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Hvordan fungerer dagens formidling av forskning og offentlig skogpolitikk til skogeiere?
No full textI Norge er det satt mål om å øke produksjonen av bioenergi, trevirke og andre produkter og tjenester fra skogen. Samtidig står skogeierne og skogforvaltningen overfor økte krav fra samfunnet og industrien, blant annet gjennom sertifiseringsordninger, samt utfordringer knyttet til klimaendringer som påvirker vekst- og driftsforhold. Videre er skogeiere både i mindre grad økonomisk investert i skogbruket enn tidligere og har generelt lavere skogfaglig kompetanse. Dette stiller større krav til rådgivning og skognæringens evne til å formidle ny forskning og skogpolitikk, for å sikre et bærekraftig skogbruk i fremtiden og for å oppfylle politiske mål.
Formålet med denne studien er derfor å kartlegge hvilke informasjonskilder skogeiere benytter seg av, for å sikre at forskning og offentlig skogpolitikk i større grad påvirker deres beslutninger. I tillegg evalueres informasjonsflyten fra de siste årene om klimaendringer og klimatilpasset skogbruk. Det er formulert tre forskningsspørsmål: (a) Hvilke informasjonskilder brukes for å formidle forskning og skogpolitiske reguleringer til de ulike skogeiere, og hvilke har størst påvirkning, (b) hvilke arenaer og sosiale nettverk benyttes av skogeiere for å diskutere skogforvaltning, og (c) hvordan har klimaendringer påvirket de ulike skogeierenes beslutninger om skogforvaltning?
Studien bygger på en spørreundersøkelse med 290 respondenter. Skogeierne ble kategorisert i tre ulike skogeiertypologier, tradisjonelle, utradisjonelle og multiobjektive, for å avdekke eventuelle forskjeller mellom gruppene.
Resultatene viser at magasiner og nyhetsbrev fremstår som de beste informasjonskildene for ny kunnskap. Likevel er sannsynligheten for at skogeierne endrer skogforvaltningen på grunnlag av ny kunnskap, kurs og skogbruksledere størst. Av det sosiale nettverket er familie de mest innflytelsesrike når skogeiere skal ta beslutninger i skogforvaltningen, skogbrukslederne er nummer to.
Når det gjelder informasjonsflyten de siste årene, har skogeierne tatt til seg betydelig informasjon om klimaendringer og behovet for tilpasning. Likevel har dette i liten grad ført til konkrete tiltak i praksis. Differansen mellom skogeiernes forståelse av behovet for klimatilpasning og deres faktiske handlinger i skogforvaltningen tyder på at det er rom for større påvirkning. Dette inkluderer behovet for mer konkret og praktisk informasjon om klimatilpasningstiltak.
Når det gjelder ulikheter mellom skogeiertypologiene, var det få signifikante forskjeller. Resultatene viste at de utradisjonelle skogeierne i mindre grad lot seg påvirke av rådgivere som skogbruksledere og skogsjefer sammenlignet med de andre gruppene. De var også mindre påvirket av kurs, men deltok også sjeldnere. De tradisjonelle skogeierne hadde blitt mindre påvirket av klimaendringer i sine beslutninger de siste 10 årene, enn de andre skogeiertypologiene.
Det konkluderes derfor med at det foreligger et potensial for større påvirkning gjennom informasjonskildene. Et godt tiltak vil være å særlig utnytte skogbruksledere som en sentral informasjonskilde til skogeiere. Derfor burde det bli større fokus på kunnskapsrike skogbruksledere slik at nye forskningsresultater og skogpolitikk blir implementert og bidrar til både bærekraftig skogbruk i fremtiden og muligheten til å nå politiske mål.In Norway, there are goals to increase the production of bioenergy, timber, and other products and services derived from forests. At the same time, forest owners and forest management face increasing demands from society and industry, among other things through certification schemes, as well as challenges related to climate change that affect growth and operational conditions. Additionally, forest owners today are less economically invested in forestry than before and generally possess less forestry-related expertise. This places greater demands on advisory services and the forestry sector's ability to disseminate new research and forest policies to ensure sustainable forestry in the future and achieve established political goals.
The purpose of this study is therefore to map which information sources forest owners use to ensure that research and public forest policies have a greater influence on their decision-making. Furthermore, the study evaluates the flow of information over recent years concerning climate change and climate-adapted forestry. Three research questions were formulated to address this: (a) which information sources are used to disseminate research and forest policy regulations to various forest owners, and which have the greatest impact, (b) which arenas and social networks do forest owners use to discuss forest management, and (c) how have climate change impacts influenced forest owners’ decisions regarding forest management?
The study is based on a survey of 290 respondents. Forest owners were categorized into three distinct typologies: traditional, non-traditional, and multi-objective, to identify potential differences between groups.
The results indicate that magazines and newsletters emerge as the best sources for new knowledge. However, when it comes to the likelihood of forest owners making changes in forest management based on new knowledge, courses and forestry advisors have the greatest influence. Within social networks, family members are the most influential in forest management decisions, followed by forestry advisors.
In terms of the flow of information in recent years, forest owners have absorbed significant information about climate change and the need for adaptation. However, this has only to a small extent translated into concrete actions in practice. The gap between forest owners' understanding of the need for climate adaptation and their actual implementation of measures in forest management suggests there is room for greater influence. This includes the need for more concrete and practical information on climate adaptation measures.
Regarding differences between forest owner typologies, there were few significant variations. The results showed that non-traditional forest owners were less influenced by advisors, such as Forestry Managers and Forest Service Officers, compared to other groups. They were also less affected by courses and participated in them less frequently. Traditional forest owners, on the other hand, had become less influenced by climate change in their decision-making over the past 10 years, compared to the other groups.
In conclusion, there is potential for greater influence through information sources. An effective approach would be to utilize forestry advisors as a central source of information for forest owners. Therefore, increased focus on knowledgeable forestry advisors is recommended to ensure that new research and forest policies are implemented in forestry. This can contribute to both sustainable forestry in the future and achieving political goals
Update of the scoping review of research on gastrointestinal effects of selected emulsifiers, stabilisers, and thickeners
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Mapping urban green structures using object-based analysis of satellite imagery: A review
Get PDFUrban green structures (UGS) play important roles in enhancing urban ecosystems by providing benefits such as mitigating the urban heat island effect, improving air quality, supporting biodiversity, and aiding in stormwater management. Accurately mapping UGS is important for sustainable urban planning and management. Traditional methods of mapping such as manual mapping, aerial photography interpretation and pixel-based classification have limitations in terms of coverage, accuracy, and efficiency. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has gained prominence due to its ability to incorporate both spectral and spatial information making it particularly effective for classification of high-resolution satellite data. This paper reviews the application of OBIA on satellite images for UGS mapping, focusing on various data sources, popular segmentation methods, and classification techniques, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Key segmentation methodologies discussed include multi-resolution segmentation and watershed segmentation. For classification, the review covers machine learning techniques such as random forests, support vector machines, and convolutional neural networks, among others. Several case studies highlight the successful implementation of OBIA in diverse urban environments by demonstrating improvements in classification accuracy and detail. The review also addresses the challenges associated with OBIA, such as dealing with heterogenous urban landscapes, data sources and with OBIA methods itself. Future directions for UGS mapping include the integration of deep learning algorithms, advancements in satellite data technologies, and the development of standardized classification frameworks. By providing a detailed analysis of the current state-of-the-art in object-based UGS mapping, this review aims to guide future research and practical applications in UGS management.Mapping urban green structures using object-based analysis of satellite imagery: A reviewpublishedVersio
A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Demands, Decision Authority and Social Support at Work in Norwegian Farmers Compared to Other Major Occupational Groups: The HUNT Study, Norway
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Risk assessment of bovine tuberculosis introduction and establishment in Norway
Get PDFVKM has assessed the risk of introduction and spread of bovine tuberculosis in Norway and cannot rule out that the disease still exists in Norway. There is a low risk of the disease being reintroduced with imported cattle, but the import of llamas and alpacas poses a greater risk. If the disease were to establish in Norway, there is a high risk of spread both among domestic animals and to wildlife. These are the main conclusions The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) has made in a risk assessment commissioned by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Background Following the outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in 2022, VKM was asked to investigate the risk of introduction as well as the risk of spread and establishment of the disease in Norway. The disease primarily affects cattle, but other animals and humans can also be affected. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease that is difficult to diagnose. Therefore, it may take months or years before infected animals are detected. This makes it challenging to eradicate the disease. Conclusions With today's very limited import, VKM concludes it is unlikely that bovine tuberculosis will be introduced to Norway with cattle. Since neighboring countries Sweden and Finland are free from the disease, migration of wildlife will not pose a risk of introduction. However, as the source of the 2022 outbreak has not been identified, it cannot be determined if the disease is still present in Norway. “Alpacas and llamas pose a greater risk. These species are particularly susceptible to the disease, and animals have been imported to Norway, also from countries where the bacterium is common in the cattle population. It is therefore likely that the bacterium could be introduced to Norway with these species if imports continue”, says Eystein Skjerve, Scientific leader of the project team. There is significant trade and transportation of live animals (cattle, alpacas, and llamas) within Norway. If bovine tuberculosis were to establish here, such movements would pose a significant risk of spreading the bacterium. Furthermore, manure from infected herds could pose a risk of spreading to livestock and wild animals. Additionally, contact between livestock and wild animals, such as badgers, wild boars, and various deer species, could lead to the spread of the disease to the wild population. If bovine tuberculosis is established in Norway, a control and eradication strategy would require considerable time and resources. If the disease is introduced to-, and established in wild animal populations, experience from other countries indicates that it will be very challenging to eradicate the disease. “The risk of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans is generally low. Veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers have an increased risk of infection. If the disease is established in Norway, the greatest risk of transmission to humans is through the consumption of both unpasteurised milk and dairy products”, Skjerve says. Risk-Reducing Measures VKM was also asked to identify several measures that could reduce the risk of introduction and establishment of bovine tuberculosis in Norway: Avoid importing animals from countries and regions where bovine tuberculosis is present in livestock. Avoid importing roughage to Norway from countries and regions with bovine tuberculosis. Increase testing requirements for the trade and movement of alpacas and llamas inside Norway. In the event of an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis, reduce contact between livestock and wild animals and routinely test wild animals (badgers, wild boars, and deer species). (...)Risk assessment of bovine tuberculosis introduction and establishment in NorwaypublishedVersio
Molecular regulation of cardiomyocyte functions by exogenous hydrogen sulphide in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Get PDFHydrogen sulphide (H2S) is known to regulate various physiological processes, but its role in fish cardiac function, especially at the molecular level, is poorly understood. This study examined the molecular functions of exogenous H2S, using sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) as a donor, on Atlantic salmon cardiomyocytes. NaHS concentrations of 10 to 160 μM showed limited cytotoxicity and no impact on cell proliferation, though higher doses increased ATP activity. Menadione and NaHS administered separately or sequentially differentially regulated the expression of antioxidant response and sulphide detoxification genes. Transcriptomic analysis over 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours revealed differential gene expression related metabolic recovery. Enriched Gene Ontology terms at 24 hours included processes like cell signalling and lipid metabolism, shifting to lipid metabolism and ribosomal processes by 48 hours. By 120 hours, xenobiotic metabolism and RNA synthesis were prominent. The study highlights NaHS-induced metabolic adjustments, particularly in lipid metabolism, in Atlantic salmon cardiomyocytes.Molecular regulation of cardiomyocyte functions by exogenous hydrogen sulphide in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)publishedVersio
Interaction between feeding regimen, NSPase enzyme and extent of grinding of barley-based pelleted diets on the performance, nutrient digestibility and ileal microbiota of broiler chickens
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Physiological performance and cardiac morphology of Atlantic salmon reared under slow and fast growth conditions
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Tettsteders arealvekst 1952 - 2024, basert på Hovedkartserien Norge 1: 50 000 og flyfoto
No full textDenne masteroppgaven undersøker arealutvikling i ti norske tettsteder basert på Hovedkartserien Norge 1: 50 000 og flyfoto fra 1952 til 2024. Studien er deskriptiv og bygger på kvantitativ forskningsmetodikk. Tettstedsutvalget er geografisk spredt og har ulike demografiske trekk, for å sikre variasjon blant utvalget. Ved å foreta omriss på symboler fra Hovedkartserien Norge 1: 50 000 og flyfoto kan man etablere en illustrerende tidslinje over hvert tettsted sin utvikling. Dette gir et tidsmessig perspektiv, og en tilgang til å se mønstre og trender i arealutvikling. Formålet har vært å kvantifisere hvordan geografisk utstrekning endrer seg over tid, og se dette i sammenheng med tettstedenes demografiske utvikling.
Utvalget omfatter tettsteder med sterk befolkningsvekst (Jessheim, Sogndal, Stjørdal), moderat vekst (Tynset, Farsund) og ujevn eller negativ utvikling (Sortland, Eidfjord, Grong, Berlevåg, Tonstad), fordelt jevnt over alle landsdeler. Arealene ble målt manuelt ved å tegne polygoner rundt bebyggelsessymbolene på digitalt georefererte kart og flyfoto, og sammenlignet med SSBs arealtall for 2024.
Resultatene viser til at tettsteder med sterk befolkningsvekst i snitt har en tredoblet til firedoblet areal siden 1952. Tettstedene med moderat befolkningsmessig vekst har omtrent doblet areal, mens tettstedene med ujevn eller negativ befolkningsutvikling har hatt små eller vedvarende arealutvidelse. Metoden i oppgaven har vist seg å være god for å fortelle om tettsteders tidsmessige og arealbaserte utvikling, likevel er det små kvaliteter ved dataen og målemetoden som gir grunnlag til å anta at det er en liten feilmargin i dataene. Feilmarginen svekker ikke nytteverdien resultatene har for å avdekke mønstre og trender.
Studien konkluderer med at befolkningsvekst som regel fører til økt arealmessig ekspansjon, men at kommunal arealpolitikk og naturlige topografiske begrensninger påvirker sammenhengen. Historiske kart er bærere av unik informasjon om fortidens utstrekning til tettsteder, og kan dermed bidra med verdifull kunnskap om hvordan en arealutvikling har sett ut, og gir nyttige innspill for fremtidig planlegging og forskning på tettstedsutvikling
Tidlig ernæringsinnsats i barnehagealder: Matintervensjoner og barnehagens potensial i folkehelsearbeidet
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Barnehagen er en sentral arena for å fremme helse og gode kostholdsvaner i tidlig alder. Tidlige matopplevelser kan bidra til å styrke barns helsekompetanse og redusere sosiale helseforskjeller. Denne masteroppgaven undersøker hvilke faktorer som påvirker implementering og effekt av matintervensjoner i barnehagen. Problemstillingen er: «Hvilke faktorer påvirker implementeringen og effekten av matintervensjoner rettet mot barn i barnehagealder, og hvordan kan slike tiltak tilpasses barnehagekonteksten for å fremme sunne matvaner?»
Metode
Denne masteroppgaven baserer seg på en litteraturstudie. Rapid Review ble valgt som metodisk tilnærming for å effektivt kartlegge og syntetisere kunnskap innenfor tidsrammene som var gitt. Litteratursøket ble gjennomført i databasene PubMed, Web of Science og Google Scholar. Artikler ble vurdert etter forhåndsdefinerte inklusjons- og eksklusjonskriterier, og utvalgte studier ble analysert og syntetisert med utgangspunkt i en tematisk analyse basert på identifiserte hovedtemaer.
Resultat
Litteratursøket resulterte i 624 treff og 19 inkluderte studier, med både kvantitativt og kvalitativt design. Funnene viser at tiltak som kombinerer gjentatt smakseksponering, sanselig læring, strukturert måltidspraksis og aktiv foreldreinvolvering gir særlig positive resultater på barns kostholdsvaner og helsekompetanse. Implementering påvirkes av personalets kompetanse, tilgjengelige ressurser og organisatoriske rammer i barnehagen. Intervensjoner har størst effekt når de tilpasses praksisfeltet, men utfordres ofte av manglende tid og økonomiske begrensninger.
Konklusjon
Barnehagen har et stort potensial som helsefremmende arena for å etablere varige kostholdsvaner hos barn. For å oppnå effekter må matintervensjoner være godt forankret i barnehagens hverdag, støttes av kompetent personale og involvere foreldrene aktivt. Studien understreker behovet for helhetlige, tilpassede tiltak som tar hensyn til både strukturelle, pedagogiske og sosiale forhold. Det er videre behov for forskning som utforsker hvordan slike intervensjoner kan implementeres effektivt i ulike barnehagekontekster.Background
The kindergarten setting plays a key role in promoting health and healthy eating habits from an early age. Early food experiences can contribute to the development of children’s health literacy and help reduce social health inequalities. This master's thesis explores the factors that influence the implementation and effectiveness of food interventions in kindergartens. The research question is: "What factors influence the implementation and effectiveness of nutritional interventions targeting preschool-aged children, and how can these interventions be adapted to the early childhood education context to promote healthy dietary habits?"
Method
This thesis is based on a literature review. A Rapid Review methodology was chosen as an effective approach to identify and synthesize relevant knowledge within the given time frame. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the selected studies were analyzed and synthesized using a thematic analysis guided by key themes.
Results
The literature search yielded 624 results, of which 19 studies were included. The studies comprised both quantitative and qualitative designs. The findings indicate that interventions combining repeated taste exposure, sensory learning, structured mealtime practices, and active parental involvement produce particularly positive outcomes in children's dietary habits and health literacy. Implementation is influenced by staff competence, available resources, and the organizational framework of the kindergarten. Interventions are most effective when adapted to the local practice context but are often challenged by limited time and financial constraints.
Conclusion
Kindergartens hold great potential as health-promoting arenas for establishing lasting dietary habits among children. To achieve sustainable effects, food interventions must be well integrated into daily practice, supported by competent staff, and involve parents actively. The study highlights the need for holistic, context-sensitive approaches that consider structural, pedagogical, and social factors. Further research is needed to explore how such interventions can be effectively implemented across diverse kindergarten settings