Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Measuring Patriarchal Family Culture: Questionnaire Development and Its Psychosocial Correlates
No full textPatriarchal family environments have been identified as a significant psychosocial risk factor for adult mental health and relational functioning. Yet existing research and measurement tools often fail to capture the multidimensional complexity of patriarchal culture as experienced during childhood and adolescence, and few studies have examined how patriarchal family dynamics are linked to psychosocial functioning in adulthood. To address this gap, we developed and validated the Family Patriarchy Questionnaire (FPQ), a retrospective self-report instrument assessing perceived family support for patriarchal culture. Across three online studies with Polish adults (N = 496, 180, and 1,156), we examined the FPQ’s factor structure, reliability, and construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported an eight-factor bifactor model—Women’s Emotionality, Authority and Dominance of Men, Hostility toward Women, Justification of Violence, Inferior Child Roles, Subordination of Girls, Rape Myths, Family Secrets—with evidence of gender invariance and high internal consistency. Higher FPQ scores were linked to greater attachment anxiety and avoidance, lower self-esteem, more severe emotion regulation difficulties, stronger endorsement of modern sexist beliefs, and elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression. The FPQ offers a theoretically grounded and psychometrically robust tool for identifying patriarchal patterns in family socialization and examining their long-term psychological correlates
The overlooked self-transcendent nature of meaning in life: having a positive impact on others.
No full textThe prevailing consensus in the psychological literature regarding the construct of meaning in life typically aligns with a tripartite perspective. In this article, we advance theoretical arguments and present empirical evidence that challenge this prevailing view, arguing that the self-transcendent nature of meaning in life has been overlooked, particularly the importance of evaluating one’s life as having a positive impact. Our introduction puts forth several arguments in favor of our hypothesis and justifies our reasons for exploring this new avenue. In Studies 1 and 2, part of our results indicates that individuals who have a positive impact on others are considered to have a more meaningful life than those who don’t. In Study 3, we find that when participants are asked to rate and rank definitions of meaning in life, having a positive impact on others is among the highest-ranked definitions. In Study 4, we present two key findings. We show that a 4-factor model including measures of impact, purpose, coherence and significance has a better fit to our data than a 1, 2 or 3-factor model. Furthermore, we show that people who see themselves as having a positive impact on others rate their life as more meaningful, and this effect remains after controlling for the other three dimensions of purpose, coherence, and significance
The Complex Ring of Jingle Bells: The Association Between Christmas and Implicit Bias Towards Racial, Religious, and Sexual Minorities
No full textEvery year, billions of people celebrate Christmas all over the world – a religious event that is characterized by transient yet considerable changes in people’s social, cultural, and demographic environment. Drawing on the Bias of Crowds model, we investigated associations between Christmas and changes in implicit bias. In Study 1, we used Project Implicit data of more than 4 million White US Americans and found that Christmas was associated with changes in implicit bias towards Black people, Arabs, people with a darker skin tone, Judaism, Islam, and gay people. In Study 2, we conducted a high-powered pre-registered adversarial collaboration that tested whether Christmas affects implicit bias (n = 451) in a repeated-measures design and found that it was associated with changes in bias towards gay but not Arab people. Notably, this effect was in the opposite direction compared to the effect observed in Study 1. Together, these studies provide novel evidence for the role of the environment in shaping people’s implicit biases, while also highlighting problems associated with the widespread reliance on self-selected samples in research on situational models of bias
A New Measure of Psychiatric Severity Using Administrative Data: the Manifestations of Psychiatric Severity Index (MoPSI)
No full textBackground: Health care managers rely heavily on measures derived from administrative data to monitor and manage their enrollees’ health. There are very few administrative measures of psychiatric illness severity, however, and most either comingle demographics and medical comorbidities or do not have ordinal properties.
Objective: To assess the construct, concurrent, and predictive validity of a novel, 6-item, ordinal, administrative measure of psychiatric severity, the Manifestations of Psychiatric Severity Index (MoPSI).
Methods: Panel study of 960 gender-stratified, nationally representative Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, or New Dawn Veterans who had a pending disability claim for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The 6 input items for the MoPSI were number of mental health clinic visits, emergency department visits or psychiatric hospitalizations in the past 6 months; and the presence of any diagnosis for alcohol use, substance use, or self-harm in the past 6 months. We used 4 scoring approaches based on classical test theory, item-response theory, joint probability density (JPD) method, and a linear approximation of the JPD method. With all approaches, higher MoPSI scores indicate severer psychiatric severity.
Results: The four scoring approaches correlated 0.976 – 0.999. Regardless of scoring approach, in terms of construct validity, Veterans who were unmarried or had low income had higher MoPSI scores than Veterans who were married or had higher incomes, respectively (Ps <.03). In terms of concurrent validity, Veterans with serious mental illness or a PTSD diagnosis also had higher MoPSI scores than their respective counterparts (Ps ≤ .0001). In terms of predictive validity, higher MoPSI scores predicted cigarette use, street drug use, and PTSD and depression/anxiety symptom severity six months later, as well as disability award status approximately 1 year later (Ps ≤ .05).
Conclusions: The MoPSI appears to be a very well calibrated set of 6 input variables with evidence of construct, concurrent, and predictive validity. Because it has interval and ordinal properties, it is suitable for use as either a predictor variable or an outcome variable in regression analyses, and it avoids collinearity with sociodemographic variables or with medical comorbidities. The MoPSI may be a useful administrative measure of mental health.
Trial Registration: Not applicable.
Key Words: Manifestations of Psychiatric Severity Index; Psychometrics; Validity; Administrative Data; Population Health; Mental Healt
Persuasive Lobbying and the Value of Connections
No full textThe inflow of money into politics and the influence of interest groups on policies are well-documented, but the monetary value of accessing policymakers is less well-understood. As a result, it is unclear what inferences researchers can draw from lobbying expenditures about interest groups' strategies and their ideological alignment with policymakers. We study a model of informational lobbying with a collective decision-making body and endogenous reforms to investigate the determinants of the value of access. We show that the funds flowing to a given policymaker depend not only on this policymaker's ideology and procedural power, but also on the overall distribution of preferences and power among other policymakers. Two policymakers with the same ideology and procedural power might therefore attract different amounts of contributions, depending on the preferences of fellow policymakers. Our results help clarify empirical research linking lobbying expenditures by interest groups to politicians' ideologies and power
Corporate Personification: A Mind/Body Metaphor Guides Blame for Organizational Wrongdoing
No full textIn cases of corporate wrongdoing, it is difficult to assign blame across multiple agents who played different roles. We propose that people metaphorize corporations and have dualist ideas of corporate hierarchies: with the boss as “the mind” and the employee as “the body" such that the employee appears to carry out the will of the boss. Three experiments tested whether people judge the boss to be more responsible and causally efficacious when the metaphor is made relatively more (vs. less) apt. We tested this by varying features of a boss giving orders to an employee consistent with features that bolster the sense that an individual's will causes their actions (Wegner 2004). This work suggests that the same features that tell us our minds cause our actions also facilitate the metaphor that a boss has willed the behavior of an employee and is ultimately responsible for bad outcomes in the workplace
Understanding and shaping complex social psychological systems: Lessons from an emerging paradigm to thrive in an uncertain world
No full textIn today's rapidly evolving world, human behaviour plays a crucial role in addressing complex challenges. These span from mitigating non-communicable diseases, to climate action and pandemic preparedness. Traditional behaviour change research has focused on identifying and addressing specific factors that impede positive change, using a decomposition-based approach. This approach breaks key behaviours down into their component parts, and seeks to affect influences – again broken down into e.g. attitudes, social norms, resources and other opportunity-related factors – on these components. Component-dominant dynamics refer to a situation, where the behaviour of a system is determined primarily by the properties of its individual components, rather than by emergent phenomena. The decomposition-based approach is highly effective when this is the case. However, the approach may have severely limited effectiveness in contexts characterized by interaction-dominant dynamics, where outcomes are determined not by individual components, but emerge from the ongoing interdependent influences between them. Interaction-dominant systems have been studied in various fields under the interdisciplinary rubric of complex systems science.
This work argues that people are active agentic creatures, who are self-determined and self-organising experts of their own environments, which infuses social systems with inherent non-stationarity and hence uncertainty: Objects of study in behaviour change science, as well as their relationships, change. In addition, small events can cause large impacts, and long periods of apparent stability can be punctuated by rapid change. This implies that past data may be of limited use for inference and interventions across contexts or time. Indeed, the opportunities and risks laying in the future of complex systems or decision making contexts, are vastly more numerous than those which could be called merely complicated. Therefore, it should be carefully evaluated, to what extent a given situation is indeed amenable to decomposition-based solutions. While it might be impossible to predict the long-term future of some complex “non-linear” systems, risks and opportunities can be evaluated based on evolutionary potential of their space of possibilities.
The specific contribution of articles included in this work supports the argument as follows. Article I takes the view of people as agentic, autonomous decision makers, and points to the need to foster their capacity to self-organise. It describes a compendium of techniques, which (combined with proper scaffolding and support) could enable individuals to better self-manage their motivation and behaviour. Article II uses data containing self-management techniques to demonstrate a conceptually important model, where behaviours – and what the literature has conventionally considered their influences, precursors, or determinants – are represented as components of a mutually interacting network. The network representation reflects a deviation from the conventional conceptualisation, which hinges on component-dominant dynamics to depict simplistic causes and their effects with boxes and arrows. The article also discusses the importance of distributional shapes, as well as how summary statistics developed for simple, symmetric distributions can misdirect inference when the shape is more varied. Article III proposes a process definition of behaviour change, particularly calling for attention to some core features of complex systems; interconnectedness, non-ergodicity and non-linearity. It points out how interaction-dominant dynamics can produce distributional shapes, poorly amenable conventional analysis. It also discusses problems of traditional linear models of between-individual data for studying behaviour change, and expands the idea of aforementioned between-individual networks to those containing temporal recurrences of idiographic system states – attractors. Article IV depicts how the conceptualisation of behaviour change as movement in an attractor landscape can be used to understand change on different scales of observation, from individuals to communities and the society at large. It brings our attention to how non-linearities in interconnected systems can mean sudden transitions after long periods of stability and, more generally, the need to be wary of attractor states yet unseen, when there is uncertainty about distribution shapes.
To address the transparency and irreducibility concerns currently being voiced across scientific disciplines, all the data and analysis scripts are made publicly available online. Apart from Article I, these supplements are produced directly from the data as accompanying websites to reduce error and increase accessibility
Feasibility of a Digital Coaching Program for Improving Mental Well-Being and Emotional Intelligence: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study
No full textWithin the past decade, digital coaching programs (DCPs) have emerged as an evidence-based modality to improve mental well-being and emotional intelligence, although there is limited evidence in real-world context. This pragmatic retrospective cohort study sought to determine the preliminary effectiveness of a DCP in improving mental well-being and emotional intelligence within a real-world context. We hypothesized that there would be a significant increase in mental well-being and emotional intelligence. This study included 588 people that voluntarily enrolled in an eight-week, blended care DCP offered through their employers from October 2021 to August 2024. Participants completed the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) at baseline and then weekly until the end of the program as well as the Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale-10 (BEIS-10) at baseline and the end of the program. In multivariate linear mixed models adjusting for age, gender, program engagement, and program completion, we observed a significant increase in WHO-5 scores (Cohen’s d = 1.98, p<0.001). Over half of the sample (55.4%) experienced a clinically meaningful improvement on the WHO-5 (i.e., at least a 10-point improvement). BEIS-10 scores also significantly increased from baseline to the end of the program after adjusting for relevant correlates (Cohen’s d = 1.32, p<0.001).
These results demonstrate that DCPs can be a viable option for individuals looking to improve their mental well-being. Studies employing hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial designs are now needed to further evaluate the real-world effectiveness of this program
The politics and ethics of academia in the Covid-19 era: A view from Canada
No full textThe Covid-19 policy response in postsecondary education in Canada has been unprecedented, overhauling usual norms and practices in the sector. Drawing from the broader literature, our research, and our experience as members of academic communities, we identify six themes that capture salient aspects of this response, and elaborate on their implications for policy, ethics, and the normative academic commitments to protect free intellectual inquiry, promote critical thinking among the young, and support democratic governance. We hope that this perspective can contribute to more ethical and democratic academic practices moving forward
The Compassion Advantage: Leaders Who Care Outperform Leaders Who Share Followers’ Emotions
No full textEffective management of negative follower emotions in the workplace is critical for organizational success, yet how leaders can do this effectively is unclear. In 9 studies (combined N = 4,434 leaders, N = 1,006 followers), we introduce here the Compassion-Emotion Sharing Leader Focus task, a situational-judgment task to index leaders' tendency to focus on sharing emotion (emotion sharing) or caring (compassion) when engaging with negative follower emotions. In Studies 1-5 we provide evidence for the construct, predictive, and incremental validity of our task, highlighting the practical implications of a compassion focus for leader well-being. In Study 6 we leverage a diverse global sample of over 2,000 leaders and more than a thousand followers to show that a leader's compassion focus benefits not only the leader but their followers as well. In Studies 7, 8, and 9, we revised the task to improve content validity, but this traded off predictive validity. Our research suggests that training programs for leaders should emphasize a compassion focus to engage wisely with negative emotions, and ensure this focus is communicated to followers. These findings have important implications for current issues in management, including the growing importance of employee well-being in the workplace