Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Change, yes ‘we’ can: Protesting For (Ingroup) and Against (Outgroup) Change under Conditions of Threatened Personal Control
No full textPersonal control loss and crisis has been proposed to affect people’s attitudes towards social change, but there is controversy about how. From an uncertainty reduction perspective (i.e., compensatory control theory), people should typically reject social change under conditions of threatened personal control. From the perspective of group-based control theory, however, social change can serve as a means to restore people’s sense of control through their social self (i.e., on a collective identity level). Thus, should only reject outgroup-initiated change, but welcome ingroup-initiated change following threat. Partially supporting a compensatory control perspective, across three studies (N = 260, 431, 510), manipulated control threat reduced support for social change. However, the studies provided strong evidence that this effect was absent, when change was driven by an ingroup. Further, in Studies 4 and 5 (N = 219, 616), control threat even increased attitudinal support for change-oriented, but not stability-oriented, ingroup actions. This suggests that social change is only perceived as threatening when it is not an ingroup initiative, and that it can even buffer feelings of personal control loss by highlighting the collective efficacy of a relevant social ingroup.
Keywords: Control Motivation, Social Change, Social Identity, Collective Agency, Collective Actio
Perceived relational support is associated with everyday positive, but not negative, affectivity in a U.S. sample
No full textResearch suggests that perceived social support bolsters emotional well-being. We tested whether perceived support from friends, family, and spouses/partners was associated with reduced negative and greater positive affectivity (i.e., everyday affective baseline), and whether perceived strain in these relationships had opposite effects, accounting for age and relevant covariates. Using data from the third waves of the Midlife in the United States survey and National Study of Daily Experience (n = 1,124), we found negative affectivity was not tied to relational support nor strain, but instead was associated positively with neuroticism and negatively with conscientiousness. In contrast, positive affectivity was related positively to support from friends and family, conscientiousness, and extroversion, and negatively to strain among partners and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses within second-wave Midlife in Japan data (n = 657) suggest patterns for future cross-cultural study. Some relationship dynamics may vary, but perceived support might enhance emotional well-being by bolstering positive, rather than mitigating negative, emotionality
Learning generalizable representations through efficient coding
No full textReinforcement learning (RL), an influential framework for understanding human learning, explains human behavior as aimed at maximizing reward. However, this approach offers limited insights into human generalization. Here, we propose refining classical RL by incorporating the efficient coding principle, which emphasizes maximizing reward using the simplest necessary representations. This refined framework predicts that intelligent agents, constrained by simpler representations, will inevitably develop the abilities to 1) distill environmental stimuli into fewer, abstract internal states; and 2) detect and utilize rewarding environmental features. Consequently, complex stimuli are mapped to compact representations, forming the basis for generalization. In two experiments, we demonstrate that, whereas classical RL models focusing on maximizing reward fail in generalization, an efficient coding model that learns compact representations achieves human-level generalization performance. We argue that efficient coding, rather than reward maximization, represents a more suitable computational goal for understanding human behavior, in terms of both learning and generalization
Children’s subjective uncertainty-driven sampling behaviour
No full textAre children and adults sensitive to gaps in their knowledge, and do they actively elicit information to resolve such knowledge gaps? In a cross-situational word learning task, we asked 5-year-olds, 6- to 9-year-olds and adults to estimate their knowledge of newly learned word–object associations. We then examined whether participants preferentially sampled objects they reported not knowing the label in order to hear their labels again. We also examined whether such uncertainty-driven sampling behaviour led to improved learning. We found that all age groups were sensitive to gaps in their knowledge of the word–object associations, i.e. were more likely to say they had correctly indicated the label of an object when they were correct, relative to when they were incorrect. Furthermore, 6- to 9-year-olds and adults—but not 5-year-olds—were more likely to sample objects whose labels they reported not knowing. In other words, older children and adults displayed sampling behaviour directed at reducing knowledge gaps and uncertainty, while younger children did not. However, participants who displayed more uncertainty-driven sampling behaviour were not more accurate at test. Our findings underscore the role of uncertainty in driving 6- to 9-year-olds’ and adults’ sampling behaviour and speak to the mechanisms underlying previously reported performance boosts in active learning
Consolidation of the murburn model of flagella-aided motility in bacteria
No full textHoward Berg had proposed a ‘rotary motor’ explanatory paradigm for the flagella-assisted motility of bacteria (1), claiming that proton motive force (pmf) provided the powering in such propulsion in low Reynold’s number regimes (2). Paul Boyer subsequently suggested a pmf-aided rotary functionalism for explaining Complex V’s role in photo-/oxidative- phosphorylations in chloroplasts/mitochondria. Michael Behe had questioned the ‘evolvability’ of such self-assembled multi-molecular protein complexes with rotary functions, calling these proposals ‘irreducibly complex’. Over the last 25 years, while championing a new stochastic cellular principle of life (complementing the deterministic principle of central dogma) called murburn concept, we discredited the idea of “pmf-assisted rotary functions” in cellular routines in the two systems above. Herein, we confirm some of our earlier predictions and provide further evidence/arguments supporting the murburn model of flagella-aided motility in bacteria: (i) the component proteins of C-ring and Mot proteins show large variations in monomeric constitution and amino acid sequences suggesting that they could not have evolved for rotary activity (3), the purported rotary fulcrum role of a single amino acid residue (MotB’s D/E32) is untenable as it is not conserved in a wide variety of bacteria surveyed, (iii) the C-ring proteins and cytoplasm-side of MotA have a relatively higher concentration of charged residues that enable DRS recruitment/utilization, and (iv) the basal module is a Type-3 secretory system ejecting fluid wherein MotAB complex enable efficient proton delivery for water formation and expulsion via the rod
How Mainstream Politicians Erode Norms
No full textHow does anti-immigrant rhetoric by mainstream politicians affect norms of tolerance? How does this compare to similar statements made by radical-right politicians? Drawing on experimental evidence, we find that statements by mainstream politicians lead to more norm erosion than similar statements by radical-right politicians. Subsample analyses suggests that this is because statements by mainstream-right politicians erode norm perceptions of right-wing individuals, while those by radical-right politicians induce backlash among left-wing individuals, who hold closer to the norm in place. The latter effect (backlash by the left) disappears when similar statements are made by mainstream right politicians. We argue that this difference occurs because mainstream politicians represent the views of a larger part of the population or have a higher status. Our results highlight the pivotal role of mainstream politicians in enforcing or eroding democratic norms, and that similar political statements can have different effects depending on their sender
Simulation-based Active Learning for Systematic Reviews: A Scoping Review of Literature
No full textThis scoping review investigated the utility of active learning in accelerating the systematic review process. We reviewed literature from 2006 onwards and selected 60 relevant articles out of 1887 screened, while incorporating 238 out of 336 collected datasets. Our analysis of the articles found that, despite some limitations, all 60 articles provided positive recommendations for using active learning to improve the efficiency of the screening phase in systematic reviews. Future research should focus on standardizing metrics, promoting open data, and diversifying models to advance active learning in systematic reviews
The Socio-Ecological Factors Associated with Resilience in Refugees: A Systematic Scoping Review
No full textDespite the immense challenges to mental health faced by refugees, research consistently finds that many nevertheless demonstrate remarkable resilience. However, a systematic account of the scientific literature on resilience among refugees is currently lacking. This paper aims to fill that gap by comprehensively reviewing research on protective and risk factors affecting refugees’ resilience across four socio-ecological levels: individual, family, community, and society. We conducted a systematic search in the databases PsycINFO, Web of Science, and SocINDEX, as well as contacting topic experts to seek out unpublished manuscripts. This yielded 223 studies (171 quantitative, 52 qualitative), which were subjected to systematic content coding. We found consistent evidence for substantive risk factors, including traumatic experiences and gender at the individual level and postmigration stress and unemployment at the societal level. We found social support to be a clear protective factor at the family and community levels. We discuss these findings in the context of policy and intervention programs, and make recommendations at different socio-ecological levels for supporting refugees’ resilience
Big-5 Personality Traits and their Dynamic and Conditional Effects on COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviours
No full textMuch has been learned about who tends to follow public health advice during the COVID-19 pandemic. But there remains important questions about how personality can shape risk perceptions, willingness to engage in protective behaviours, and policy preferences. We use a survey of over 40,000 Canadian adults, fielded between November 2020 and July 2021, to evaluate the associations between Big-5 personality traits and COVID-19 beliefs and behaviours, the stability of these associations as pandemic conditions changed, and the how these traits moderate the effects of left-right ideology and expert trust on these attitudes and behaviours. We find moderate associations between risk perceptions and negative emotionality and agreeableness, and, as well as between each of the Big-5 traits and our respondents’ willingness to take protective behaviours and support government restrictions. These associations are mostly stable over time for protective behaviour, with instability particularly pronounced for lockdown support where agreeableness and conscientiousness diminishing in importance as pandemic conditions improved. We also show that negative emotionality, conscientiousness, and agreeableness reduce differences between the political left and right and between those who do and do not trust experts, while extraversion intensifies these divides. Our work calls for greater attention to how the correlates of COVID-19 attitudes and behaviours may change with an evolving pandemic
Address Challenges Markowitz (1952) Faces: A New Measure of Asset Risk
No full textMarkowitz (1952) asset risk (MAR) has long been challenged. First, as an impostor of asset risk, volatility captures the noise of firm risk over asset maturity that incorrectly reflects asset risk (which has to be measured over a unit of time length to be cumulative since asset holder’s risk approaches zero as the holding time length approaches zero). Second, volatility does not decrease asset value while volatility of a lognormal distribution actually raises the value. We thus argue that asset risk drives volatility, but not vice versa, implying that asset risk cannot be diversified away. Third, support to MAR appears to arise from a confusion between asset value and wealth utility: the law of diminishing marginal utility supports that volatility reduces the latter. The above causes explain why CAPM and Fama-French models have long been struggling to price asset volatilities. To address these challenges, we propose that the volatility (variance) of realized (expected) asset value approaches zero as the measuring distance approaches zero. We delineate expected asset value (which asset risk impacts without a distribution) and volatility (which does not affect the former following a quasi-normal distribution we proposed). As debt risk of Nie (2024a), our equity risk is rooted in a payment’s risk that approaches zero as the distance approaches zero, reflecting a 5-year payment’s risk to be comparable across assets and across firms. We show that equity price reflects the present value of a payment spanning over the predictable lifetime of firm performance, and that an option’s price minus its present value reflects the overcharge or transaction cost. Our asset risk, captured as risk premium, thus solves issues that have long been challenging agency theories, and redefines firm misvaluation theories