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Decomposing real GDI growth in the Norwegian market economy
Get PDFA decomposition of the contributions to growth in real national disposable income
(NDI) has been published in Statistics Norway’s annual survey of the Norwegian
economy. The methodology for decomposing the trading gains into those due to
petroleum products and those to non-petroleum products when decomposing the
real NDI growth is however, conceptually not correct. An alternative methodology
is therefore proposed in this paper for decomposing the real gross domestic income
(GDI) growth in the Norwegian market economy into the growth of the multifactor
productivity (MFP), the capital and labor inputs, and the trading gains.
The estimated MFP from this methodology can be compared with that from the
current productivity accounts at Statistics Norway, and thus, serving as a quality
control for data and methodologies applied. The trading gains as defined in this
paper can be further decomposed into the terms of trade effect and the real
exchange rate effect, and more importantly, by individual traded product.
The estimated results show that the real GDI in 2018 in the Norwegian market
economy was more than 4.6 times of that in 1972, and of the total increase in the
real GDI over the period, about 47% was due to the capital input, 27% to the MFP,
17% to the trading gains, and only 7% to the labor input.
Over the sample period 1972-2018, the trading gains from ‘Goods’ contributed
0.39 per cent per year, while those from ‘Services’ contributed -0.19 per cent per
year to the annual growth of the total trading gains in the Norwegian market
economy (0.19 per cent per year). Despite the terms of trade effect outweighing the
real exchange rate effect for both ‘Goods’ and ‘Services’, the opposite was true for
‘Crude oil and natural gas’, which, as one of the three main categories of ‘Goods’,
contributed mostly to the trading gains from ‘Goods’.
In fact, it was the change of international price of raw oil and natural gas relative to
the price of domestic outputs (0.26 per cent per year), together with the large
surplus from the oil and gas trade account (accounting for 18% in average of the
nominal GDI), i.e. the real exchange rate effect, rather than the relative price of
export and import of raw oil and natural gas (0.04 per cent per year), i.e. the terms
of trade effect, that contributed mostly to the growth of the trading gains from
‘Crude oil and natural gas’ (0.30 per cent per year) in the Norwegian market
economy over the period 1972-2018.
Given the sound theoretical reasoning behind the proposed methodology, as well as
the comprehensive results that can be derived from it, the proposed methodology
should be considered as a good candidate for better measuring Norwegian
economic performance, including the decomposition of the total trading gains into
those due to petroleum products and those to others
Mediebruksundersøkelsen 2019: Dokumentasjonsrapport
Get PDFSSB har siden 1967 gjennomført utvalgsundersøkelser om bruk av massemedier.
Fra og med 1991 har SSB hvert år gjennomført kvartalsvise undersøkelser om
mediebruk.
Til undersøkelsen i 2019 ble det trukket et utvalg på 2 996 personer i alderen 9–79
år. Omtrent 56 prosent av bruttoutvalget svarte på undersøkelsen. Den viktigste
årsaken til frafall var at personer ikke ønsket å delta, deretter at vi ikke klarte å
komme i kontakt med personer i utvalget. Det er personer i aldersgruppen 25-44 år
og personer med lav eller ingen utdanning, som er vanskelige å få med på
undersøkelsen.
I SSBs mediebruksundersøkelse er intervjuingen dagbestemt. Det vil si at vi spør
deltagerne om deres mediebruk en bestemt dag i uken. For å få et godt bilde av
mediebruken er det viktig å få til en jevn fordeling av intervju på de ulike
ukedagene, noe vi klarte i 2019.
Frafall kan føre til utvalgsskjevhet, noe som innebærer at nettoutvalget (de som er
intervjuet i undersøkelsen) ikke nødvendigvis er helt representativt for målgruppen.
Rapporten undersøker om frafallet har medført skjevheter for kjennetegnene alder,
kjønn, landsdel og utdanning. Vi finner noen avvik mellom brutto- og nettoutvalget
når det gjelder aldersfordeling. Personer i alderen 25–44 år er noe mindre
representert i nettoutvalget enn øvrige aldersgrupper. De største avvikene finner vi
når vi studerer utdanningsnivået. Personer med universitets- eller
høyskoleutdanning er overrepresentert i nettoutvalget sammenliknet med personer
med lavere utdannelse. For å korrigere for noen av skjevhetene i forbindelse med
frafall, vektes dataene i analyser.
Dataene som hentes inn kompletteres med opplysninger fra register. Før intervjuet
kobles det til opplysninger om hvem som bor i husholdningen, bosted og
arbeidssted. Opplysningene kontrolleres under intervjuet. I ettertid kobles det på
informasjon om utdanning
Psykologspesialisters inntekter og kostnader: Om etablering av et datamateriale
Get PDFDette notatet gir en oversikt over inntekter og kostnader til psykologspesialister
med driftsavtale med et regionalt helseforetak. Hovedformålet er å gi et
tallgrunnlag som kan være til hjelp i forhandlingene om psykologspesialisters
økonomiske vilkår mellom Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, de regionale
helseforetakene og Norsk psykologforening.
I notatet tar vi utgangspunkt i 582 psykologspesialister som gjennomførte minst en
konsultasjon der de mottok refusjon fra HELFO i løpet av 2018. HELFO er
Helsedirektoratets ytre etat, som blant annet har ansvar for å betale refusjoner til
helseaktører for pasientbehandling. I gjennomsnitt mottok psykologspesialistene
nesten 700 000 kroner i refusjoner og gjennomførte nesten 800 refusjons berettigede konsultasjoner i løpet av 2018.
I kapittel 3 avgrenser vi populasjonen etter utvalgte kriterier for å komme frem til
relevante psykologspesialister med tanke på forhandlingene. Statistisk sentralbyrå
har mottatt en oversikt fra de regionale helseforetakene over psykologspesialister
med 100 prosent driftsavtale i 2018. Totalt 301 psykologspesialister er på listen fra
RHF-ene. Vi stiller noen flere krav, som at psykologen må ha vært aktiv hele året
og ha levert næringsoppgave. Til slutt sitter vi igjen med et utvalg på 231
psykologspesialister som er representative med tanke på å danne et datagrunnlag til
bruk i forhandlingene.
Vi har sett nærmere på denne gruppens inntekter og kostnader, og hvordan de
varierer etter ulike kjennetegn. De 231 psykologspesialistene mottok i gjennomsnitt
900 000 kroner i refusjoner, og hadde en gjennomsnittlig bruttoinntekt på
1 300 000 kroner.
Avslutningsvis blir resultatene fra undersøkelsen vurdert
Report from the Norwegian SILC web pilot 2019
Get PDFThis report describes results from the SILC web pilot conducted by Statistics
Norway in June 2019. The aim of the project was to explore how using web
(CAWI) mode may contribute to cutting costs and increasing representativity of the
data. Whereas the regular data collection for SILC is currently conducted by
telephone only (CATI), the pilot was conducted by CAWI only. In the report, pilot
results are compared to results from the regular CATI SILC from 2018 and 2019.
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the project and chapter 2 describes the pilot sample
and questionnaire. The pilot consisted of three subsamples with differing
characteristics in terms of knowledge of the survey and contact mode. For two
subsamples the data collection was done by web only, but for one sample we did a
short CATI interview and then switched to CAWI (multimode). The gross sample
of the survey was approximately 5,600 selected respondents aged 16 or over. One
subsample had participated previously (fourth wave CATI SILC 2018).
Chapter 3 reviews results from the data collection. Although the response rate for
the pilot were higher than expected (45 per cent), it is clearly lower than in the
regular CATI SILC. Moreover, the gross sample in the pilot only included
individuals who were registered with an email address in a government register. As
e-mail coverage is low for the elderly, the pilot included very few respondents over
the age of 80. In terms of response bias, the young and persons with low education
and low income were underrepresented in the pilot. These are groups that are
underrepresented in the regular CATI SILC as well, but the bias is larger in the
web sample. We found clear differences in bias and response rates depending on
our contact strategies. The highest response rate and lowest bias was obtained for
the pure web subsample who had not previously participated in the SILC survey.
Chapters 4 and 5 addresses questionnaire quality by looking at break-offs, the use
of don’t know/refusals and by qualitative evaluations of questions. Despite an
acceptable response rate, the rate of break-offs was higher than desired and clearly
a larger problem than in CATI. Break-offs mainly occur when the questionnaire
moves from personal questions to household mapping of work and housing cost. It
is the youngest respondents who have the highest break-off rates, and the rate is
also higher for respondents in households with more than one person, due to the
questions about other household members. In addition to high break-off rates these
groups also have poorer response quality when responding. Although the pilot
included an option for young respondents to let other household members answer
these questions, this did not lead to lower break-offs in the pilot.
Chapter 6 examines mode-effects. We find mode selection bias that may be
difficult to adjust for using the current weighting procedure of the Norwegian
SILC. Furthermore, we found evidence of mode measurement bias among the
variables examined. The largest measurement bias was found for poverty
indicators. Nevertheless, is seems that key SILC indicators such as AROPE are less
affected.
Chapter 7 summarises findings in the project and gives recommendations for
further work. We conclude that although mixed mode is a realistic option for SILC
in the future, several measures should be taken before making this transition
A brief overview of methods for synthetic data for official statistics
Get PDFThe access of quality data is valuable, and there is an increased attention to sharing data within the public sector and to other actors. Synthesising the data can be a way that satisfies both the requirements of preserving information value and privacy, which is necessary to enable efficient and safe data sharing. We give a summary of important references, relevant for Statistics Norway and other national statistics institutes, for generating synthetic data for (essentially) statistical purposes.publishedVersio
Innvandring og innvandrere i Norden. En komparativ analyse
Get PDFI denne rapporten presenteres en deskriptiv analyse av innvandringen til Norden og innvandrerne som bor her. Vi ser også på integreringen av innvandrerne, operasjonalisert med deres deltakelse i utdanning og arbeid i Danmark, Finland, Island, Norge og Sverig
Bruk av gjødselressurser i jordbruket 2018. Metodebeskrivelse og resultater fra en utvalgsbasert undersøkelse
Get PDFStatistisk sentralbyrå har for 2018 gjennomført en utvalgsbasert undersøkelser for å kartlegge bruk av mineral- og husdyrgjødsel. Denne rapporten presenterer metode og resultater for denne undersøkelsen
Modelling multilevel data under complex sampling designs: An empirical likelihood approach
Get PDFData used in social, behavioural, health or biological sciences may have a hierarchical structure due to the population of interest or the sampling design. Multilevel or marginal models are often used to analyse such hierarchical data. These data are often selected with unequal probabilities from a clustered and stratified population. An empirical likelihood approach for the regression parameters of a multilevel model is proposed. It has the advantage of taking into account of the sampling design. This approach can be used for point estimation, hypothesis testing and confidence intervals for the sub-vector of parameters. It provides asymptotically valid inference for small and large sampling fractions. The simulation study shows the advantages of the empirical likelihood approach over alternative parametric approaches. The approach proposed is illustrated using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey datasubmittedVersio
Levekårsundersøkelsen EU-SILC 2019. Tema: idrettsaktiviteter. Dokumentasjonsnotat
Get PDFLevekårsundersøkelsen EU-SILC er en årlig levekårsundersøkelse som gjennomføres av Statistisk sentralbyrå.
Statistisk sentralbyrå har gjennomført levekårsundersøkelser siden 1973, og fra 1996 har det blitt gjennomført undersøkelser årlig. I 2011 ble den nasjonale levekårsundersøkelsen samordnet med den EU-forordnede undersøkelsen Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
Levekårsundersøkelsen EU-SILC dekker årlig et bredt levekårsområde. Årlige moduler er blant annet boforhold, økonomi og materielle og sosiale mangler, helse, livskvalitet, omsorg og arbeidsforhold. I tillegg kommer temaområder som roterer med en syklus på tre år. I løpet av en treårig periode belyser de roterende temaene levekårskomponentene boforhold (utvidet), utsatthet og uro for lovbrudd, organisasjonsaktivitet, politisk deltakelse og sosialt nettverk, friluftsliv og idrettsaktiviteter. Tema for Levekårsundersøkelsen EU-SILC var i 2019 idrettsaktiviteter
Using the generalised Q method in ecological economics: A better way to capture representative values and perspectives in ecosystem service management.
Get PDFThe Q-method identifies groups of people with similar or diverging perspectives and is increasingly used for analysing resource conflicts. However, it is uninformative on the prevalence of perspectives in the general population. The Norwegian government considers planting spruce climate forests on abandoned pastures, the habitat for many red listed species. We identify three prevailing stakeholder perspectives in the climate forest debate using the Q method; one pro climate forest and two against with differing motivations. Using the so-called scale creation method (Danielson, 2009) and a national survey, we measure the support of the general population for these perspectives and elicit their concern for ecosystem services. About half of the sample is pro climate forest. Opposition is greater in regions where spruce is uncommon and abandoned pastures are common. The impact of climate forests on biodiversity and landscapes is a concern. Conflicts would be dampened if climate forest policy took impacts on landscape aesthetics and biodiversity better into account. Our proposed generalised Q method combines two strengths: the depth of the Q method with the breadth of the general population survey. The method demonstrates a way forward in ecological economics to better capture representative values and perspectives in ecosystem service management and help design climate and environmental policies with greater acceptance.publishedVersio