette produsentprisene?
For å besvare problemstillingen er det gjennomført en kvalitativ casestudie basert på dybdeintervjuer med åtte informanter fra ulike ledd i verdikjeden for frukt og grønt. Fokuset har vært på verdikjeden knyttet til produsentorganisasjonen Gartnerhallen og grossistleddet Bama. Studien er avgrenset til den delen av markedet som leverer konsumvarer til dagligvareleddet.
Bamas verdikjede er sammensatt og inkluderer både produsenter tilknyttet Gartnerhallen, uavhengige norske aktører og utenlandske leverandører. Produktene distribueres videre til blant annet NorgesGruppen og Rema, samt storkjøkken og industri gjennom Bamas øvrige forretningsområder. Selv om import utgjør en betydelig del av volumet, har denne studien fokusert på norskproduserte varer.
Funnene viser at bruk av formelle kontrakter mellom produsent og grossist er begrenset. I stedet er samhandlingen organisert gjennom langsiktige avtaler mellom Bama og Gartnerhallen, mens produsentene forholder seg til medlemskap og produksjonsplaner i produsentorganisasjonene. Disse strukturene fungerer som rammeverk for produksjon og levering, mens produsentprisene blir fastsatt gjennom prisanbefalinger fra markedsmøtet som GPS avholder på Langhus.The fruit and vegetable sector in Norway differs from other agricultural sectors in that it is not subject to a market regulator with purchasing obligations and regulatory responsibility. As a result, the market is to a greater extent governed by voluntary arrangements and commercial relationships. In a time marked by increasing geopolitical instability and trade barriers, there is a growing need for national food security and a robust domestic production system. Against this backdrop, it is relevant to examine how producer prices are determined in practice.
This study addresses the following research question:
How are contracts used in the fruit and vegetable sector, and how does this affect producer prices?
To answer this question, a qualitative case study was conducted based on in-depth interviews with eight informants representing various parts of the fruit and vegetable value chain. The study focuses on the segment connected to the producer organization Gartnerhallen and the wholesaler Bama, and is limited to products sold as fresh produce through the grocery retail market.
Bama’s value chain is complex and includes producers affiliated with Gartnerhallen, independent Norwegian actors, and foreign suppliers. The products are distributed to, among others, NorgesGruppen and Rema 1000, as well as to the foodservice and processing industries through Bama’s other business units. Although imports constitute a significant share of the total volume, this study focuses on Norwegian-produced goods.
The findings show that formal contracts between producers and wholesalers are limited. Instead, interactions are organized through long-term agreements between Bama and Gartnerhallen, while producers operate under membership terms and production plans issued by their producer organizations. These structures serve as a framework for production and delivery, while producer prices are determined through price recommendations established during the market meeting held by GPS at Langhus
From Buzz to Bliss: A Pilot Study of Ecoacoustic and Perceptual Insights among Visitors in Femundsmarka and Rondane National Parks
Get PDFSoundscapes are increasingly recognized as a vital, yet underexplored, dimension of visitor experiences in protected areas (PAs). This master’s thesis examines how natural and human-made sounds influence visitor emotions, perceptions of crowding, and attitudes toward infrastructure in two contrasting Norwegian national parks: Rondane and Femundsmarka. Drawing on data from a visitor survey (n=70) and ecoacoustic recordings collected during the 2024 “Sounds Like Norway” pilot project, the study investigates emotional responses to soundscapes, visitor typologies based on wilderness purism, and acoustic variation across time and space. Results show that natural sounds, particularly biophonic elements like birdsong and water, are commonly associated with positive emotions such as joy and tranquility. However, some natural sounds, like buzzing insects, also trigger irritation. Visitors in Rondane reported higher appreciation for visitor infrastructure and slightly greater acceptance of crowding compared to visitors in Femundsmarka, where wilderness purists were more prevalent. Ecoacoustic analysis revealed distinct soundscape profiles across sites and times, with certain areas offering higher acoustic naturalness. These findings suggest that soundscape management can support both ecological integrity and visitor satisfaction by informing zoning strategies that balance accessibility with the protection of quiet, nature-focused experiences. The study contributes new insights to nature-based tourism research in a Nordic context and offers practical recommendations for integrating soundscape awareness into visitor management in Norwegian national parks
Eksponering og karakterisering av støv og respirabelt krystallinsk silika fra innendørs rivning og renovering
Get PDFOccupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) may cause adverse health effects such as respiratory diseases. There is an ongoing discussion regarding safe exposure levels of RCS, with research indicating an increased risk of lung cancer with 40 years of occupational exposure at 0.0363 mg/m3. Due to a growing focus on sustainable development, there is a predicted increase in renovation and adaptive reuse of buildings. Exposure to RCS can occur when silica containing materials are processed, such as demolition of concrete and brick. The Norwegian construction industry is known for exposure to both airborne dust and RCS, however the number of exposure measurements are limited. This thesis found high exposure concentrations of RCS for all workers involved in indoor demolition and renovation. Insufficient ventilation and enclosed environments led to elevated background concentrations. Even in instances with low exposure concentrations of respirable dust, there were still significant concentrations of RCS due to high silica content in the dust.
The aim of this thesis was to determine the occupational exposure and characteristics of dust and RCS generated during indoor demolition and renovations. Three papers addressing the following aspects were written: (I) An exposure assessment to dust and RCS in demolition and renovations (II) Using Rietveld refinement to quantify crystalline phases in respirable dust (III) Characterizing dust from demolition in terms of size and mineral content.
The thesis included a combination of field measurements of dust concentrations and laboratory experiments. Fourteen demolition and renovation projects with demolition of concrete and brick were included. In addition to demolition workers, indirectly exposed workers were included in the study as this group is often overlooked in exposure assessments. Repeated personal full-shift measurements were collected of inhalable, thoracic, and respirable dust, with a total of 407 samples from 92 different workers. 182 samples of respirable dust were analysed for RCS by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using the NIOSH 7500 method. A combination of personal and stationary field measurements was used to determine the characteristics of airborne dust as a function of size and content. Rietveld refinement was applied to XRD diffractograms from personal respirable, Sioutas cascade impactors, and material samples to determine the crystalline composition.
Demolition workers were found to have high exposure concentrations of dust and RCS during mechanical tasks like cutting of concrete, jackhammering, and grinding, in addition to clearing out demolished material. Indirectly exposed workers had substantial background exposure concentrations to RCS. At locations with limited ventilation the demolition dust remained suspended in the workplace air, exposing workers within the same building. Long-term exposure to concentrations even below the regulatory exposure limits to RCS is connected to an increased risk of lung cancer. Thereby, exposure to RCS for indirectly exposed workers must be considered when assessing hazardous exposure in the construction industry.
Rietveld refinement was successfully applied to respirable dust samples. The crystalline composition of dust samples could help in determining the dust source, identifying other potentially harmful components, and correcting for interferences that could affect the quantification of RCS. Rietveld refinement does, however, require a competent operator to ensure the quality of the analysis.Norwegian agreement for a more inclusive working life (IA Agreement) in the construction industr
Dalits in the labour market : vulnerability and gender relations in India
Get PDFThe thesis investigates the discrimination against the Dalits in the Indian Labour Market. Throughout the thesis, I address the problem of this topic based on what I have learned from the Human Rights and Development course, such as Human Rights laws, acts, and approaches. First, I will show the introduction of India, the Caste system, the Dalit class and important laws protecting Dalits. After that, I will show the relevant theories and concepts. Next, I will present the methods that I used to finish this thesis. In the discussion part, there are two big discussions in this thesis: the first is the reasons and evidence of discrimination faced by Dalits in the labour market; the second is the Gender dimension of Dalit discrimination, where I will discuss the different vulnerability of Dalit women versus Dalit men. Lastly, I will give some solutions, embodying and practising empathy as a core value, can prevent labour market exploitation of DalitsB-D
Hva er ideelt for ideelle organisasjoner?
Get PDFIdeelle organisasjoner spiller en viktig rolle når det gjelder å løse samfunnsutfordringer, og ved å bistå og representere ulike sosiale grupper (Stoltenberg et al., 2024, s. 84). I den siste frivillighetsmeldingen presenterer Kulturdepartementet en målsetning om en aktiv og bærekraftig ideell sektor (Meld. St. 10 (2018-2019), s. 7). Dette forutsetter hensiktsmessig og tilfredsstillende økonomistyring.
Denne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan norske ideelle organisasjoner praktiserer sin økonomistyring, med særlig fokus på hvilke økonomistyringsmetoder som benyttes. Sammenlignet med kommersiell sektor er metodebruken i ideell sektor et relativt underforsket område. For å kartlegge dagens økonomistyringspraksis ble det sendt ut en spørreundersøkelse til medlemmer av Frivillighet Norge. Respondentene svarte blant annet på bruk av økonomistyringsmetoder, viktige faktorer for valg av metoder og hvilke utfordringer de opplever i sin økonomistyring.
Resultatene fra spørreundersøkelsen viser at ideelle organisasjoner i stor grad anvender enkle økonomistyringsmetoder, og at det tradisjonelle budsjettet er den klart mest brukte økonomistyringsmetoden. Hele 90 % av respondentene bruker budsjettet som styringsverktøy, og av disse er det 75 % som benytter budsjettet som eneste metode for økonomistyring. De resterende 25 % kombinerer budsjettet med andre økonomistyringsmetoder. Undersøkelsen fant også at formålsstyring, usikre tilskuddsordninger, vanskeligheter med resultatmåling og lav økonomisk kompetanse preger den organisatoriske konteksten til ideelle organisasjoner og bidrar til en kompleks økonomistyring. Dette underbygger behovet for enkle metoder.
Basert på funnene konkluderer oppgaven avslutningsvis med at tradisjonell budsjettering synes å være uunnværlig i ideelle organisasjoner, og at organisasjonene bør fortsette å bruke budsjettet. Oppgaven foreslår videre at ideelle organisasjoner kan dra nytte av å kombinere budsjettet med en tilpasset versjon av balansert målstyring for å bidra til en mer helhetlig og strategisk styring.Non-profit organizations play a crucial role in addressing societal challenges, as well as assisting and representing various social groups (Stoltenberg et al., 2024, p. 84). In the latest Government White Paper on Volunteering, the Norwegian Ministry of Culture presents the goal of an active and sustainable non-profit sector (Meld. St. 10 (2018-2019), p. 7). This requires effective and satisfactory financial management.
This master’s thesis investigates how Norwegian non-profit organizations practice their financial management, with a particular focus on the methods they use. Compared to the commercial sector, the use of financial management methods in the non-profit sector is relatively under-researched. To map the current financial management practices, a survey was sent to members of Frivillighet Norge. Respondents answered questions regarding the use of financial management methods, important factors influencing their choice of methods, and the challenges they face in their financial management.
The results of the survey show that non-profit organizations generally prefer simple financial management methods, with traditional budgeting being by far the most used method. A total of 90 % of respondents use budgets as a management tool, whereas 75 % use the budget as the only method for financial management. The remaining 25 % combine the budget with other financial management methods. The survey also found that purpose-driven management, uncertain funding schemes, difficulties with outcome-based measurement, and limited financial competence characterize the organizational context of non-profit organizations and contribute to the complexity of financial management. This underscores the need for simple methods.
Based on the findings, the thesis concludes that traditional budgeting is indispensable for non-profit organizations, and that they should continue using the budget. Furthermore, the thesis suggests that non-profit organizations could benefit from combining the budget with a tailored version of the balanced scorecard, which could contribute to a more holistic and strategic approach to management
Assessing the influence of upstream habitat conditions on benthic macroinvertebrate populations in tributaries of the Verdal River
Get PDFFreshwater ecosystems are crucial for human civilization, providing essential ecosystem functions and services. With growing impacts of climate change and anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are declining in their ability to maintain both ecosystem function and services around the world. As a result, once thriving biodiverse ecosystems are degrading at a rapid rate. Initiatives have been put in place across Europe to address these issues. Specifically in Norway, improving and maintaining river systems to be in good ecological standing has been a priority.
This study investigated the impact of upstream habitat conditions on ecological river health in small tributaries to the Verdal River in central Norway. Habitat conditions along rivers are not only influential on their local habitat but also downstream. Pollution and physical attributes, such as flow rates do have downstream effects. Research on upstream habitat impacts on local macroinvertebrates in Norway is limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the impact of upstream habitat conditions including average riparian conditions, stream gradient, and proportion of moving water on river health on benthic macroinvertebrates.
The following hypotheses were addressed: 1) The impact of upstream habitat decreases the further removed from the macroinvertebrate sample site they are, 2) Sites with more developed upstream riparian buffer zones will positively impact the diversity and water-quality indicator species composition, and 3) Upstream riparian buffer zones will have a larger impact than stream gradient or proportion of running water on downstream macroinvertebrate assemblages.Macroinvertebrates were collected via kick-sampling at the upper and lower end of each 31 stations along six tributaries. Local habitat characteristics were measured and followed the protocol of previous habitat measuring in the project area. Upstream habitat measurements were conducted separately and averaged over 50 and 100 meters stretches upstream of macroinvertebrate sample sites.
Results showed that none of the upstream habitat characteristics over either distance had any statistically significant impact on diversity or water-quality. For macroinvertebrate abundance, high scores for the riparian buffer over the 50-meter upstream stretch had a negative effect, resulting in a decrease in abundance. Local habitat variables were found to be relevant for both water quality and macroinvertebrate abundance. For water quality, the local environmental gradient PC1 had a negative relationship with water quality. Along the same trend, both PC1 and PC2 local environmental gradients had a negative affect on macroinvertebrate abundance
Hedging Portuguese Electricity Spot Price Risk: A Comparative Analysis of EEX Futures from Germany, France and Spain
Get PDFThis thesis investigates the effectiveness of EEX electricity futures contracts from Spain, France, and Germany in hedging Portuguese spot electricity prices. Given the limited liquidity of domestic futures, Portuguese market participants could rely on foreign contracts as proxy hedging instruments. Using weekly data from 2017 to 2025, the study applies both static and dynamic hedging models, including naïve, static OLS, rolling OLS, and CCC-GARCH, to assess variance reduction in both in- sample and out-of-sample periods. The results show that Spanish weekly futures offer the highest in-sample hedging effectiveness, supported by strong market integration under the MIBEL framework. However, all strategies perform poorly out-of-sample due to weakened correlation. These findings highlight the challenges of cross-market hedging in real-world conditions and emphasize the need for liquid futures markets, low basis risk and selecting hedging models, static or dynamic, that are suited to prevailing market conditions
Modeling Temporal Interference Stimulation via Stochastic Resonance using an Integrate-and-Fire Model
Get PDFSimuleringer er et verktøy som brukes i beregningsorientert
nevrovitenskap for å studere hjernen på en trygg, beregnings- og kostnadseffektiv
måte. Denne masteroppgaven bruker simuleringer til å undersøke
om egenskaper ved temporal interferens-stimulering (TI-stimulering) kan
modelleres ved hjelp av en forenklet nevronmodell. TI-stimulering er en
alternativ måte å stimulere hjernen på, hvor selektiv stimulering av hjernevev
er mulig uten invasive prosedyrer. Hjernevevet stimuleres ved bruk
av høyfrekvente elektriske felt som nevronene antakelig ikke responderer
på, som følge av cellemembranens lavpassfiltrering. I regioner der de elektriske
feltene krysser, oppstår interferens og en lavfrekvent omslagskurve,
som kan fremkalle nevral respons.
I simuleringsverktøyet NEST injiseres sinusformede strømmer i
såkalte "integrate-and-fire"-nevroner (IAF-nevroner), som etterligner effektene
av TI-stimulering. Støy er også inkorporert i systemet, noe som
øker den biologiske realismen og gjør det mulig å undersøke effektene
av stokastisk resonans. Spike-tog og membranpotensialer fra simuleringene
registreres og analyseres ved hjelp av spektralanalyse, nærmere
bestemt PSD (power spectral density) og SNR (signal-to-noise ratio).
Disse metodene brukes til å kvantifisere signalstyrke. For å vurdere
om TI-stimulering kan modelleres ved hjelp av IAF-nevroner i kombinasjon
med stokastisk resonans, varieres inputparametere som strømstyrke
og støynivå. Deretter utvides modellen til en nevronpopulasjon der
nevronene er koblet til og sender signaler til ett postsynaptisk nevron,
slik at man kan undersøke hvordan effektene av TI-stimulering propagerer
gjennom et nettverk.
Resultatene fra simuleringene viste at både høyfrekvente inputsignaler
og den lavfrekvente modulasjonen ga tydelige responser i de presynaptiske
nevronene. I de postsynaptiske nevronene ble de høyfrekvente signalene
derimot dempet, noe som kan forklare den selektive stimuleringen
av hjernevev ved bruk av TI-stimulering. En mulig forklaring på denne
filtreringen er det brede temporale vinduet til de postsynaptiske potensialene,
som tillater synkronisering med lavfrekvente signaler, men demper
høyfrekvent input fra den presynaptiske populasjonen.
Disse funnene peker på potensialet til den forenklede modellen i
studier av TI-stimulering, og antyder at fremtidige studier bør undersøke
mer komplekse nettverksstrukturer og -konfigurasjoner.Simulations in computational neuroscience provide a safe, computationally
efficient, and low-cost way to investigate brain function. In this
master’s thesis, simulations are used to explore whether key features of
temporal interference (TI) stimulation can be captured by a simplified
neuron model. TI stimulation is a brain stimulation method currently
emerging in the field of neuroscience. This method offers the advantage
of selectively targeting brain tissue by using high-frequency electric fields
that neurons are supposedly unable to respond to due to low-pass filtering
properties of the cell membrane. In regions where the electric fields
intersect, the resulting currents interfere and produce a low-frequency
envelope, eliciting neuronal responses.
The simulations are conducted using the NEST simulator, where subthreshold
sinusoidal currents are injected intracellularly into a single targeted
integrate-and-fire neuron, mimicking the effects of the TI stimulation.
Noise is also incorporated into the system, increasing biological
realism, and allows for exploration of the effects of stochastic resonance
on the stimulation method. Spike trains and membrane potentials resulting
from these simulations are recorded. This data is analyzed using
spectral analysis, particularly power spectral density (PSD) and signalto-
noise ratio (SNR), to visualize and quantify the strength of the TIevoked
responses. To assess whether temporal interference stimulation
can be modeled using an integrate-and-fire neuron in combination with
stochastic resonance, input parameters such as current amplitude and
noise levels are varied. Eventually, the model is expanded to a neural
population, where the neurons are connected and transmit signals to a
single postsynaptic neuron. This extension makes it possible to explore
how local stimulation effects propagate through a network and influence
downstream neurons.
It was observed that both the high-frequency input and the resulting
low-frequency envelope generated clear responses in presynaptic neurons.
In postsynaptic neurons, however, the high-frequency signals were attenuated,
which may explain why TI stimulaton selectively stimulates only
targeted brain tissue. This filtering effect is hypothesized to arise from
the broad temporal window of the postsynaptic potential, which promotes
synchronization of low-frequency signals while attenuating highfrequency
input from the presynaptic population.
These findings highlight the potential of using a simplified neuron
model to explore temporal interference stimulation, and suggest that future
work should investigate more complex network structures and configurations
Dissent and Democracy: The Criminalisation of climate change activism in Norway exemplified through a case study on Extinction Rebellion Norway
Get PDFIn this thesis I discuss the tendency by some to frame dissent as anti-democratic, and.the criminalisation of climate change activism in Norway exemplified through a small case study on Extinction Rebellion Norway [XRN]. For my case study, I did a qualitative document analysis of XRN newsletters and XRN-related news articles, supplemented by a literature review from which I developed a theoretical framework including, but not limited to, criminalisation, critical criminologies, dissent, and legitimacy. I argue that dissent is a valuable staple of democracy and that - for now - climate change activists are being criminalised in Norway through more subtle means than in other European countries. But fines for protesting are getting heftier, and authorities are focusing on repressing dissent rather than on mitigating the climate- and ecological crises. What can current criminalisation trends tell us about the possible future of dissent in Norway