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EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF OINTMENT PREPARATION OF ETHYL-ACETATE EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA (LAM) IN RATS
Full text linkBackground: This study examined the in vitro antibacterial property of extracts of Moringa oleifera and the effect of different concentrations of the ethyl-acetate extract on cutaneous wound using an ointment delivery base. The aim of the study was to screen the extracts with best antibacterial property and evaluate effectiveness of different concentrations of the best extract when delivery is modified to ensure prolonged contact and reduced frequency of administration using an ointment base delivery vehicle.
Materials and Methods: Dried and pulverized leaves of Moringa oleifera were screened for secondary metabolites. Successive gradient extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Leaf extracts were screened against clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis using agar cup diffusion technique. The ethyl acetate extract was investigated for its healing efficiency on excision wound model in rats. The study made use of wistar rats (150-180 kg), randomized into Gentamicin, M. oleifera ointment (5% and 3.25%), and ointment base treatment groups. Treatments were applied topically on days 0, 7 and 14. The percentage wound closure rate was measured and histopathology of the healed wounds carried out.
Results: In vitro antimicrobial screening showed that ethyl-acetate extract was effective against the test isolates. Topical application of ointment with 3.25% of the plant extract resulted in faster wound closure rate, rapid epithelization, resolution of granulation tissue, and remodeling at histology.
Conclusion: This may be due to less interference by components of M. oleifera which appear to retard wound healing at higher concentrations. Therefore, M. oleifera 3.25% ointment preparation is recommended topically for wound healing
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST NEVIRAPINE-INDUCED HEPATIC DAMAGE IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS
Full text linkBackground: The use of nevirapine in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections is greatly
limited by its fatal hepatotoxicity. In sub-Saharan African, traditional medicine involving use of plant materials has been
proposed to counteract liver damage, albeit with no scientific evidence. The aim of the present study was to determine the
hepatoprotective effect of Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against nevirapine induced hepatic oxidative damage in
Wistar albino rats.
Materials and Methods: Five groups of rats received a daily oral dose of 36mg/kg nevirapine for 4 consecutive weeks.
After 15 minutes, rats in three of the groups were given 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg of Cymbopogon citratus
essential oil extract. The positive control group received nevirapine and 200mg/kg of silymarin while the normal control
group received only 2ml of distilled water. Blood was used to determine the levels of liver function parameters and liver
sections were used for histological studies.
Results: The results revealed that oral administration of nevirapine (36mg/kg b.w. p.o) for 4 weeks significantly (
A NEW COPPER (II)-IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE EFFECTIVELY INHIBITS REPLICATION OF DENV-2 IN VERO CELL
Full text linkBackground: Dengue is a kind of infectious disease that was distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. To date, there is no clinically approved dengue vaccine or antiviral for humans, even though there have been great efforts towards this end. Therefore, finding the effective compound against dengue virus (DENV) replication is very important. Among the complex compounds, copper(II)-imidazole derivatives are of interest because of their biological and medicinal benefits.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, antiviral activity of [Cu(2,4,5-triphenylimidazole)2]n, was evaluated against different stages of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) replication in Vero cell using focus forming unit reduction assay and quantitative ELISA.
Results: [Cu(2,4,5-triphenylimidazole)2]n inhibited DENV-2 replication in Vero cells with IC50 = 2.3 μg/ml and SI= 19.42 when cells were treated 2 days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 44.174 μg/ml.
Conclusion: The compound has high anti-DENV2 activity, less toxicity, and a high possibility to be considered a drug candidate
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL IN SOUTH AFRICA
Full text linkBackground: Africa is profoundly stricken by the HIV pandemic. People living with HIV/AIDS are more likely
to be diagnosed with psychiatric disorders than the general population. We describe the prevalence of different
mood and psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS infected patients with serious mental illness.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively sourced data from 105 patient files, at Weskoppies Hospital,
between January 2012 and December 2016.
Results: 56 patients had a psychotic disorder; 27 patients had a mood disorder and three patients had a cognitive
disorder. Multiple diagnoses were observed in seven patients with a mood and psychotic disorder; ten patients
with a psychotic and cognitive disorder and one patient with a mood and cognitive disorder. One patient had all
three diagnoses. The most common medical co-morbidities were hypertension (15.24%) and tuberculosis
(13.33%).
Conclusion: Mentally ill patients who are HIV positive mostly present with mood and psychotic disorders.
Clinicians need to be vigilant to detect neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV infection to effectively manage
and optimise treatment. This study highlights the need for further intervention in these vulnerable patients
MODELLING THE MORBIDITY PATTERN OF TUBERCULOSIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Full text linkBackground: With the advent of HIV, the risk of Tuberculosis (TB) has increased. The trend in the number of cases of TB
in Oyo state over the past five years has not been documented. Hence, this study reviewed the number of cases of TB and
determined some of its associated factors.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on TB surveillance data reported between January 1st
2011 and December 31st 2014. Data were obtained from the integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) of Oyo
state ministry of health, Nigeria. Number of TB cases, age, local government areas (LGA), month and year of reporting
was extracted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, negative binomial and the Poisson regression models. Model
fit was assessed using the AIC and the -2LogL.
Results: The incidence of TB was highest in 2013 (23 per 10000 population) in Ibarapa East LGA. The risk of
Tuberculosis was 62.8% higher in 2014 (IRR=1.628; 95%CI=1.281, 2.068) and also 17% higher in 2012 (IRR=1.170;
95%CI=1.010, 1.356). Also, the risk of TB was highest in Ibarapa East LGA (IRR=2.576; 95%CI=1.945, 3.412) and lowest
in Ogbomoso South LGA (IRR=0.229; 95%CI=0.069, 0.764). Adolescents and adults also had higher risk of TB compared
to children.
Conclusion: The frequency of Tuberculosis declined overtime and older adults had a higher risk. The low frequency of TB
in the state may be an indication and good evidence of concerted control measures. Efforts should be put in place to further
bring down the number of cases especially in the identified hotspots
INTESTINAL HELMINTHS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF TRADITIONAL PERSIAN MEDICINE VERSUS MODERN MEDICINE
Full text linkBackground: Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) has a history of almost 10,000 years with practice and experience
aspects. The existing information and experiences of physicians such as Avicenna clearly show the vast amount of
knowledge in the classification and treatment of pathogenic worms. The aim of this paper was the description of the
various types of helminths along with their treatment in medieval Persia and comparing them with new medical
findings.
Materials and Methods: We searched main Traditional Persian Medical and pharmacological texts about etiology,
manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of worms in the human digestive system and the out come was compared with
the data extracted from modern medical sources. A list of medicinal plants was also extracted from traditional
pharmacological books and the anthelmintic properties of these plants were checked in Google Scholar, Scopus,
PubMed and Ulrich's databases.
Results: The results show the existence of theories on pathogenicity, physiopathology, symptoms and the classification
of worms in TPM. TPM philosophers have divided worms into four groups and there is not great difference between
old Persian and Modern classification. The old Persian scholars have explained a treatment procedure using a list of 48
medicinal plants and the anthelmintic effect of 23 plants have been shown in modern medicine studies.
Conclusion: This study shows a more in-depth and thorough classification of pathogenic worms, their pathogenicity,
symptoms and treatments in Traditional Persian Medical compared to Greek Medicine so that old Persian classification
may be the base of modern taxonomy. More clinical trials are suggested for the efficacy and safety of these plants
EFFECTS OF STEM-BARK EXTRACT OF OKOUBAKA AUBREVILLIE ON SOME VISCERAL ORGANS OF WISTAR RATS
Full text linkBackground: Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, these herbs have not been properly evaluated to ascertain their effect on the body organs.
Materials and Methods: Effects of stem bark extract of Okoubaka aubrevillie on some visceral organs were investigated in Wistar rats. For acute toxicity testing, Wistar rats (n=16), grouped into 4, (A-D) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract and deaths recorded within 24 hours. For sub-acute study, Wistar rats (n=20) grouped into 5, (A-E) orally received graded doses of Okoubaka aubrevillie extract for 31 days. Blood samples were collected from each rat through retro-orbital puncture for biochemical analysis. The liver, kidney and stomach were excised and processed for light microscopy. For toxin inhibition studies, Wistar rats (n=24) grouped into 6 (A-F), were used. Groups A-C and D-F orally received graded doses of Dichlorvos. Groups A-C further received Okoubaka aubrevillie extract while D-F received water and death records observed.
Results: For acute toxicity testing, lethal dose (LD50) of 7500 mg/kg body weight was obtained from the inverse of the log-dose. Sub-acute studies revealed significantly elevated mean body weight in group A (210 ± 4.5 gram) compared to control (178 ± 5.0 gram), (
CONCOMITANT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH DIAGNOSED HIV/AIDS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Full text linkBackground: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which weaken the human immune system and thus increasing the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and vice versa.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of STIs in HIV/AIDS patients in Unit Perawatan Intermediate Penyakit Infeksi (UPIPI) Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya was conducted from January 1st, 2013 to December 31st, 2014. We examined the number and type of STIs, age distribution, gender, occupation, number of CD4+, and antiretroviral treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS. The data were presented in a descriptive analysis.
Results: The percentage of STIs patients was 4.2% (148 of 3.350) of all patients with HIV/AIDS in the UPIPI Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. Most patients were 25-44 years old (70.9%) including 54.7% were males, 8.0% were housewives, and 1.4% were students. The five highest prevalence of STIs were condylomata acuminate (43.9%), non-specific genital ulcers (11.5%), syphilis (10.7%), genital herpes (10.1%), and scabies (8.1%). The sexual predilections consisted of heterosexual (70.9%), homosexual (12.2%), bisexual (2.0%), and no data (14.9%). Patients with the number of CD4
IN SILICO SCREENING AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE COMPOUNDS OF Justicia gendarussa LEAVES EXTRACT AS INTERFERON GAMMA INDUCER: A STUDY OF ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) DEVELOPMENT
Full text linkBackground: Justicia gendarussa Burm f. (Achanthaceae) has been known as traditional medicine in Indonesia. It contains of flavonoids and alkaloids. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of J. gendarussa on the profile of IFN-γ on mice (Mus musculus). Molecular docking test was also conducted to determine the interaction of alkaloids and flavonoids on the J. gendarussa leaves against IFN-γ receptor. It is expected that this research will provide scientific information on the development of J. gendarussa leaves as an anti-HIV drug.
Materials and Methods: The molecular docking test was performed by using Molegro Virtual Docker software to predict the interaction of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds of J. gendarussa leaves with IFN-γ receptor. In the in vivo test, the effects of 70% ethanol extract, fractionated 70% ethanol extract, and water extract of J. gendarussa leaves were evaluated on the profile of IFN-γ stimulation on mice (Mus musculus). The test was performed by administering the three gendarussa extracts into the nine groups of mice for 14 days.
Results: Based on the molecular docking test, it was found that flavonoid of J. gendarussa leaves have lower effects on the IFN-γ receptor than the alkaloids. From the in vivo test on mice, it was found that the fractionated 70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa leaves did not induce the level of IFN-γ. On the other hand, both 70% ethanol and water extract of J. gendarussa leaves induced the production of IFN-γ.
Conclusion: Fractionated 70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa does not induce the production of IFN-γ, so it can be developed as anti HIV drugs
