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Effects of income and the cost of children on fertility. Quasi-experimental evidence from Norway
Get PDFThe relationship between income, cost of childrearing and fertility is of considerable political and theoretical interest. We utilize exogenous variation in family income and the direct cost of children to estimate causal effects on fertility.
The relationship between income, cost of childrearing and fertility is of considerable political and theoretical interest. We utilize exogenous variation in family income and the direct cost of children to estimate causal effects on fertility. The variation comes from a regional child benefit and tax reform implemented in the northern municipalities of the Norwegian county Troms. The southern municipalities of the same county constitute a plausible and empirically similar control group. Individual-level multivariate analysis suggests that a reduced direct cost of children increases fertility, mainly among unmarried women in their early 20s. We find little evidence of income effects on fertility. Our results are robust to a variety of specifications, including a standard difference-in-difference setup, and regional trend modeling. The findings indicate that lowering the direct cost of a child would shift childbearing to lower ages in Norway. However, a lower price of children is also likely to induce a shift towards non-union childbearing or childbearing in less stable unions
A stylized satellite account for human capital
Get PDFThis paper presents a satellite account in which investment in human capital is considered as a produced product/asset. It is not the education sector but the individual person taking education or training/courses that is the genuine producer of human capital. The former only provides education services that are used as one of the production inputs for the latter. Since another fundamental input is own labor services, human capital produced and embodied in the individual is regarded as being owned by the person in concern. It is demonstrated that the gross operating surplus generated from the production of human capital equals the differences between the estimates by the cost-based and the income-based approaches, which constitutes the first step towards making reconciliation between the estimates within one and the same framework. Finally, a numerical example based on supply and use tables shows the feasibility of implementing such a satellite account in practice.publishedVersio
Estimating occupational mobility with covariates
Get PDFThe Altham statistic is often used to calculate intergenerational associations in occupations in studies of historical social mobility. This paper presents a method to incorporate individual covariates into such estimates of social mobility, and to construct corresponding confidence intervals. The method is applied to an intergenerational sample of Norwegian data, showing that estimates of intergenerational mobility are robust to the inclusion of controls for father's and son's ageNorwegian Research CouncilpublishedVersio
Earnings, disposable income, and consumption of allowed and rejected disability insurance applicants
Get PDFTwo key questions in thinking about the size and growth of the disability insurance program are to what extent it discourages work, and how valuable the insurance is to individuals and families. These questions motivate our paper. We begin by describing the earnings, disposable income and consumption of awarded and rejected DI applicants, before and after the disability onset and the allowance decision. Next, we discuss how these descriptive results can be interpreted through the lens of alternative empirical approaches. Our analysis uses a Norwegian population panel data set with detailed information about every individual and household.Norwegian Research Council.publishedVersio
Review of indicators for measuring OfD Program goals in Lebanon
Get PDFThere is an increased focus on measuring the effect of Norwegian funded development programs.
Using Result Based Management (RBM) and developing a good goal hierarchy, with a well specified
baseline description and indicators that can capture the change over time, are important aspects of
better measurement.
Statistics Norway (SN) has experience in working with indicators and was asked by the Norwegian
Oil for Development Secretariat to evaluate a set of indicators developed for a three-year cooperation
project with Lebanon.
The impact level indicators proposed in the Program Document for Lebanon were primarily
international indicators that are well defined and documented. These indicators show how Lebanon is
doing in general and are helpful as background information for the project. Since Lebanon will not
have extensive petroleum activity that has a major impact on the economy during this Program period
(2015-2017), it is not likely that the Program will have much influence on these impact indicators.
However, since the goals at the impact level are very general, the indicators will provide some
indication about how well one is doing related to the goal. More specific indicators could be
developed, but given the time and financial constraints, the best option is to simply use the present set
of impact indicators – with a few minor changes and additions.
On outcome level, the originally proposed indicators were mainly too ambitious for what can be
accomplished in the 3-year program period. Some were also difficult to measure. SN has, therefore,
proposed a new set of indicators based on the present level of knowledge. The aim has been to cover
the Program broadly and include both quantitative and qualitative indicators that together measure the
success of the Program. However, as SN does not have detailed knowledge of the different aspects or
activities, and partners have not yet established a baseline on all areas, adjustments will be needed. It
will be up to Program partners to establish a final set of indicators based on these proposals. They also
need to agree on the baseline description and set goals for each of the indicators they decide to use
Deltaking, støtte, tillit og tilhørighet. En analyse av ulikhet i sosiale relasjoner med utgangspunkt i levekårsundersøkelsene
Get PDFDet er en klar sammenheng mellom sosioøkonomiske ressurser og ulikhet i sosiale relasjoner. Høyere utdanning, inntekt og yrkesaktivitet øker sjansen for større sosiale nettverk, mens personer med lavere husholdningsinntekt oftere opplever barrierer for sosial deltakelse.
Det har blitt en stadig økende oppmerksomhet, både innen politikk og forskning, om betydningen av sosiale nettverk og gode mellommenneskelige relasjoner for helse og velferd. I denne rapporten redegjøres det innledningsvis for hvordan sosiale relasjoner kan måles, med utgangspunkt i levekårsundersøkelsene som gjennomføres av Statistisk sentralbyrå
Kommunale avløp : Ressursinnsats, utslipp, rensing og slamdisponering 2014. Gebyrer 2015
Get PDFNorske avløpsanlegg slapp ut rundt 1 440 tonn fosfor og 18 700 tonn nitrogen i 2014. Utslippene var lavest i Nordsjøen fra Svenskegrensa til Lindesnes på grunn av strengere rensekrav i området.
Fosforutslippene per innbygger er lavere i Nordsjøfylkene og renseeffekten er høyere enn i resten av landet. Dette området er mer følsomt for fosforutslipp, og har derfor strengere rensekrav. Det samme bildet gjelder for nitrogen, men her er det spesielt Oslo og Akershus som skiller seg ut med lave utslipp og høy renseeffekt. Dette skyldes utbygging av nitrogenfjerningstrinn ved flere store renseanlegg i regionen, ifølge SSBs rapport om ressursinnsats, utslipp, rensing og slamdisponering fra kommunale avløp i 2014
Smart hedging against carbon leakage
Get PDFAll three authors are affiliated with the Oslo Centre for Research on Environmentally friendly Energy (CREE) and appreciate financial support from the Research Council of Norway through CREE.Unilateral climate policy induces carbon leakage through the relocation of emission-intensive and trade-exposed industries to regions with no or more lenient emission regulation. Both analytical and numerical studies suggest that emission pricing combined with border carbon adjustment is a second-best instrument, and more cost-effective than output-based rebating, in which case domestic output is indirectly subsidized. No country has so far imposed border carbon adjustment, while variants of output-based rebating have been implemented. In this paper we show that combining output-based rebating for emission-intensive and trade-exposed goods with a consumption tax on the same goods can be equivalent with border carbon adjustment. Moreover, we demonstrate that it is welfare improving for a region which has already implemented emission pricing along with outputbased rebating to also introduce such a consumption tax. We conclude that supplementing outputbased rebating with a consumption tax constitutes smart hedging against carbon leakage: Compared to output-based rebating stand-alone it constitutes a robust strategy for improving cost-effectiveness of unilateral climate policy; compared to border carbon adjustment it limits the risks of potentially detrimental trade disputes.publishedVersio
Promoting integration of immigrants. Effects of free child care on child enrollment and parental employment
Get PDFProficiency in the language spoken by the majority population may be crucial for the cognitive development of children from immigrant families. High-quality child care is believed to promote such language skills, and it is thus of concern that children from immigrant families are underrepresented in formal child care across OECD countries. How can we increase their participation, and can such participation improve family integration? We study an intervention in some districts of Oslo where children aged four and five were eligible for twenty hours of free childcare weekly. Taking advantage of the intervention being available in some city districts and not in others, we estimate the effect of the intervention on the enrollment of children and on their parents' employment and education, using outcomes measured for the same family before and after the child's age of eligibility. We find that the intervention increased the participation for children from immigrant families by 15 percent. However, we do not find support for effects on parental employment or education. The performance in tests at school entry (age six) for children from immigrant families in city districts with free child care is better than that of similar children in comparison districts. Overall, our results suggest that subsidizing center based child care can improve the cognitive development of children from immigrant families.Norwegian Research Council (project number 236947)publishedVersio
Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour?
Get PDFThis paper assesses the relationship between cash transfers to families and subsequent childbearing. We take advantage of a cash-for-care (CFC) policy introduced in Norway in 1998, and compare the fertility behaviour of eligible and ineligible mothers over a four year period. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results show that CFC eligible mothers had a slower progression to both second and third births, and short term fertility is hence lower in this group. The patterns differ somewhat between different groups of mothers, and there seems to be a polarisation between nonemployed mothers and mothers without upper secondary education, on one hand, and employed mothers and mothers with upper secondary and higher education, on the other. We suggest that this pattern may be driven by an interaction between the CFC benefit and the Norwegian parental leave scheme.Norwegian Research Council [grant number 217915]publishedVersio