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EFFECT OF TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS ON FAECAL CARRIAGE RATES OF RESISTANT ISOLATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN HIV-INFECTED ADULT PATIENTS IN LAGOS.
Get PDFBackground: The daily use of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis reduces morbidity and mortality
among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) but its impact on increasing antimicrobial resistance rates
has been of public concern globally. This study investigated the effect of daily TMP-SMX prophylaxis on faecal carriage rates
of resistant isolates of Escherichia coli in HIV-infected adult patients in Lagos.
Methods: A total of 550 HIV-infected patients with CD4-cell count of less than 350 cell/mm3 and were eligible for TMP-SMX
prophylaxis attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, were recruited. Stool/rectal swab samples were
aseptically collected from the patients and processed using standard methods for culture and sensitivity.
Results: There was a baseline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole resistance rate of 54% which increased to 77.9% in first 3
months, rising to 96.1% by 6 months and all isolates were resistant by the 9th month. There was also evidence of crossresistance
to other antibiotics with significant association with TMP-SMX resistance (
THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT AND ENHANCE IMMUNITY FUNCTION OF BU-ZHONG-YI-QIWAN ON S180 TUMOR MICE.
Get PDFBackground: To evaluate the preventive effect and enhance immunity functions of Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan in vivo.
Materials and Methods: S180 tumor mice model was established by subcutaneous injection a dose of 0.2 ml (1×107/ml) at the right
oxter. The inhibitory rates, spleen indexes and thymus indexes were calculated. Splenic lymphocyte proliferative activity assay and
phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages were done. Interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL-2) and tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α) in
serum were detected.
Results: In the S180 tumor-bearing mice, Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan with medium-dose (975 mg/kg, 100 mg/l) had potent preventive effect and
anti-tumor effect, macrophage phagocytosis and Con A-stimulated splenocyte proliferation were increased as compared with model
control treatment. Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan could take part in the immune response by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of Tcells,
increasing the activity of the macrophages, inducing the generation of cell factor IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ.
Conclusion: It proved that Bu-zhong-yi-qi wan of medium-dose had great preventive effect and could enhance immunity function
BALANITES AEGYPTIACA PROTECTION AGAINST PROLIFERATION OF DIFFERENT CANCER CELL LINE
Get PDFBackground: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo anti-tumor activity of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits extracts in addition
to its role in cell cycle and apoptosis.
Materials and Methods: Antitumor activities of ethylacetae extract (EAE), ethanol extract (EE) and chloroform extract (CE) were tested
against different cell line Hep-2, MCF-7, HL-60 and HCV29T. Calculation of the IC50 values for these extracts confirmed that the most
potent plant extract was EAE (40 ug/ml) followed by EE (55ug/ml), CE (61ug/ml).
Results: The ethanolic and chloroform extracts showed lower difference in their potency, while the EAE was found to be more active
indicating for nonpolar active principles responsible for the anti-proliferative activity. The ethanolic extract was three times higher active
than the chloroform extract. The results obtained showed that EAE exert a significant anti-proliferative, enhancement of apoptosis and
modulation of cell cycle phases compared with vincristine.
Conclusion: The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and Phenolics increase its efficiency as anti-proliferative action. EAE has promising
anti-cancer activity with higher activity than EE or CE extract
IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL OF PROBIOTIC IN SIMULATED CONDITIONS AND AZOXYMETHANE-INDUCED COLON TUMOUR BEARING MICE USING MODIFIED CITRUS PECTIN-ALGINATE MICROENCAPSULATION
Get PDFBackground: For a probiotic to be viable it needs to be preserved at a recommended minimum level of 6–7 log10cfu/g in the product
being consumed, as suggested by the International Dairy Federation. Different biopolymer matrices have been used for
encapsulation of probiotic; however, loss of viability is still a challenge.
Materials and Methods: Modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was
developed. Efficiency of the microbeads was evaluated in simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and in Balb/c mice
induced with colon tumor. Genomic identification of faecal lactobacilli samples from treated mice was also performed.
Results: The Modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic microbeads significantly enhanced the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus
ATCC 4356 compared to the control (p< 0.05) both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of the modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads
to 3 hours of simulated gastric juice resulted in 82.7% survival of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Also, the number of faecal lactobacilli
in the modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic treated mice increased by 10.2% after 28 days.
Conclusion: Modified citrus pectin-alginate is a novel effective means of oral delivery of bacterial cells and bioactive compounds.
Modified citrus pectin-alginate can be used in probiotic therapy which may improve the prevention of colon cancer
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL PHENOLIC, TOTAL FLAVONOID AND OLEUROPEIN IN DIFFERENT AGED OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) CULTIVAR LEAVES
Get PDFBackround and objective: Olive leaves have recently gained attention owing to its antioxidant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. Bioactive contents of olive leaves differ according to cultivation area, ecological conditions, age of tree, agronomical practices, cultivar, leaf growth stage and other abiotic and biotic stress factors.
Material and Method: In this study, Olea europaea L. cultivar (Kilis Yaglık) at different age grown in Kilis were examined. In this context, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and oleuropein content of young and old tree leaves determined.
Results: Correlations between total phenolic, total flavonoid and oleuropein in young and old trees of Kilis Yaglık cv. were found to be significant with respect to the content of each other, cultivars and age under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.
Conclusion: In the current study, more phenolic compounds and oleuropein were determined in young trees of cv. Kilis Yaglık whereas the higher total amounts of flavonoids were obtained in old trees. There were positive strong-correlation in terms of total phenolic and oleuropein contents and positive-moderate correlation in relation to the total flavonoid content between old and young trees of cv. Kilis Yaglık
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IMMUNOMODULATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS OF ASTRAGALUS
Get PDFBackground: Astragali Radix has long been used to improve immune function in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its main
active components and potential immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory activities have not been elucidated. In the present study,
the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of total flavonoids of Astragalus (TFA) isolated from Astragali Radix were
evaluated by using in vivo animal models and in vitro cell models.
Materials and Methods: The in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of TFA were assessed by measuring
macrophage phagocytic index, delayed type hypersensitivity, serum hemolysin level and immune organ index in mice, ear edema
test in mice, paw edema test in rats, vascular permeability test in mice and granuloma test in rats. The in vitro immunomodulatory
and anti-inflammatory activities of TFA were assessed by examining its effect on cytokine and mediator production in un-stimulated
and LPS-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Results: The results of in vivo experiments showed that TFA enhanced macrophage phagocytic index, delayed type hypersensitivity,
serum hemolysin level and immune organ index in mice, and attenuated mouse ear edema, rat paw edema, mouse vascular
permeability and rat granuloma formation. The results of in vitro experiments showed that TFA stimulated the production of NO and
cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ in un-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and inhibited the overproduction of these
inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner without exerting cytotoxicity.
Conclusion: These results of this study indicate that TFA have potential immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects
A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORAL DISEASES.
Get PDFBackground: Poverty, inadequacy of health services, shortage of health workers, infectious diseases scourges, rampant shortage of
drugs and equipment in existing health facilities make traditional medicine an important component of healthcare in Africa,
especially in oral health care. This review was done to document the role of African traditional medicine in oral health care delivery
in order to provide a comprehensive documentation, identify research gaps, and suggest perspectives for future research.
Materials and Methods: Available references or reports in English and French on the use of African traditional medicine in oral
health care were consulted from published scientific journals, books, reports from national, regional and international organizations,
theses, conference papers and other grey materials. Literature was searched on international online databases such as Pubmed,
MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus and Google using the MeSH words “Traditional medicine or healer”, “oral health”, “dental
caries”, “dental”, “primary oral health care’ and “medicinal plants”.
Results: Contemporary African communities operate a pluralistic health system whereby highly sophisticated biomedical health care
co-exists and even competes with traditional medical practices. Though most patients opt for dual consultations, the introduction of
biomedicine has never replaced traditional indigenous medicine and traditional healers are consulted for several reasons making dual
treatment a common occurrence in many communities. Factors such as the lack of health care workers, inequalities in the health
sector due to socio-cultural and socio-economic disparities prevent people from patronising both health care systems. Therapeutic
methods used by African traditional healers include herbalism, psychotherapy, simple surgical procedures, rituals and symbolism.
The types of medications used by traditional healers were classified as preventive and prophylactic medications. Some practices of
traditional healers included tooth extractions with medicinal plants and also in other practices resulting in exposure to blood;
practices involving the use of shared instruments had been reported to be responsible for the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Other
harmful practices include gemectomy, uvulectomy and different forms of infant oral mutilations.
Conclusion: Traditional healers provide dental care, but their work was not integrated with that of a dentist. Traditional healers have
special qualities that make them highly effective in primary oral health care therefore making them inevitable stakeholders in
primary oral health care delivery. The research gaps in this review include the integration of traditional medicine into the oral health
care systems of many African countries and the evaluation of the treatment outcomes of traditional medicine in dental care
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FROM Chrysophyllum albidum G. DON-HOLL. STEM-BARK EXTRACTS AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
Get PDFBackground: The plant, Chrysophyllum albidum is indigenous to Nigeria and its stem-bark has found relevance in folkloric
medicine for infections and oxidative stress linked diseases medicaments. The study targets to isolate the chemical constituents
accountable for the antioxidant and antibacterial actions of the plant stem-bark to substantiate some of its ethnomedicinal uses.
Materials and Methods: Stem-bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidum was obtained from 80 % ethanol was partitioned in sequence
with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol. The solvent fractions and isolated compounds were verified for antioxidant chattels
utilizing 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Antibacterial actions were also assessed by agency of agar-diffusion and broth micro
dilution methods. EtOAc fraction was on many occasions chromatographed on silica and Sephadex LH-20 column to afford four
compounds and their chemical structures were proven with the employment of NMR (1D and 2D) and MS.
Results: Chromatographic fractionation of EtOAc fraction with the premier antioxidant and antimicrobial activities afforded
stigmasterol (1), epicatechin (2), epigallocatechin (3) and procyanidin B5 (4). Procyanidin B5 isolated for the first time from
Chrysophyllum genus proven the supreme antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.8 µM and 11.20 µM in DPPH and nitric oxide
assays respectively and equally established the ultmost inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (MIC 156.25 μg/mL),
Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 156.25 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 625 μg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 156.25
μg/mL).
Conclusion: The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of epicatechin, epigallocatechin and procyanidin B5 isolated from
Chrysophyllum albidum stem-bark substantiate the folkloric use
EVALUATION OF ANTI-FATIGUE ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS FROM TARTARY BUCKWHEAT IN MICE
Get PDFBackground: Flavonoids are the major biological activities components of tartary buckwheat which has multifunctional
bioactivities. However, there are a limited number of studies on the effect of flavonoids from tartary buckwheat (TBF) on physical
fatigue at present. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fatigue activity of TBF in mice.
Materials and Methods: The mice were divided into four groups: control (C), low-dose TBF-treated (LFT), middle-dose
TBF-treated (MFT) and high-dose TBF-treated (HFT). The treated groups received TBF (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), while the control
group received physiological saline. After 28 days' treatment, the mice performed exhaustive running exercise on the treadmill, along
with the measure of exhaustive running times, blood lactic acid (BLA), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), serum creatine kinase (SCK),
liver glycogen, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT).
Results: TBF prolonged the exhaustive running time of the mice. It sub-served to remove the accumulated products of metabolism
by decreasing the levels of BLA and SUN. It ameliorated the muscle damage by decreasing the SCK levels. It improved the
metabolic control of exercise and activated the energy metabolism by increasing the liver glycogen contents, as well as improving
endogenous cellular antioxidant enzymes in mice by increasing the SOD, GPx and CAT activities.
Conclusion: TBF has significant anti‑fatigue activity
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TRIPTOLIDE AND BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) BY SPECTROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR MODELING METHODS
Get PDFBackground: Triptolide is a major active constituent isolated from Tripterygiumwilfordii Hook F, a Chinese herbal medicine. This
study investigated the intermolecular interaction between triptolide and bovine serum albumin (BSA).
Materials and Methods: The fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the
intermolecular interaction between triptolide and BSA. The binding constant, the number of binding sites, binding subdomain and
the thermodynamic parameters were measured.
Results: The results of this experiment revealed that the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was effectively quenched by triptolide via
static quenching. The experimental results of synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra showed that the conformation of BSA was
changed in the presence of triptolide.
Conclusion: It indicated that triptolide could spontaneously bind on site II (subdomain IIIA) of BSA mainly via hydrogen bonding
interactions and Van der Waals force