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INTESTINAL PARASITES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
Full text linkBackground: Intestinal parasites are a cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world particularly in
developing countries and they are common health problems of children. This study determined the prevalence of
intestinal parasites among primary school children, assessed risk factors predisposing to infection and the nutritional
status with cognitive function of the pupils.
Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study and 384 pupils from six public primary schools in Ile-Ife were
enrolled. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures. The intelligence quotients of the
pupils were assessed using the Draw-a-person- test. Stool samples were collected and examined. Data was processed
using SPSS Inc USA version 17. Statistical analysis was done using frequency, percentages, tables and Pearson’s chisquare
was used to determine the association between intestinal parasites, nutritional status and cognitive function.
Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in the study population was 24% with double infection occurring in
3.2%. Ascaris lumbricoides most prevalent 22.1%, Hookworm 3.4%, Hymenolepis nana 0.3%. Intestinal parasites were
present in those that use bush and refuse dump for defeacation. The nutritional status of the pupils showed 95.8%
normal weight, 3.6% underweight and 0.5% overweight. In terms of cognition, 65.4% mentally deficient, 14.3%
mentally dull and 20.3% average.
Conclusion: Intestinal parasites were prevalent among primary school children and use of bush or refuse dump for
defeacation was a risk factor. There was no association between intestinal parasites, nutritional status and cognition
USAGE OF A RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR MALARIA IN CHILDREN
Full text linkBackground: Malaria is still the primary cause of pediatric deaths. The efficient management of pediatric malaria
requires its rapid and accurate diagnosis. To fulfill this requirement, rapid diagnostic tests have been developed, but
their evaluation before commercialization is never exhaustive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of
a rapid diagnostic test (SD Bioline Malaria Antigen P.f/Pan) to diagnose malaria in children.
Materials and Methods: Testing was conducted on children aged between 6 months and 15 years who were examined
at the CME-FCB as a result of fever. Enrollment took place from April to October 2014. All children presenting with
fever were sampled (3ml of blood). These blood samples were tested for malaria using microscopy on a thick blood
smear and by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) SD Bioline Malariae Antigen P.f/Pan.
Results: A total of 249 children were enrolled in this study. Malaria presence as determined by microscopy and by
RDT was 30.9% and 58.2% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values compared
to microscopy were: 75; 48.8; 39, and 81.6%. With these performances, the malaria SD Bioline rapid test presents
lower values compared to WHO recommendations for rapid tests (sensitivity > 95%) in children.
Conclusion: SD Bioline Malaria Antigen P.f/Pan test should only be used in peripheral health structures that lack
resources, and should be aided by clinical diagnosis
GENOTYPING OF HUMAN PAPPILOMAVIRUS IN CERVICAL PRECANCEROUS LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AT DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Cervical cancer caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), is the second most common cancer for women. This cancer is distributed worldwide, with ~80% of cases are found in the developing countries. In Indonesia, data of HPV genotypes are still limited and do not represent all regions of the country. Thus, here we report genotyping of HPV samples collected from the Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya Indonesia patients, in 2013.
Materials and Method: A cross sectional study was performed using 68 paraffin blocks of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cervix.
Result: This study showed that HPV genotypes found in LSIL samples are HPV 16, 18, 6/33 or 68/72. Furthermore, those in HSIL are HPV 16, 18, 52, 59, 67, 6/18, 6/45, 16/67, 26/61, or 52/67, while in SCC are HPV 16, 18, 45, 52, 56, 16/18 or 16/45. Single-genotype infection, i.e. by HPV 16, 18, 45, 52, 56, 59, or 67, was observed in 86.77% (59/68) of samples, whereas multiple-genotype infections, i.e. by HPV 6/18, 6/33, 6/45, 16/18, 16/45, 16/67, 26/61, 52/67, or 68/72, was found in 13.23% (9/68) of the samples.
Conclutions: The mostly HPV genotype identified in this study is HPV 16 (62.68%), then followed by HPV 18 (20.9%), HPV 45 (5.97%), 52 (5.97%), and 67 (4.48%). HPV 16 and 18 have used as vaccine, and HPV 45 has cross reaction with HPV 18, then HPV 52 and 67 should be considered as the second-generation HPV vaccines
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BRUCELLA SUIS IN PIGS AS ZOONOTIC DISEASE IN ENDEMIC AREAS OF EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Brucellosis in pigs at East Java Indonesia has not only cause great economic losses due to a decrease in productivity of livestock but also are zoonotic. Infection on free brucelosis pigs were initially begun with the infected pigs both male and female, or the use of superior male pigs together. The elimination of the disease either on a group or population is considered as the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease in pigs. Prevention efforts mainly addressed to vaccination, sanitary maintenace and government policy. The purpose of this study was to isolated and identified Brucella suis as the causative agent.
Material and Methods: The survey area were the pig farm owned by breeder farmers in the area of East Java Indonesia, at Kediri, Malang, Blitar and Probolinggo district. Blood samples obtained were tested with RBT. Pigs are suspected of being infected with Brucella if the RBT was positive that characterized with agglutination in the test results. If RBT was positive, bacteriological examination will be performed, with samples of visceral foetus organ, ie liver, spleen, placenta and amniotic fluid. Isolation and identification of Brucella suis were used Brucella Broth and Brucella Agar, and if the bacteri growthwill be continued with biochemical test ie H2S, urease, citrate, catalase and oxidase test. The positive results of Brucella suis showed positive urease, catalase andoxidase,but negative for citrate and H2S. Results: RBT and bacteriolgical examination showed that 1 sample was positive Brucella suis, and 19 negative. The positive results showed positive urease, catalase and oxidase,but negative for citrate and H2S Conclusion: Based on RBT test and bacteriological examination, there was 1 positive sample of brucellla suis, that is sample coming from Kediri district
DETECTION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-8 ANTIGEN IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Co-infection of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in HIV-positive people might cause Kaposi's sarcoma. Early
detection of HHV-8 may prevent the onset of clinical manifestations. In Indonesia, detection of HHV-8 antigen in HIVpositive
patients has yet to be reported. The intention of this research was to examine the presence of HHV-8 antigen in
HIV-positive patients in East Java, Indonesia.
Material and Methods: 103 serum samples were collected from HIV-positive patients in Surabaya and Tulungagung, East
Java, Indonesia. Serums were then tested for the presence of HHV-8 antigen by using sandwich ELISA.
Results: Human Herpesvirus-8 antigen was detected in 15 samples (14.5%). The presence of HHV-8 infection in HIVpositive
patients did not present differently in males and females and among different age groups. Human
immunodeficiency virus-positive serum samples were collected from 23 homosexual men, 25 intravenous drug users
(IVDUs) and 52 heterosexuals. In the male homosexual group, HHV-8 antigen was detected in 21.7% (5/23) of the
samples, while in the intravenous drug user group (IVDUs), 16% (4/25) of the samples were found to have HHV-8 antigen.
Conclusion: This research found the presence of HHV-8 antigen in 14.5% of patients in East Java, Indonesia. It is
recommended that patients with a positive result should receive further examination to detect any clinical manifestations
related to HHV-8 infection, especially in the form of Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions, so that the illness can be appropriately
managed
T CELL EPITOPES OF THE ESXA FULL GENE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM SPUTUM OF MDR-TB PATIENTS
Full text linkBackground: In 2015, World Health Organization (WHO) discovered 10.4 million tuberculosis (TB) cases around the
world. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) became a threat because it has high mortality number. There were
480,000 new MDR-TB cases in 2015. Based on those problems, diagnostic development to detect M. tuberculosis
rapidly and accurately is needed. The importance of detecting epitope expression of esxA full gene because there was a
potential of complexity over the protein structure and might affect the protein concentration. By knowing epitope
prediction, there’s an expectation that it can help the development of TB diagnostic. This research was aimed to
determine the T cell epitope prediction of esxA full gene from MDR-TB patients
Material and Methods: Total of 24 MDR-TB sputum isolate from TB patients at Dr. Soetomo Hospital were collected
from September to December 2016. Samples were confirmed as MDR-TB using GeneXpert and Bactec MGIT 960.
Those samples tested using PCR targeted 580 bp of esxA gene and sequencing. Gene sequence was aligned against wild
type using Bioedit program version 7.2.5 and NCBI BLAST. T cell epitope prediction was analyzed by GENETYX
version 10.
Results: Epitope predictions that could be obtained were IEAAAS, ASAIQG, VTSIHS, TKLAAA, VTGMFA based
IAd Pattern Position and EAAAS based Rothbard/Taylor Pattern Position. Those prediction epitopes can determine the
severity of disease, therefore full gene of esxA could be used as diagnostic target.
Conclusion: This research discovered five specific T cell epitope prediction based on IAd Pattern Position and one
epitope prediction according to Rothbard/Taylor Pattern Position
DETECTION OF NON-INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE-YEAR-OLD IN COTE D’IVOIRE (JANUARY – DECEMBER 2013)
Full text linkBackground: Influenza sentinel surveillance in Cote d’Ivoire showed that 70% of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
cases remained without etiology. This work aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and virological pattern of
ARI that tested negative for influenza virus, in children under five years old.
Materials and Methods: one thousand and fifty nine samples of patients presenting influenza Like Illness (ILI) or
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) symptoms were tested for other respiratory viruses using multiplex RTPCR
assays targeting 10 respiratory viruses.
Results: The following pathogens were detected as follows, hRV 31,92% (98/307), hRSV 24.4% (75/329), PIV 20.5%
(63/307), HCoV 229E 12,05% (37/307), hMPV 6.2% (19/307), HCoVOC43 1.0% (3/307) and EnV 1.0% (3/307).
Among the 1,059 specimens analyzed, 917 (86.6%) were ILI samples and 142 (23.4%) were SARI samples. The
proportion of children infected with at least one virus was 29.8% (273/917) in ILI cases and 23.9% (34/142) in SARI
cases. The most prevalent viruses, responsible for ILI cases were hRV with 35.89% (98/273) and hRSV in SARI cases
with 41.2% (14/34) of cases. Among the 1,059 patients, only 22 (2.1%) children presented risk factors related to the
severity of influenza virus infection.
Conclusion: This study showed that respiratory viruses play an important role in the etiology of ARI in children. For a
better understanding of the epidemiology of ARI and improved case management, it would be interesting in this
context to expand the surveillance of influenza to other respiratory viruses
IMPLICATION OF FIVE AIDS RELATED GENES IN MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION AND ACQUISITION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 IN CAMEROON
Full text linkBackground: Genetic variants in the mother and/or infant have been described with evidence to be associated with
mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but somehow with contradictory results depending on ethnic or geographic
populations. We aimed at looking at the association between the allelic frequency of some genes with vertical
transmission or acquisition of HIV in Cameroon.
Methodology: A total of 262 mothers (212 HIV-infected and 50 HIV non-infected) with their babies (270 in total, 42
HIV exposed-infected, 178 HIV exposed non-infected and 50 HIV non-exposed) were recruited in Yaounde-
Cameroon. Their genotypes for CCR5-Delta32, CCR5 promoter59029A/G, CCR2-64I, SDF1-3’A andTRIM5α-136Q
were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Results: Allelic frequencies were 14.7%, 41.9%, 9.5% and 14.7% for CCR2-64I, CCR5-59029-A/G, TRIM5α-136Q,
SDF1-3’A respectively in the mothers and 18.8%, 35.9%, 11.3% and 20.5% in the babies. No delta 32 mutation in the
CCR5 gene was found. The mutant genotype was most significantly frequent in the non-transmitter than in the
transmitter (p= 0.005) for the SDF-1 3'A. SDF1-3’A [Odd ratio = 1.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.1158 to 0.7277);
was associated to MTCT, P = 0.008.The homozygote mutants for the CCR5-59029-G were significantly higher in the
infected than in the exposed uninfected babies (p=0.04). The mutations in the other genes were neither implicated in the
acquisition nor in the transmission.
Conclusion: SDF1-3’A was associated to the reduction of MTCT. The CCR5-59029-A/G favored acquisition of HIV
by babies. Our study showed that polymorphisms in chemokine ligand may be involved in MTCT
SODIUM AESCINATE INJECTION FOR SKIN FLAP TRANSPLANTATION OF HAND OR FOOT IN CHILDREN
Full text linkBackground: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of sodium aescinate injection for treating children suffering transplanted flap in children hand or foot.
Materials and Methods: Ninety children patients with transplanted cutaneous nerve nutrition vascular flaps in hand or foot were selected and divided into “treatment” and “control” groups randomly by computer. The treatment group was prescribed intravenous sodium aescine injection and conventional therapy. The control group was only offered conventional therapy. Seven days following treatment, cumulative wound drainage, swelling of flap and adverse reactions were recorded. One month subsequent to treatment, two-point discrimination of flap was recorded. At the outset of treatment (0-d) and 1, 3, 7-days following treatment, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in venous blood were tested.
Results: At the outset of treatment, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of CRP and MDA (P>0.05). At 3 and 7 day intervals following treatment, the concentrations of CRP and MDA in treatment group were lower than those in control group (