Revista Agro Productividad
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Identification of Pseudomonas viridiflava, causal agent of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb rot
Get PDFObjective: To phenotypically and molecularly characterize and identify the causal agent of onion (Allium cepaL.) bulb rot in Morelos, Mexico.Methodology: Fluorescent bacteria from onion bulb tissue with symptoms of rot were isolated; the LOPATtest was used to describe them and subsequently they were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene amplification.Pathogenicity in vegetables and plants was evaluated injecting a suspension with 108 CFU mL-1of the pathogen.Results: Phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA nucleotide sequencing showed 100% identity withPseudomonas viridiflava as the causal agent of onion bulb rot. The pathogen caused infection in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.), purple onion (Allium cepa L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), leek (Allium porrum L.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.), as well as in plant species such as jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).Implications: This information is important for agriculture in Mexico. Pseudomonas viridiflava is a bacterialpathogen with high potential to infect new hosts. This is the first report of P. viridiflava causing onion rot in Mexico.Conclusions: Pseudomonas viridiflava is the causal agent of onion bulb
Water quality in the central zone of the Texcoco aquifer, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: Determine the water quality in the central zone of the Texcoco aquifer for human use and consumption and agricultural use.
Methodology: Physical, chemical and biological indicators of the water from 16 wells located in urban areas of the central zone of the aquifer were determined. Sampling, determination of the parameters and definition of its quality by uses was made based on current official Mexican standards.
Results: According to the physical indicators and the concentrations of CO32-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+, Fe, Cu and Zn, the water was suitable for human consumption and agricultural use in the 16 wells studied. Based on the Cadmium concentration (Cd), the water was unsuitable for human consumption and agricultural use, in 12 and 6 wells, respectively. According to the found concentration of Lead (Pb), the water was suitable for agricultural use in the 16 wells studied, but in all of them it was not suitable for human consumption. Water did not meet the microbiological quality required for human consumption in eight of the wells analyzed, but was suitable for agricultural use in all the study wells.
Implications: This study complements the research carried out in other areas of the aquifer. The causes of water contamination are unknown and it would be convenient to investigate the vulnerability of the aquifer and possible sources of contamination.
Conclusions: The aquifer water in the central zone has limitations for human use and consumption and agricultural use due to the high concentrations of Cd, Pb and poor microbiological quality.Objective: To determine water quality in the central zone of the Texcoco aquifer, Mexico, for human use and consumption and agricultural use.
Methodology: The physical, chemical, and biological indicators of the water from 16 wells in urban areas of the central zone of the aquifer were determined. The sampling was carried out, based on the parameters and definition of water quality per use established in the current official Mexican standards.
Results: According to the physical indicators and concentrations of CO32-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+, Fe, Cu, and Zn, the water in the sample was suitable for human use and consumption and agricultural use. Based on the cadmium (Cd) concentration, the water was unsuitable for human use and consumption and agricultural use, in 12 and 6 wells, respectively. According to the lead (Pb) concentration, water was suitable for agricultural use in the 16 wells studied; however, it was unsuitable for human use and consumption in any of the wells. In eight wells analyzed, the presence of fecal coliforms was lower than the permissible limit for agricultural use.
Implications: This study complements researches done in other areas of the aquifer. The causes of water pollution are unknown and researches about the vulnerability of the aquifer and the possible polluting sources should be carried out.
Conclusions: The water from the aquifer in the central zone has limitations for human use and consumption and agricultural use, as a consequence of the high Cd and Pb concentrations and its microbiological quality
Prevalence and risk factors associated to the incorrect application of the anabolic implant in intensive cattle feedlots in Sinaloa, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the incorrect application of the anabolic implant in feedlot cattle.
Design/methodology/approach: An observational study was carried out in which 888 ears of cattle from 5 feedlot cattle were evaluated. The criteria for the condition of the anabolic implant were correct and incorrect (encapsulated, abscessed, in cartilage, misplaced, crowded, partial and absent). The results were evaluated using the Chi-square test and logistic regression, the alpha level established was 0.05.
Results: A 64.30% prevalence of incorrectly applied anabolic implants was observed. At least 50% of the feedlots presented failures in the application of the implant. The encapsulated condition and the misplaced condition represented 91.6% (51.4 and 40.2%, respectively) of the total of the incorrect conditions. The risk that a bovine presents an incorrect condition increases 1.8 times more when it is a feedlot´s size was greater than 4000 bovines (P<0.001) and 4.2 times more when they are female (P<0.001), the season was not a risk factor (P>0.17).
Study limitations/implications: The incorrect application of anabolic implants leads to failures that complicate their absorption and integration into the body, therefore, it is suggested to carry out more studies to determine the economic impact that this can cause.
Findings/conclusions: It is concluded that the prevalence of implant failure is high, and therefore, the productive and economic benefits that the application of this productive technology favors are not being obtained, and there are also determining risk factors.Objective: To determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated to the incorrect application of the anabolic implant in intensive cattle feedlots.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An observational study was conducted in which 888 cattle ears were evaluated from five livestock feedlots. The criteria of the condition of the anabolic implant were: correct and incorrect (encapsulated, abscessed, in cartilage, badly placed, heaped, partial and absent). The results were evaluated through the chi-squared test and logistic regression, the alpha level established was 0.05.
Results: A prevalence of 64.30% incorrectly applied anabolic implants was observed. At least 50% of the cattle from the feedlots evaluated presented faults in the application of the implant. Encapsulated and badly placed implants represented 91.6% (51.4 and 40.2%, respectively) of the total incorrect conditions. The risk of a bovine presenting an incorrect condition increased 1.8 times more when the feedlot has more than 4000 cattle (P<0.001) and 4.2 times more when they are females (P<0.001); the season of the year was not a risk factor (P>0.17).
Study Limitation/Implications: The incorrect application of anabolic implants derives in faults that complicate their absorption and integration into the organism, which is why more studies are suggested to determine the economic impact that this can cause.
Findings/Conclusions: The prevalence of the fault in anabolic implants is high, and, therefore, the productive and economic benefits that favor the application of this productive technology are not being obtained, in addition to there being determinant risk factors
First report about ants associated with Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle) in the Apatzingán Valley, Michoacán, México
Get PDFOObjective: To carry out taxonomic studies that determine which formicine species are associated with thecultivation of Mexican lime.Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted in eight municipalities and 59 localities of theApatzingán Valley region, Michoacán, México, where Mexican lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle) is produced.A randomized complete blocks design was used in the experiment, where each municipality represented ablock. The repetitions were the number of collections, while the experimental unit was a lime sprout infestedwith Diaphorina citri and ants. The collections were direct and were made with an entomological aspirator. The values obtained were analyzed with the SAS University Edition software (2018).Results: The studied ants belong to the Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Pseudomyrmecinae, andPonerinae subfamilies, which represent 15 genera and the same number of species. The subfamilies with thegreatest presence in the eight municipalities were: Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae, and Formicinae. The specieswith the highest impact were Paratrechina longicornis, Forelius mccooki, and Atta mexicana, while Cardiocondyla minutior and Odontomachus sp. had a lower impact.Study limitations/implications: Social insecurity in the eight municipalities and the new form of coexistence.Findings/Conclusions: The studied species prefer dry, warm, and disturbed sites
Regionalization of the artisan fisheries in Baja California Sur, Mexico using the social criteria of the fishing cooperatives
Get PDFObjective: Generate two regionalization proposals for the coastal areas of Mexico using social and economic variables of fishing.
Design/methodology/approach: Socioeconomic data from fisheries in Mexico are analyzed, generating two regionalization works with different variables. The first study makes use of the data from the Statistical Yearbook of Aquaculture and Fisheries proper from the production value section. The second work uses data collected in the field of the situation of artisanal fishing cooperativism in BCS. Subsequently, in both works, a visual georeferencing methodology linked to a database was applied, which was recategorized into nominal and ordinal statistical values, as appropriate, using a Geographical Information System (GIS) ArcView 3.2. Lastly, apply a geostatistical analysis derived from the Kriging tool.
Results: Two regionalizations of artisanal fishing in Mexico are presented, visualized on maps made up of vector data. The first regionalization map is based on the economic criterion of production value by federative entity at national level classified in four zones with different fishing priority. The second regionalization is of a social and organizational nature, showing a classification of artisanal fishing cooperativism present in the fishing towns of northern Baja California Sur (BCS)
Limitations/implications: The lack of socioeconomic data of the fisheries in Mexico has been an important limitation to generate a deeper regionalization of the Mexican coasts. It is necessary to lay the foundations to create analyzes with a systemic approach that combine the multiplicity of quantitative and qualitative variables that are limited to the context of fishing.
Finding/conclusions: Analyzing the social and organizational factors of artisanal fishing is necessary for understanding the marine socio-ecosystems of our country. These criteria together with the use of computer tools allowed the regional geolocation of areas that share similar characteristics. Both regionalizations presented here share the same methodology with a different use of variables, so the efficiency of using Kriging as a multi-specific analysis tool can be verified.Objective: To generate a proposal for regional categorization (regionalization) of fishing villages in Baja California Sur, Mexico, following social and economic fishing criteria.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Socioeconomic data on fishing in Mexico are analyzed. This regionalization uses data collected in the field on the conditions of artisanal fishing cooperatives in Baja California Sur, Mexico (BCS). Subsequently a geo-referential methodology linked to a database was applied. Database was re-categorized by nominal or ordinal statistical values, as it was the case for each. ArcView 3.2 Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to obtain the geo-referenced classification. Then, a geostatistical analysis derived from the Kriging tool was applied.
Results: We obtained a regional classification of fishing in Mexico, displayed in maps with vector data. The regionalization is of a social nature, it shows a classification of cooperation level at artisanal fishing cooperatives in the fishing towns of northern Baja California Sur (BCS).
Limitations/Implications: The lack of socioeconomic data on fisheries in Mexico has been an important limitation to generate a more accurate regionalization of the Mexican coasts.
Findings/Conclusions: Analyzing the social and organizational factors of fishing is necessary for the understanding of marine socio-ecosystems in Mexico. These criteria joined to the use of computer tools allowed the regional geo-located categorization of areas with similar characteristics. Whit the use of this methodology the efficiency of the use of Kriging as a multi-specific analysis tool can be verifie
Effect of sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) in ruminal fermentation in vitro and emission of gases
No full textObjective: The production of total gas, methane (CH4) and in vitro fermentative variables in diets for sheep with 1 and 2 % sunflower oil were evaluated. Design/Methodology/Approach: Serological vials with 0.5 g of treatment and 50 ml of culture medium were incubated at 39 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h. The production of total gas, CH4, and degradation of dry matter (DEGDM), neutral detergent fiber (DEGNDF), acid (DEGADF), production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) were estimated. . The experimental design was completely randomized. Results: Total gas production at 48 and 72 h increased (p < 0.05) and at 24 h decreased (p < 0.05) as the oil increased. CH4 production at 24 and 48 h did not present differences (p > 0.05); a linear decrease (p < 0.05) was quantified at 72 h. DEGDM increased (p < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h and decreased (p < 0.05) at 72 h. DEGNDF and DEGADF increased (p < 0.05) at 48 h. Butyric acid content and N-NH3 decreased (p < 0.05) at 48 h. Study Limitation/Implications: An inclusion greater than 2 % of sunflower oil in the diet can reduce the degradability of the food and the microbial protein. Findings/Conclusions: The inclusion of up to 2% of sunflower oil in diets for lambs does not affect the degradation of fibers and is an alternative to reduce the methane emitted into the environment
Use of pulp and husk of coffee in animal feed
Get PDFCoffee husk and coffee pulp are rendered as by-products after coffee beans are obtained. They might pollute water and other resources; however, they might also be used for animal feeding, reducing the cost of animal diets. Coffee by-products have been widely used for animal feeding in different animal species worldwide, mainly in countries with the highest coffee production. Therefore, it is crucial to know the results obtained when these by-products are fed to animals under different conditions. The results obtained when husk and coffee pulp are included in animal diets vary depending on the species fed with these coffee by-products and the amount offered.Objective: To review the literature related to the use of husk and pulp of coffee in the feeding of ruminant andnon-ruminant animals.Approximation: The husk and pulp of coffee are by-products that remain after cleaning the bean. These area potential source of pollution; however, they can also be used for animal feed, reducing costs for the producer.Study limitations/implications: Coffee by-products have been used in animal feed globally, especially inthose countries that are the highest producers of this bean. Therefore, it is important to know the resultsobtained there when those by-products are supplied as fed to animals in different conditions.Conclusions: The results obtained vary when these coffee by-products are included in animal diets, dependingon the species and the amount offered
Reallocation of water in agriculture under drought conditions as economic efficiency maximizer
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the water market scheme for water rights transfer, which could enable the increase of the economic efficiency of water use in the Irrigation District 011 - Alto Río Lerma.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using linear programming, a first model was developed to determine shadow prices in three water scarcity scenarios (15, 30, and 50% water resources reduction) and to compare them with the irrigation fees currently paid in Irrigation District 011. The second model established a water market scheme, using the same water scarcity scenarios (15, 30, and 50%). This model was developed to compare the net profit of the producers within and outside the water right transfer market.
Results: The average shadow price of water is MN 0.15 m-3). The water transfer percentages are 25.8, 29.1, and 36.1%, obtaining 7.6, 7.4 and 11.7% net profit, respectively, for each water scarcity scenario (15, 30, and 50%).
Study Limitations/Implications: The research was carried out based on the data from two out of the 11 irrigation modules included in Irrigation District 011. These modules are the most representative, both in extension and crop variety.
Findings/Conclusions: The existence of a water market confirms the advantages of an increase in the net profit of the producers under drought conditions, included within the area of Irrigation District 011
Evaluation of herbal choline in productive performance and blood metabolites of ewes
Get PDFObjective: Evaluate the effect of different levels of protected herbal choline (CHP) on productive performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in female lambs. Design/methodology/approach: Fifty-two Hampshire x Suffolk (29.95 ± 3.90 kg initial live weight) were assigned to one of four treatments: 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 % choline kg-1 dry matter. The experimental design was completely randomized, and linear or quadratic tendencies were detected.
Results: There were not treatment effects on productive variables, back fat and Longissimus dorsi muscle area with the addition of protected herbal choline in the diet (p>0.05). CHP linearly increased the concentration of cholesterol, glucose, albumins, globulins, total proteins (p<0.05) and phosphatidylcholine (p<0.10). The concentration of triglycerides had a quadratic response (p<0.05) to the addition of CHP.
Study limitations/implications: The level of choline supplementation in sheep depends on whether the source is herbal or synthetic.
Findings/conclusions: The addition CHP in female lamb diets increased the serum phosphatidylcholine concentration, changed the concentration of protein and lipid metabolites; however, productive performance was not improved.
Key words: sheep, energetic metabolites, lambs, herbal choline.Objective: To evaluate the effect of different levels of protected herbal choline (CHP) on productive performance, carcass characteristics, and serum metabolites in ewes.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Fifty-two Hampshire × Suffolk ewes (29.95 ± 3.90 kg of initial live weight, PV) were randomly assigned to one within four treatments: 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% choline kg-1 dry matter (MS). The experimental design was complete randomized, in order to detect linear or quadratic trends.
Results: No treatment effects were detected in the production variables, GD and AML with the addition of protected herbal choline in the diet (p>0.05). CHP linearly increased the concentration of cholesterol, glucose, albumins, globulins, total proteins (p≤0.05) and phosphatidylcholine (p≤0.10). The triglyceride concentration had a quadratic response (p≤0.05) to the addition of CHP.
Study limitations/Implications: The level of choline supplementation in sheep depends on whether the source is herbal or synthetic.
Findings/Conclusions: The addition of CHP in ewe diets raised the concentration of phosphatidylcholine, modified the concentration of protein and lipid metabolites. However, no improvements in production were found
Incorporation and management of improved avocado in the groves of Tétela del Volcán, Morelos. Case study Grupo FRUFIDET
No full textThe objective of this study was to analyze the process of incorporating improved varieties of avocado and its effect on the diversity, management and use in 54 orchards belonging to 25 members of the Rural Production Society of C.V. FRUFIDET Group in Tétela del Volcán, Morelos. A survey was applied to all members of society considering the characteristics of the orchards and the process of incorporating improved varieties of avocado to their orchards. The diversity associated with avocado cultivation was obtained through participant observation and a survey. A typology of orchards was carried out with an analysis of principal components. The results show that the improved avocado has replaced the peach crop by 67%, plum 12%, corn and beans 12%, pomegranate 6% and fig 3%. Three types of orchards were found: those that have replaced the previous crop with improved varieties of avocado (17%), those that have introduced avocado as one more species to their orchard in combination with other fruit trees (53%) and those that they maintain with fruit trees and Mexican varieties of avocado (30%). It is concluded that the improved varieties of avocado have been incorporated by 100% of the members of the organization. Its incorporation has caused the displacement of Mexican varieties of avocado and other fruit treesObjective: To analyze the process of incorporating improved varieties of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and its effect on the diversity, management and use in 54 orchards belonging to 25 members of the Rural Production Society of C.V. Grupo FRUFIDET in Tétela del Volcán, Morelos, Mexico.Methodology: A survey was applied to all members of society considering the characteristics of the orchards and the process of incorporating improved varieties of avocado to their orchards. The diversity associated with avocado cultivation was obtained through participant observation and a survey. A typology of orchards was carried out with a principal components analysis.Results: The improved avocado has replaced the peach crop by 67%, plum 12%, corn and bean 12%, pomegranate 6%, and fig 3%. Three types of orchards were found: those that have replaced the previous crop with improved varieties of avocado (17%), those that have introduced avocado as one more species to their orchard in combination with other fruit trees (53%), and those which are maintained with fruit trees and Mexican varieties of avocado (30%).Conclusions: The improved avocado varieties have been incorporated by 100% of the members of the organization. Their incorporation has caused the displacement of Mexican varieties of avocado and other fruit trees