Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Shifting Demography, Threatened Democracy: The Impact of Racial Demographic Shifts on Anti-Democratic Sentiment in the United States
No full textThe Longitudinal Network of Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
No full textThe understanding of children’s social and emotional development in middle childhood is critical to promote well-being throughout the life course. Children who fail to develop social and emotional competencies are more likely to experience difficulties in adulthood and, in the worst case, psychopathology. The current study will employ Cross-Lagged Network Models to investigate children’s social and emotional development among Australian children aged 6 to 10 years. Data were from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Children’s social and emotional development was measured with the caregiver-informant Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The complete case sample (n = 4,070) included children aged 0 to 1 (in the LSAC B Cohort) and 4 to 5 (in the LSAC K Cohort) years at study baseline, who participated in the three study follow-ups (i.e., follow-ups at ages 6, 8, and 10) and had complete responses to all 25 SDQ items. The findings indicated that certain behaviours, such as reducing fights at age 6 years and improving peer relationships at age 8 years, were important intervention targets to promote healthy social and emotional development during middle childhood
Individual differences in rhythm perception modulate music-related motor learning: A neurobehavioral training study with children
No full textRhythm and motor function are intrinsically linked to each other and to music, but the motor- rhythm interplay during music training, and the corresponding brain mechanisms, are underexplored. In a longitudinal training study with children, we inspected the role of rhythm skills in the fine motor improvements arising from music training, and which brain regions were implicated. Fifty-seven 8-year-olds were assigned to a 6-month music training (n = 21), or sports training (n = 18), or a control group (n = 18). They performed motor and rhythm tasks, and underwent structural brain scans before and after training. Better ability to perceive rhythm before training was associated with less gray matter volume in regions of the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, ventral diencephalon, inferior/middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, and motor area. Motor performance improved with music training, greater improvements with better pre-training rhythm discrimination. Music training induced a loss of gray matter volume in the left cerebellum and fusiform gyrus, and volume loss correlated with greater motor gains. No such effects were found in the sports and control groups. So, children with fine-tuned rhythm perception were more prone to fine motor improvements through music training, and this motor- rhythm link was handled by the left cerebellum and fusiform gyrus. These findings have implications for models on plasticity and music/rhythm cognition, and for programs targeting motor function
Do country-level characteristics affect adults’ level of ICT skills? A European comparison with a two-component measure of ICT skills
No full textWe study determinants of adults’ ICT skills in 19 European countries, focusing on the contextual level. We treat ICT skill proficiency – measured as problem-solving in technology-rich environments – and ICT use – a constructed index of ICT use in daily life and at work – as equally important components of effective ICT skills. To explain differences in adults' ICT skills across countries, we use existing micro-level theories and extend them by five explanatory factors at the contextual level: ICT access and infrastructure, ICT usage, technical skills demand, adult education infrastructure, and level of gender inequality. We apply our framework to data from the first cycle of the OECD's Programme of the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which provides objective measures of adults' ICT skills. Both our linear multilevel regression analysis as well as our two-step regression models show that compared to the micro-level, the impact of the macro-level is rather limited. Only the technical skill demand of a country’s labor market shows a relevant and statistically significant impact on adults’ ICT skills in terms of ICT proficiency. Moreover, our results indicate that ICT proficiency and ICT usage are two different dimensions of the same concept, and one does not condition the other
Organism-Centric Environment Synchronization- A Framework for Mental Health based on the Evolutionary-Mismatch Paradigm
No full textThis is a preprint version of the manuscript. The final, peer-reviewed version of this article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-08842-4
This paper contends that current therapeutic approaches for mental disorders may be
missing a critical component: a comprehensive focus on environmental factors informed by
an evolutionary-biological understanding of the human organism. The evolutionary-mismatch
hypothesis is proposed as a framework to address this gap, conceptualizing mental disorders
as consequences of a discord between the contemporary environment and the Environment of
Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) — the context in which human genetics were shaped.
Building on this perspective, a framework for mental health the Organism-Centric
Environment Synchronization (OCES) is introduced, positioning the human as a biological
organism whose mental health is profoundly influenced by environmental and lifestyle
factors. This framework conceptualizes the human as a biological organism intrinsically
connected to its environment, emphasizing the synchronization of environmental and lifestyle
factors to restore or enhance the organism’s integrity as a central goal in mental health
promotion
An Adversarial Collaboration on the Rigidity-of-the-Right, Rigidity-of-Extremes, or Symmetry: The Answer Depends on the Question
No full textIn an adversarial collaboration, two preregistered U.S.-based studies (total N = 6,181) tested three hypotheses regarding the relationship between political ideology and cognitive rigidity (i.e., less evidence-based belief updating): rigidity-of-the-right, symmetry, and rigidity-of-extremes. Across both studies, general conservatism and social conservatism were associated with rigidity (|b|~.05), and Republicans were more rigid than Democrats (Cohen’s d~.05). Rigidity had null associations with economic ideology, social political attitudes, and economic political attitudes. In Study 1, general extremism (but not social and economic extremism) predicted rigidity, but all three extremism measures were significant in Study 2 (overall |rs|~.07), and extreme rightists were more rigid than extreme leftists (60% of quadratic relationships). Given these weak and semi-consistent results, broad claims about strong associations between ideology and cognitive rigidity are likely unwarranted. Rather, psychologists may wish to turn their focus to examining the contexts where ideologies correlate with rigidity
Too Levered for Pigou: Carbon Pricing, Financial Constraints, and Leverage Regulation
No full textWe analyze optimal carbon pricing under financial constraints and endogenous climate-related transition and physical costs. The socially optimal emissions tax may be above or below a Pigouvian benchmark, depending on the strength of physical climate impacts on pledgeable resources. We derive necessary conditions for emissions taxes alone to implement a constrained-efficient allocation, and show a cap-and-trade system may dominate emissions taxes because it can be designed to have a less adverse effect on financial constraints. We also assess how capital structure, carbon price hedging markets, and socially responsible investors interact with emissions pricing, and evaluate other commonly used policy tools
Confidence reports during perceptual decision making dissociate from changes in subjective experience
No full textIn noisy perceptual environments, people frequently make decisions based on non-perceptual information to maximize rewards. Therefore, a central problem in psychophysics, metacognition and consciousness research is to distinguish between decisions resulting from changes in subjective experience and those arising from non-perceptual information. It has recently been proposed that confidence reports can be used to discriminate between changes in subjective experience and those arising from non-perceptual information. Here we use a Bayesian ordinal modeling framework combined with an explicit measure of subjective experience to show across two experiments and three bias manipulations that confidence during perceptual decision-making does not uniquely reflect subjective experience. Instead, non-perceptual manipulations affecting response bias ‘leak’ into perceptual confidence reports. This occurs not only for biases resulting from changes in the base-rate of stimuli (‘cognitive’ priors), but also when biasing information does not inform decision correctness (asymmetric payoff matrix)
Motivations to connect with like-minded audiences increase partisan sharing on social media
No full textSocial media have been accused of facilitating the spread of partisan, hostile, and false news in ways that may foster ideological and affective polarization. Prior research has emphasized that individuals are motivated to selectively share partisan news if it promotes their political convictions or identity. Using a field study of news sharing behavior on Twitter (Study 1: N=1308) and two online experiments (Study 2: N=1735; Study 3: N=1637), we show that perceptions of the audience as being politically aligned is a key driver of partisan sharing. Partisan social media users selectively share congruent political news based on anticipation of positive reactions from like-minded audiences, and refrain from sharing news to avoid upsetting politically dissimilar followers. The evidence for audience effects on partisan sharing in the field Study 1 is mostly clear for real news and it is compelling for both true and false news in the experimental Studies 2-3. With Study 3, we further show that partisan sharing is partly driven by social motivations to connect with, be liked by, and mobilize politically like-minded audiences, in parallel to intrinsic factors. This suggests that the formation of “echo chambers” may trigger social motives that further the sharing of polarizing and false claims
High coherence among training exemplars promotes broad generalization of face families
No full textHow do we tailor learning experiences to promote formation and generalization of conceptual knowledge? Exposing learners to a highly variable set of examples has been postulated to benefit generalization, but evidence is conflicting. In the present study, we manipulated training set variability in terms of both the typicality of training examples (high vs. low coherence) and the number of unique examples (small vs. large set size) while controlling the total number of training trials. The face family category structure was designed to allow participants to learn by picking up on shared features across category members and/or by attending to unique features of individual category members. We found relatively little effect of set size but a clear benefit of high coherence (lower variability) training both in terms of category learning and generalization. Moreover, high coherence training biased participants to make judgments based on shared features in both categorization and recognition. Using an exploratory model fitting procedure, we tested the hypothesis that high coherence training facilitates prototype abstraction. Instead, we found an exemplar model advantage across training conditions. Yet, there was also systematic misfit for all models for some trial types, including underestimating the influence of shared features in categorization responses. Overall, we show that high-variability training is not necessarily beneficial for concept learning when the total length of training is controlled. Instead, training on typical examples promotes fast learning and broad category knowledge by helping learners extract shared category features