Revista Agro Productividad
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Geographic distribution of the production of certified corn (Zea mays L.) seed
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the effects of a greater geographic dispersion of municipalities that produce and consume certified corn seed in the State of Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: A solution for the spatial equilibrium model applied to the certified seed market in the State of Mexico was reached in 2019.Results: The results indicate that a greater geographical dispersion of producing and consuming municipalities would reduce production costs by 0.8% and increase income, distribution costs, and profits by 0.1, 3.0, and 1.3%, respectively, as compared to the data observed in the studied year.Study Limitations/Implications: The positive effects observed in this study suggest that a greater geographical dispersion would benefit regions whose municipalities have a high potential to produce certified seed.Conclusions: In addition to having a moderate effect on profits, the greater geographic dispersion would benefit corn producers, who would have a greater access to certified seed. As a result, both the seed use rate in the region and the yield level per hectare would increase
Paula Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) indoor variety
Get PDFObjective: Evaluate the behavior of the poinsettia variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) called Paula and describe its characteristics based on the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.
Design/methodology/approach: The genetic improvement process was by hybridization and selection. To promote compaction and greater branching, it was grafted on a commercial variety. The cuttings of this gave rise to the variety Paula, which was described in 2020 with the Guidelines for the Execution of Examination of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. Vegetative and bract characters were recorded and analysis of variance was applied, as well as a mean comparison test using Tukey (P≤ 0.05).
Results: Paula presented medium size, wide breadth and medium branching. Stem with weak intensity of green color in the middle third. Oval-shaped leaves, long in length and broad in width, a single color of medium intensity, wedge-shaped at the base, long-length petiole with weak intensity of the green color of the beam. With many elliptical red bracts of medium length and narrow width. Compared to other INIFAP varieties, Paula presented statistical differences in vegetative and bract characters.
Limitations on study/implications: Commercial production of poinsettia is done by taking advantage of asexual propagation. The original plant must be kept in a vegetative state, through comprehensive and intensive management in order to avoid flowering and thus obtain a continuum of propagation material.
Findings/conclusions: Paula is of intermediate cycle, with qualitative and competitive characteristics in size, branching and red color of the bract. It can satisfy the taste and preference of consumers in the national and even international markets.Objective: To evaluate the behavior of the Paula poinsettia variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) and to describe its characteristics, based on the guidelines established by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).
Design/Methodology/Approach: The genetic improvement included hybridization and selection techniques. To promote compaction and greater branching, it was grafted on a commercial variety. The cuttings obtained gave rise to the Paula variety (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch), which was described in 2020, based on the Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. A completely randomized experimental design with 10 replications was used. Vegetative and bract characteristics were recorded and an analysis of variance was applied, as well as a Tukey’s mean comparison test (P≤ 0.05).
Results: The Paula variety is medium-sized and has a wide breadth and medium branching. It is pale green in the middle third of the stem. It has oval-shaped, long, and broad leaves of the same medium-intensity color, and a wedge-shaped base. It has a long petiole with a pale green upper side. This variety also has many elliptical red bracts of medium length and narrow width. Compared to other INIFAP varieties, the vegetative and bract characteristics of Paula presented statistical differences.
Study Limitations/Implications: The commercial production of poinsettia is carried out through asexual propagation. The mother plant is kept in a vegetative state, through comprehensive and intensive management, preventing its flowering and obtaining a continuum of propagation material.
Findings/Conclusions: Paula has an intermediate cycle, with quality and competitive size, branching, and color of the bract (red). It can satisfy the taste and preference of consumers in the domestic and even foreign market
Evaluation of chromosome organization and microtubule arrangement in goat (capra aegragrus) oocytes after vitrification, in vitro maturation and fertilization, and early embryo development
Get PDFObjective: Evaluate the use of Ethylene Glycol (EG), Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), Sucrose and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) as cryoprotectants and their effect on the organization of chromosomes and the arrangement of microtubules, during the vitrification process in goat oocytes matured in vitro and in the development of preimplantation embryos produced in vitro.
Design/methodology/approach: In vitro matured oocytes were divided into 3 groups (control group, cryoprotectant exposed group, vitrified group). A mixture of 15% EG, 15% DMSO, 0.4 M sucrose and 20% FBS was used for the vitrification using the Cryotop device. In vitro matured oocytes were warmed and afterwards each group was divided into two more groups. Both groups were subjected to immunofluorescence, the first group to observe the damage produced to the chromosomes and microtubules and the second group to observe the effect on the in vitro embryo development.
Results: The combined use of 15% EG, 15% DMSO, 0.4 M Sucrose and 20% FBS during vitrification did not prevent cryoinjuries in goat oocytes and in vitro produced embryos, since embryo development was disrupted before the blastocyst stage by stopping cleavage at the morula stage. This disruption was associated with chromosome decondensation and the absence of a microtubule network, thereby hindering chromosomal segregation.
Limitations on study/implications: The effect of conventional cryoprotectants on chromosomes and microtubules arrangement on vitrified goat oocytes and in vitro embryo production.
Findings/conclusions: The combined use of 15% EG, 15% DMSO, 0.4 M sucrose and 20% FBS as vitrification cryoprotectants did not prevent cryoinjuries in caprine oocytes and did not improve caprine embryo development in vitro
Evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of hydroethanolic extracts of in vitro and ex vitro seedlings of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis
Get PDFObjective: To assess the antibacterial and antifungal activity of hydroethanolic extracts of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis against model bacteria and fungi of agricultural importance.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In vitro plants of D. muscipula were propagated and acclimatized for three months. The antibacterial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus and the antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Pseudocercospora fijiensis were evaluated. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the means obtained with a Tukey test (p?0.05).
Results: The hydroethanolic extracts of D. muscipula in vitro and acclimatized showed a bacteriostatic activity against the bacteria E. coli (65.20 and 69.78% inhibition) and B. cereus (91.75 and 92.61% inhibition) and an antifungal activity against the fungus P. fijiensis of 7.56 and 14.21% of inhibition, respectively.
Study Limitations/Implications: The hydroethanolic extracts of D. muscipula in vitro and acclimatized did not show antifungal activity against A. niger and F. oxysporum.
Findings/Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extracts of D. muscipula in vitro and acclimatized showed a bacteriostatic activity against the bacteria E. coli and B. cereus and antifungal activity against the fungus P. fijiensis.Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of hydroethanolic extracts of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis against bacteria models and fungi of agricultural importance.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In vitro plants of D. muscipula were propagated and acclimatized for three months. The antibacterial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus was evaluated, and the antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Pseudocercospora fijiensis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to compare the means obtained with Tukey’s test (p≤0.05).
Results: The hydroethanolic extracts of in vitro and acclimatized D. muscipula presented bacteriostatic activity against the bacteria E. coli (65.20 and 69.78 % of inhibition) and B. cereus (91.75 and 92.61 % of inhibition), and antifungal activity against the fungus P. fijiensis of 7.56 and 14.21 % of inhibition, respectively.
Study Limitations/Implications: The hydroethanolic extracts of in vitro and acclimatized D. muscipula did not show antifungal activity against A. niger and F. oxysporum.
Findings/Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extracts of in vitro and acclimatized D. muscipula presented bacteriostatic activity against bacteria E. coli and B. cereus and antifungal activity against the fungus P. fijiensis
The value network of an organization of dairy cattle producers in the municipality of Xico, Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective:Characterize the growers and the dairy cattle value network in the municipality of Xico, Veracruz, based on interviews with key actors to analyze the concerns and issues and the identification of opportunity areas to improve cattle ranchers competitiveness.
Design/methodology/approach:Interviews to 30 cattle ranchers selected by targeted sampling and snowballing, semi-structured interviews with key actors, and revision of documentary information were performed, to identify producer profiles and the structure of the value network.
Results:Milk producers in Xico are the third generation dedicated to that activity; they are classified as small (83%) and medium (17%) cattle ranchers, with a mean age of 56.0 ± 12.1 years, and 30.0 ± 15.1 years of experience; they have 55.0 ± 33.8 heads per producer, producing 241 ± 156.8 L day-1; 57% of them have mechanical milking and cold tank storage. Their marketing channels are Nestlé and Liconsa, regional cheese factories, and direct sales to consumers within the municipality. Growers interact with the Local Xico Livestock Association (LXLA) for paperwork related to cattle management and for supplies purchase.
Limitations/implications: Successors must be prepared to maintain the active in the region.
Findings/conclusions: Producers have the experience, vocation, resources, and infrastructure to produce milk offered for sale, primarily to Nestlé and Liconsa. The LXLA is the center of the network and it has the capacity to promote dairy activity to generate benefits for the chain of actors in the value network.
Keywords:value network, key actors, union organization, productive chain, associativity.Objective: To characterize the producers and the dairy cattle value network in the municipality of Xico, Veracruz, Mexico, through interviews with key actors with the aim of analyzing the problem and identifying areas of opportunity that improve the competitiveness of ranchers.
Design/methodology/approach: Interviews were conducted with n=30 ranchers selected by targeted and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key actors. The documentary information was reviewed, resulting in the identification of the profile of the producers and the structure of the value network.
Results: Dairy producers in Xico are the third generation devoted to this activity. They are small- (83%) and medium-sized (17%) ranchers. They are 56.0 ± 12.1 years old and have 30.0 ± 15.1 years of experience. They have 55.0 ± 33.8 animals and produce 241 ± 156.8 L day-1. Fifty-seven percent have mechanical milking and cooling equipment. They sell their product to Nestlé and Liconsa, regional cheese factories, and directly to consumers within the municipality. The producers constantly interact with the Asociación Ganadera Local de Xico (AGLX) for matters related to cattle management and input purchase.
Limitations/implications: If the regional activity is to be maintained, the generational replacement must be prepared.
Findings/Conclusions: The producers have the experience, calling, resources, and infrastructure to produce and sell milk, mainly to Nestlé and Liconsa. The AGLX is the hub of the network and can promote dairy activity to generate benefits for the actors of the value chain and network
Positive impact of business efficiency sub-factors and variables on the competitiveness of the lemon agro-industry in Colima, Mexico
Get PDFThe objective of this research article is to know which are the sub-factors and efficiency variables in business that positively affect the competitiveness of lemon Agroindustries in Colima, Mexico. The present research is mixed, that is to say qualitative and quantitative, a questionnaire was used as an instrument to obtain information, with 33 questions with a scale from 1 to 6 and it was applied to nine companies, the theoretical approximation that was considered was the one used by the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), within the main results we can indicate that in total there are twenty-three variables and five sub-factors of the factor efficiency in the businesses that affect in a positive way in the competitiveness. The sub-factors and variables that affect a greater percentage of competitiveness of these are mainly given by the labor market and management sub-factors, within the limitations we can point out the economic aspects to be able to move to the municipality of Tecoman, where all the companies under study reside to interview the entrepreneurs and the time availability of these for the application of this. Finally, the main findings that are the variables that have a positive impact on competitiveness are the following The Lemon Agroindustries consider the satisfaction of the client very important, in the Lemon Agroindustries the questions of security and hygiene are approached in a suitable way, the social responsibility is high, to attract and to retain talents in the Lemon Agroindustries is a priority.Objective: To establish which business efficiency sub-factors and variables have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the lemon agro-industry in Colima.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In this mixed research, we used a questionnaire with 33 questions with a scale of 1 to 6. We applied the questionnaire in the field to nine managers and established its validity and reliability using Cronbach’s alpha (0.91). We used variable standardization and the arithmetic mean as statistical tools. With this technique, we integrated 33 variables in one index. We considered different means for each of the companies and used the software SPSS version 22.
Results: Labor market and management practices were the sub-factors with the highest number of variables that have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the lemon agro-industry in Colima.
Study Limitations/Implications: The study limitations included the lack of time and availability of the interviewees, as well as the expenses in which we incurred traveling to their companies.
Findings/Conclusions: The variables with the highest positive impact on the competitiveness of the lemon agro-industry in Colima are the following: customer satisfaction is very important; security and hygiene-related issues are adequately addressed; social responsibility is high; and attracting and retaining talents is a priority. We concluded that business owners within this agro-industry seek to create good work teams, offer training opportunities, provide good security and hygiene conditions, and have an adequate financial control.
Seed yield variables of five wild Poaceae species in La Siberia, Chapingo, México
Get PDFThe objective of the study was to evaluate the variables of seed yield in situ in Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua curtipendula, Mulhenbergia rigida and Schizachyrium scoparium in La Siberia, Chapingo, Mexico. The study was carried out on wild plants in which it is applied, total stems per plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number of branches-1, number and quantity of seed-1, stem-1 and plant- 1 to later evaluate the filling percentage and viability. Data were analyzed with GLM of SAS in Completely Random Blocks design and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). There was no grass species that exceeded 25 flower stems per plant (P<0.001). B. gracilis showed a lower number of inflorescences per plant compared to B. hirsuta (P<0.001), however, with a higher number of branches (P <0.001). Seed production per plant (mg) was higher in M. rigida (P <0.001; 12902), followed by B. curtipendula (2246) and S. scoparium (1465). In physical quality of seed B. curtipendula presented a higher percentage of filling (P<0.001; 17%) and S. scoparium greater viability (P<0.001; 78%) and weight of 1000 seeds (P<0.001; 1.52 mg). In La Siberia, B. curtipendula and S. scoparium were identified as potential grasses to collect seed and then be used for reconversion or rehabilitationThe objective of the study was to evaluate the seed yield variables in situ in Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua curtipendula, Mulhenbergia rigida and Schizachyrium scoparium in La Siberia, Chapingo, Mexico. The study was carried out on wild plants in which the following were recorded: total stems plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number and quantity of seed-1, stem-1 and plant- 1 to later evaluate the percentage of filling and viability. The data were analyzed with GLM of SAS in Completely Random Blocks design and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). There was no grass species that exceeded 25 flower stems per plant (P<0.001). B. gracilis showed a lower number of inflorescences per plant compared to B. hirsuta (P<0.001), however, with a higher number of branches (P <0.001). Seed production per plant (mg) was higher in M. rigida (P <0.001; 12902), followed by B. curtipendula (2246) and S. scoparium (1465). In physical quality of B. curtipendula seed, it presented a higher percentage of filling (P<0.001; 17%) and S. scoparium greater viability (P<0.001; 78%) and weight of 1000 seeds (P<0.001; 1.52 mg). In La Siberia, B. curtipendula and S. scoparium were identified as potential grasses to collect seed and then be used for reclamation or rehabilitation
Provision of urban amenities and public works analysis in the City of Chihuahua, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: Identify the basic geostatistical areas (AGEBS) that until 2019 are classified as priority attention areas, and carry out an analysis on the lack of equipment and assess indicators for monitoring the sustainable development of the municipality of Chihuahua in the urban environment.Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used was analytical-synthetic, bibliographic techniques and statistics to study the levels that are reflected at national and municipal level, as well as the indicators of areas with social backwardness, to contribute with proposals for the improvement of these areas. Results: In the city of Chihuahua, Chih., marginalization levels were diagnosed, so it was detected that 3% of the city's population lives in areas where equipment is scarce or null, and this favors the low development of inhabitants found in these areas of the city.Limitations on study/implications: The distances that the different types of equipment have in the city were determined, and access to the different types of equipment that are considered as the most basic, such as education and health, remain within less accessible distances.Findings/conclusions: Present the compact, connected and close city model, densifying the main sub-centers of the city and optimizing the resources required for the provision, of either services or the infrastructure necessary for the provision of urban equipment, to prevent the city from continuing to grow disproportionately.
Keywords: geostatistics, urban equipment, services, sustainable development.Objective: To identify the basic geostatistical areas (AGEBS) that until 2019 were classified as priority attention zones, in order to analyze the lack of amenities and to assess indicators for monitoring sustainable development in the urban area of the municipality of Chihuahua.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An analytical-synthetic methodology was used. Bibliographical and statistical techniques were applied to study the levels that are reflected at the national and municipal scales, as well as the indicators of socially underdeveloped areas, in order to make proposals for their improvement.
Results: Based on a diagnosis of the marginalization levels in the City of Chihuahua, Chih., 3% of the city population lives in areas with scarce or non-existent amenities, generating low development in its inhabitants.
Study Limitations/Implications: The distances between the different types of amenities in the city were determined, as well as the access to essential amenities (i.e., education and health). These amenities are located at inaccessible distances.
Findings/Conclusions: We would like to propose a compact and connected city model where amenities are nearby. This proposal includes the densification of the main sub-centers of the city, as well as the optimization of the required resources and the necessary infrastructure for the provision of services and urban equipment. The ultimate objective is to prevent the ongoing and disproportionate growth of the city
Goat milk production in Guanajuato, Mexico: Coordination mechanisms established in the agri-food chain
Get PDFObjective: To characterize the goat producers according to the industrial destinations of the milk to analyze the coordination mechanisms established in the agri-food chain.
Design/methodology/approach: A survey was applied to 122 randomly selected goat producers. Considering 2 industrial destinations, a comparison was made in social-economic, productive and commercial terms, by means of “T” tests of independent means. The data were complemented by interviews with owners of collection centers and entrepreneurs who processed the milk to analyze the coordination mechanisms,
Results: The producers had small herds, a basic level of studies and used family labor; the lack of organization for the sale limited them to participate in the coordination of the agri-food chain. The companies that processed the milk coordinated it by organizing the collection, commercial agreements, setting prices and establishing quality rules; generally with informal arrangements.
Limitations/implications: State intervention is necessary to regulate the relationships between actors of the agri-food chain.
Findings/conclusions: The informality of coordination mechanisms favors agribusiness and turns them into forms of domination that ensure their profitability.Objective: To characterize the goat producers according to the industrial destinations of the milk, in order to analyze the coordination mechanisms established in the agri-food chain.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A survey was applied to 122 randomly selected goat producers. Taking into account two industrial destinations, a socioeconomic, productive, and commercial comparison was carried out, through T-tests for independent means. In order to analyze the coordination mechanisms, the data were complemented interviewing owners of collection centers and businessmen who processed milk.
Results: The producers had small herds and a basic level of education. They used family workforce. The lack of organization in the sale limited their participation in the agri-food chain coordination.
Milk processing companies coordinate their efforts, organizing the collection, reaching trade agreements, setting prices, and establishing quality rules, usually through informal agreements.
Limitations/Implications: State intervention is necessary to regulate relations between the actors of the agri-food chain.
Findings/Conclusions: The informality of coordination mechanisms favors agribusiness and turns them into forms of domination that ensure their profitabilit
Creole corns from the Yucatan Peninsula as an alternative in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig
Get PDFObjective: The Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) is a species with a high degree of rusticity and environmental adaptation, capable of being included in genetic improvement programs and as a participant in food sovereignty. As a monogastric animal, its diet is diverse, and can include grains and forages. However, there are few records on current alternatives used in their diet that are capable of improving the yields and quality of the meat. In the Yucatan Peninsula, there are native maize, with forage potential, capable of being used in animal feed. The objective of this review was to show the potential of native corn, and its ability to be used, in feeding the Mexican hairless pig (CPM).
Design / methodology / approach: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the period from 2000 to 2020, where the potential of Creole maize was documented, to be used in animal feed, both for its grain yields and production of plant biomass.
Results: Based on the information analyzed, the use of San Pableño, Dzit bacal, and Nal Tel type breeds is recommended for their inclusion in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig due to their nutritional, mineral and antioxidant value.
Limitations on study/implications: Studies are needed, which allow to know the form and quantity of supplying them in the diet.
Findings/conclusions: The creole maize present in the Yucatan Peninsula present high rusticity and agroclimatic adaptation, with productive potential to compete with commercial varieties and hybrids, in the production of corn grain and forage, which is why they can be used in the feeding of the hairless pig. Mexican, being an animal species of great adaptation.Objective: The Mexican hairless pig (Sus scrofa) is a species with high degree of rusticity and environmental adaptation, capable of being included in genetic improvement programs and participant in food sovereignty. As a monogastric animal, its diet is diverse, which could include grains and fodders. However, there are few records about current alternatives used in its diet that are capable of improving the yields and quality of the meat. In the Yucatan Peninsula there are native corns with fodder potential, capable of being used in animal feed. The objective of this review was to show the potential of native corns, and their capacity to be used in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig.
Design/Methodology/Approximation: A systematic review of the literature from the period 2000 to 2020 was carried out, where the potential of Creole corns to be used in animal feed was documented, both because of their yields in grain and their plant biomass production.
Results: Based on the information analyzed, the use of San Pableño, Dzit bacal, and Nal Tel breeds is recommended, for their inclusion in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig due to their nutritional, mineral and antioxidant value.
Study Limitations/Implications: There are studies pending to allow understanding the form and quantity to supply them in the diet.
Findings/Conclusions: Creole corns that are present in the Yucatan Peninsula present high rusticity and agroclimatic adaptation, with productive potential to compete with the commercial varieties and hybrids, in the production of corn grain and fodder, reason why they can be used in the diet of the Mexican hairless pig, since it is an animal species of great adaptation