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Sustainable development goals indicators for Norway. Statistical Annex to the Norwegian Voluntary National Review 2021
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Søkere som ikke benytter studieplassen
Get PDFHvert år velger en markant andel av søkere med tilbud om studieplass i universitets- og høgskoleutdanning gjennom Samordna opptak å ikke benytte plassen.
Blant de 105 320 søkerne som fikk tilbud om studieplass gjennom Samordna Opptak i 2018, var det bare 60 048 som møtte til studiestart. Det vil si at hele 43 prosent av søkerne med tilbud om studieplass ikke benyttet tilbudet. Søkeradferden har konsekvenser for universiteter og høgskoler, som i de årlige opptakene må overbooke studieplassene for å sikre at de blir fylt (UNIT, 2020)
Yrkesdeltakelse og potensialet for økte yrkesprosenter blant personer med innvandrerbakgrunn
Get PDFDenne rapporten kartlegger omfanget av yrkesdeltaking og utenforskap til arbeidsmarkedet blant
ulike grupper av innvandrere, og undersøker hva som bidrar til lavere versus høyere
yrkesdeltakelse. Undersøkelsen er basert på kohortanalyser, der de som kom til Norge i 2003 og
2005 følges gjennom flere år på 2000-tallet fram til 2014. En viktig del av prosjektet er å undersøke
om det har vært systematiske endringer over tid i hvilke næringer ulike innvandringskohorter får seg
jobb og om varigheten av arbeidsforholdene deres er blitt kortere eller lengre. Høy yrkesdeltaking
og lite utenforskap til arbeidsmarkedet er viktig både for bekjempelse av fattigdom og
opprettholdelse av velferdsstaten. Studien forsøker derfor også å belyse enkelte faktorer som
potensielt kan øke kontinuiteten i yrkesdeltakingen til innvandrere. I tillegg søker den å finne ut
hvordan individenes tilknytning til arbeidsmarkedet i årene etter ankomsten til Norge påvirker
sannsynligheten for å være i arbeid på et senere tidspunkt.Prosjektet er finansiert av Kunnskapsdepartementet
Økonomisk ulikhet i Norge i det 21. århundre
Get PDFFormålet med denne rapporten er å beskrive utviklingen i ulikhet i Norge i perioden 2001–2018.
Rapporten beskriver ulikhet i inntekt og formue, fordelingen av skattebyrden og graden av progressivitet i skatte- og avgiftssystemet. I tillegg sammenlignes fordelingen av skattebyrden og progressiviteten i skatte- og avgiftssystemet i Norge med fordelingen av skattebyrden og progressiviteten
i skatte- og avgiftssystemet i USA.
Rapporten supplerer den offisielle inntekts-, formues- og skattestatistikken med ny informasjon
om inntekts- og formuesfordelingen i Norge ved å sammenlikne målene for inntekt, formue og
skatt som benyttes i offisiell statistikk med mer fullstendige mål for inntekt og formue. I målingen
av inntekt inkluderes følgende tre inntektskomponenter som er utelatt fra inntektsmålene som
benyttes i offisiell statistikk: (i) personlige eieres andel av tilbakeholdte overskudd i private selskaper; (ii) verdien av boligtjenester for boligeierhushold; og (iii) kapitalgevinster på bolig og annen
fast eiendom og verdipapirer (unntatt aksjer). I tillegg belyser vi fordelingseffekten av verdien av
kommunale tjenester ved å studere ulikhet i fordelingen av et utvidet inntektsmål som inkluderer
verdien av kommunale tjenester. I målingen av formue benyttes et mål for boligformue som er basert på faktiske markedsverdier (observert i transaksjonsdata) i stedet for beregnede verdier fra
skattemeldingen
Graph sampling by lagged random walk
Get PDF"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Zhang, L.-C. (2022). Graph sampling by lagged random walk. Stat, 11( 1), e444, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/sta4.444
This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited."We propose a family of lagged random walk sampling methods in simple undirected graphs, where transition to the next state (i.e., node) depends on both the current and previous states—hence, lagged. The existing random walk sampling methods can be incorporated as special cases. We develop a novel approach to estimation based on lagged random walks at equilibrium, where the target parameter can be any function of values associated with finite-order subgraphs, such as edge, triangle, 4-cycle and others.acceptedVersio
An exact additive decomposition of the weighted arithmetic mean*
Get PDFoai:ssb.brage.unit.no:11250/2726133The weighted arithmetic mean is used in a wide variety of applications. An infinite number of possible decompositions of the weighted mean are available, and it is therefore an open question which of the possible decompositions should be applied. In this paper, we derive a decomposition of the weighted mean that is rooted in functional analysis. Our proposed decomposition is easy to employ and interpret, and we show that it satisfies the difference counterpart to the index number time reversal test. We illustrate the framework by decomposing aggregate earnings growth from 2020Q1 to 2021Q1 in Norway and compare it with some of the main decompositions proposed in the literature. We find that the wedge between the identified compositional effects from the proposed decomposition and the Bennet decomposition is substantial, and for some industries, the compositional effects are of opposite signs
Changes in the Educational Gradient of Fertility Not Driven by Changes in Preferences
Get PDFFertility levels have historically been negatively correlated with the amount of information and material resources available to individuals and families. The recent reversal
of this trend has been interpreted as a fundamental change in preferences, a return to large families led by more educated individuals. Our analysis shows, however, that the
recently documented changes in fertility can be reproduced in the context of declining family size preferences across educational levels, and without assuming any transformation of the underlying behavioral mechanisms that link resources and fertility across cohorts. We demonstrate this point by replicating the stylized facts reported in previous studies using a simulated dataset. We generate this dataset from a model that assumes continuity in the way education shapes reproductive intentions over time. In our simulated population, the reversal in the relationship between education and fertility emerges as a result of the transition from a natural to a regulated fertility regime, as the share of unplanned births decreases over time, and the mechanisms that positively connect educational attainment with desired fertility become dominant. We conclude, thus, that the explanation for the weakening educational gradient of fertility lies primarily in the decline of unintended fertility, instead of in changes in fertility preferences.acceptedVersio
Effects of higher required rates of return on the tax take in an oil province
Get PDFFor different reasons the oil companies might apply higher required rates of return than they did some years ago, and this has consequences for investments and tax revenue in oil provinces. By applying various required rates of return as well as various oil prices, this study derives future Norwegian tax revenue during 2018–2050 by using a partial equilibrium model for the global oil market. An important contribution is a detailed modelling of the supply side including the complete petroleum tax system. The model explicitly accounts for reserves, development and production. Both investment in new reserves and production are profit driven. With rising required rates of return fewer of the high cost reserves become profitable to develop and investments decline. Intuitively one would think that lower activity and investments will lead to lower tax income for the government. However, because the government in practice carries a large fraction of the investments because of favourable possibilities for deductions of capital expenses for the oil companies, less investment in a period increases the tax base and the tax income. The initial effect is offset by a subsequent reduction in production which has a negative effect on future taxes. The result is that increasing required rates of return will lead to small variations in net present value of total tax revenue. Further, with lower oil prices, tax take increases significantly when required rates of return rise.publishedVersio
Instrument-based estimation with binarised treatments: issues and tests for the exclusion restriction
Get PDFWhen estimating local average and marginal treatment effects using instrumental variables (IVs), multivalued endogenous treatments are frequently converted to binary measures, supposedly to improve interpretability or policy relevance. Such binarisation introduces a violation of the IV exclusion if (a) the IV affects the multivalued treatment within support areas below and/or above the threshold and (b) such IV-induced changes in the multivalued treatment affect the outcome. We discuss assumptions that satisfy the IV exclusion restriction with a binarised treatment and permit identifying the average effect of (a) the binarised treatment and (b) unit-level increases in the original multivalued treatment among specific compliers. We derive testable implications of these assumptions and propose tests which we apply to the estimation of the returns to college graduation instrumented by college proximity.acceptedVersio