Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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A research note on the cohabitation gradient in parents’ childcare time in Germany
No full textWe examined differences in time use for primary childcare between non-cohabiting and cohabiting mothers and fathers in Germany between 1991/92 and 2022. Facing the task of balancing paid and unpaid work on their own, non-cohabiting parents face different demands and time binds in allocating time for childcare compared to cohabiting parents. Current evidence how this translates into different patterns of time use for childcare is mixed and nonexistent for Germany. We applied OLS regression to estimate non-cohabiting (n=968) and cohabiting (4,486) mothers’ and fathers’ (n=76 and n=4,416, respectively) time use for primary childcare using time diary data of the four surveys of the German Time Use Study from 1991/1992, 2001/2002, 2012/2013, and 2022 (n=10,202 diaries for mothers, an n=8,388 diaries for fathers). After controlling for compositional differences, non-cohabiting mothers’ time use on primary childcare did not substantially differ from that of cohabiting mothers in either survey wave. Non-cohabiting fathers spent more time doing primary childcare than cohabiting fathers, although this finding rested on very small case numbers. Taken together, non-cohabiting mothers did not seem to reduce their time for childcare when compared to cohabiting mothers, whereas non-cohabiting fathers seemed to meet the need of more childcare, compared to cohabiting fathers
The Mindfulness Internal Attention (MIA) Framework: Uncovering the Attentional Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training
No full textAttention is theorized to have a definitive role in mindfulness and its salutary effects. Yet, extant findings from more than two decades of research testing this central theoretical premise have been surprisingly mixed. To account for this paradoxical disparity between theory and findings, we propose the Mindfulness Internal Attention (MIA) framework. We theorize and review initial findings suggesting that mindfulness training primarily targets internal attention processes which operate on internally generated or stored representations and experiences. Additionally, we theorize and review findings suggesting that mindfulness training affects executive functions and working memory processes shared between internal attention and late-stage external attention. In contrast, we theorize and review findings suggesting that mindfulness training does not affect early-stage external attention processes, which do not share cognitive resources with internal attention. Finally, we propose methodological innovations and outstanding questions for future research to advance understanding of the attentional mechanisms of mindfulness training
Solid-state lighting with reduced light pollution
No full textMotivated by the goal to reduce scattering and light pollution from light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proof-of-concept solid-state white lighting prototypes—based on commercially available LEDs combined with commercially available yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and nitridosilicate (NS) phosphor blends—have been developed with minimal emission in the violet-blue spectrum via two different designs. In one design, green-yellow emitting YAG and orange-red emitting NS phosphors are blended in a transparent silicone matrix so that violet-blue light from the pump LED is attenuated and only the green to red light from the excited phosphor blend is externally emitted. In the other design, using a violet-blue LED combined with a less attenuating YAG-NS phosphor blend, a commercially available 500 nm cut-on wavelength dichroic longpass filter internally reflects the violet-blue LED pump light while transmitting the green to red light from the excited phosphor blend. In both cases, the phosphor blend is located remotely from the LED by placing it inside a thin-walled aluminum tube light guide
Working memory supports rapid talker and accent accommodation: An individual differences investigation
No full textUnder multi-talker listening conditions, listeners appear to rapidly accommodate variability in speaker productions. However, evidence indicates that this trial-to-trial accommodation incurs a processing cost and is amplified by accent differences among talkers. The present study investigated how individual listener differences in working memory capacity and attentional control may predict the degree of processing costs (as measured by response time and accuracy) incurred by trial-to-trial switches in English talkers of first language (L1) American accent and second language (L2) Mandarin Chinese accent. Listeners completed a dual-task experiment with a primary listening task and secondary non-linguistic task as well as measures of working memory capacity (the Word Auditory Recognition and Recall Measure) and attentional control (the Trail Making Test and a Stroop Test). Results indicated that, on trials with a talker switch, listeners with smaller working memory capacities were slower to respond to the secondary task and had poorer recognition accuracy for the primary task. The measures of attentional control did not predict switching costs, but Stroop test scores did interact with the accent manipulation such that listeners with better attentional control had better overall recognition accuracy for L2 accent. Working memory capacity, on the other hand, did not predict differences in recognition accuracy between the L1 and L2 accent conditions. We conclude that working memory plays a critical role in supporting rapid (trial-to-trial) talker accommodation. Attentional control appears to support processing of L2 accent more generally, but may not be critical for rapid accommodation
