Revista Agro Productividad
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Sensitivity to fungicides of Botrytis cinérea (Pers.) isolated from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
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Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea isolated from raspberry to nine fungicides alone and in combination with potassium silicate.
Design/methodology/approach: The sensitivity of four isolates was evaluated to nine fungicides alone and combined with potassium silicate, obtained from four raspberry plantations in October 2022, which were identified as B.cinerea based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characteristics, in a previous study. In PDA culture medium modified with fungicides plus potassium silicate, B. cinerea was planted, mycelial growth and mycelial growth inhibition percentage (PICM) were evaluated. A completely randomized design with six repetitions and two controls was used, an ANOVA and a Tukey mean comparison test were performed.
Results: B. cinerea isolated from CITAP showed lower growth with fluazi-nam (PICM = 100 ), while azoxystrobin presented a PICM equal to 0 , B. cinerea isolated from Paso del Cristo and Sierra Negra 2 had lower growth with fluazinam (PICM = 100), while boscalid and azoxystrobin showed a PICM equal to 0, in Sierra Negra 1 iprodione controlled B. cinerea better with a PICM equal to 100, while azoxystrobin showed a PICM equal to 0, all the isolates were sensitive when fungicides were combined with potassium silicate.
Findings/conclusions: All the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides fluazinam, fenhexamid, thiophanate methyl, captan, pyrimethanil, fludioxonil and iprodione. The isolates from Sierra Negra 1 and CITAP were sensitive to boscalid, while Sierra Negra 2 and Paso del Cristo were insensitive, 100 % of the isolates were insensitive to azoxystrobin which suggests that they could be resistant, potassium silicate potentiates the effect of fungicides.
Keywords: potassium silicate, isolates, mycelial growth, PICMObjective: To evaluate the sensitivity of B. cinerea isolated from raspberry to nine fungicides alone and in combination with potassium silicate.
Design/methodology/approach: The study evaluates the sensitivity of four isolates obtained from four raspberry plantations in October 2022, which were identified in a previous study as B.cinerea based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characteristics, to nine fungicides alone and combined with potassium silicate. B. cinerea was planted in PDA culture medium modified with fungicides plus potassium silicate, and mycelial growth and mycelial growth inhibition percentage (PICM) were evaluated. A completely randomized design with six repetitions and two controls was used, an ANOVA and Tukey’s mean comparison test were performed.
Results: B. cinerea isolated from CITAP showed lower growth with fluazinam (PICM = 100 ), while with azoxystrobin it presented a PICM equal to 0. B. cinerea isolated from Paso del Cristo and Sierra Negra 2 had lower growth with fluazinam (PICM = 100), while with boscalid and azoxystrobin it showed a PICM equal to 0. In Sierra Negra 1, iprodione controlled B. cinerea better with a PICM equal to 100, while azoxystrobin showed a PICM equal to 0. All the isolates were sensitive when fungicides were combined with potassium silicate.
Findings/conclusions: All the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides fluazinam, fenhexamid, thiophanate methyl, captan, pyrimethanil, fludioxonil and iprodione. The isolates from Sierra Negra 1 and CITAP were sensitive to boscalid, while those from Sierra Negra 2 and Paso del Cristo were insensitive; 100 % of the isolates were insensitive to azoxystrobin, which suggests that they could be resistant; finally, potassium silicate potentiates the effect of fungicides
Response of improved common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties to intermittent drought
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate 16 improved bean varieties for their response to intermittent drought.
Design/methodology/approach: A randomized design of complete blocks was used with four replicates under irrigation and four under drought condition. The drought treatment consisted of suspending irrigation for 15 days during the flowering stage, and the irrigation one consisted of maintaining available soil water above 60 % throughout the cycle. Yield and its components and days to physiological maturity were recorded, and the drought tolerance of each variety was estimated by using the drought susceptibility index, geometric mean and productive mean.
Results: Drought reduced yield 36 %, number of pods per plant 28.5 %, days to physiological maturity 0.7 %, weight of 100 seeds increased 4.9 %, and seeds per pod was not affected. Flor de Mayo Eugenia and Negro 8025 showed greater tolerance to drought (p ≤ 0.05) than the rest of the varieties, with yields in irrigation of 2768 and 2854 kg ha-1 and in drought of 1905 and 1843 kg ha-1, respectively.
Limitations on study/implications: Limitations on study/implications: The drought intensity applied was relatively low, which could have made the differences between treatments less visible.
Findings/conclusions: Pods per plant was the most sensitive secondary attribute to intermittent drought, and the most drought tolerant varieties were Flor de Mayo Eugenia and Negro 8025.Objective: To evaluate the response of 16 improved bean varieties to intermittent drought. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications each under irrigated and drought conditions. The drought treatment consisted of suspending irrigation for 15 days in the flowering stage. The irrigation treatment consisted of maintaining available moisture above 60% throughout the cycle. The yield, its components, and days to physiological maturity were recorded. The drought tolerance of each variety was estimated using the drought susceptibility index, geometric mean, and productive mean.
Results: Drought reduced yield by 36%, the number of pods per plant by 28.5%, and days to physiological maturity by 0.7%. In contrast, the weight of 100 seeds increased by 4.9% and the number of seeds per pod was not affected. The Flor de Mayo Eugenia and Negro 8025 varieties were more tolerant to drought (p ≤ 0.05) than the rest of the varieties analyzed. These varieties recorded yields of 2,768 and 2,854 kg ha-1 (irrigation) and 1,905 and 1,843 kg ha-1 (drought), respectively.
Study Limitations/Implications: The drought intensity applied was relatively low, which could reduce the visibility of the differences between treatments.
Findings/conclusions: The secondary attribute with more sensitivity to intermittent drought was the number of pods per plant. The varieties with highest tolerance to droughts were Flor de Mayo Eugenia and Negro 8025
Determination of the main agricultural crops for the Metropolitan Puebla-Tlaxcala area using the Papadakis Methodology
Get PDFObjective:
The objective of this study is the application of methods to identify areas with potential for agricultural
Design/methodology/approach:
The process was through calculations using monthly data, applying the Papadakis Methodology that was obtained in April 2022 from the database of the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA);
Results:
Potential areas were identified within the study area, through the Papadakis classification that contemplated five categories for crops such as: Optimal, very adequate, adequate, acceptable and unacceptable areas.
Limitations on study/implications:
It is desirable that the technological tools applied to agriculture can be easily exploited to achieve better results, proposing potential areas for peri-urban urban areas.
Findings/conclusions:
One of the major concerns for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is the loss of soils suitable for agricultural production. Peri-urban urban agriculture (UPA) takes relevance in the production of available food as an irreplaceable tool in the context of food and sustainability in urban areas.
According to the present, this type of UPA is seeking to be recognized by political agendas and that the production obtained by this type of agricultural system can have a market where it can be offered. In addition to being considered as an alternative for the food security of the most unprotected localities in urban areas.agricultural crops in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Metropolitan Area (ZMPT). Design/methodology/approach: From April to June 2022, the classification process for identifying the main crops in the ZMPT was conducted. This process utilized monthly climatic data from the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA), analyzed through the Papadakis methodology (1970). Subsequently, the results were mapped using the Weighted Overlay (WO) tool in ArcGIS v.10.2. Results: The Papadakis methodology identified 10 seasonal crop types, particularly for summer and winter. The WO tool categorized potential areas into five classes: optimal, highly suitable, acceptable, and unacceptable for the establishment of several crops. Limitations on study/implications: This study has limitations due to incomplete and scarce databases and the complexity and cost associated with the software used. However, the implications for agriculture include the potential to enhance and diversify agricultural production by identifying optimal areas for establishment, especially in urban-peri-urban agricultural areas (UPAs). Findings/conclusions: This study successfully identified the main crops cultivated in the ZMPT and highlighted potential areas for their establishment. The generated cartographic information enables the strategic distribution of productive agricultural systems, particularly in UPAs, to adapt to regional climate fluctuations in the short, medium, and long term. Besides, an adequate distribution in the implementation of productive agricultural systems, particularly in UPAs, depending on fluctuations in the climatic conditions of the region
Interspecific grafting of Pinus patula
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the compatibility of Pinus patula grafts on rootstocks of seven pine species.
Design/Methodology/Approach: P. patula scions were grafted on P. greggii, P. teocote, P. pseudostrobus, P. cembroides, P. ayacahuite, P. hartwegii and P. patula rootstocks. We evaluated graft growth and survival. The seven treatments were established in a randomized complete four block design; survival and growth were recorded during the experiment.
Results: At month eight, the highest survival was on P. patula and P. teocote rootstocks, both with 35%; while in P. cembroides no graft survived. .
Study Limitations/Implications: Rootstocks of P. cembroides, P. hartwegii and P. ayacahuite were not compatible for grafting with P. patula. This reduces the number of potential species for cloning P. patula genotypes.Finding/Conclusions: Survival and graft growth were favored on rootstocks phylogenetically closer to P. patula.Objective: To evaluate the compatibility of Pinus patula grafts on rootstocks of seven pine species. Design/Methodology/Approach: P. patula scions were grafted on P. greggii, P. teocote, P. pseudostrobus, P. cembroides, P. ayacahuite, P. hartwegii, and P. patula rootstocks. The seven treatments were established in a randomized complete four block design; survival and growth were evaluated and recorded during the experiment.
Results: At eight months, P. patula and P. teocote rootstocks recorded the highest survival rate (35%), while no P. cembroides graft survived. .
Study Limitations/Implications: The rootstocks of P. cembroides, P. hartwegii, and P. ayacahuite were not compatible with P. patula grafting. This situation reduces the number of potential species that can be used to clone P. patula genotypes.Finding/Conclusions: The survival and graft growth were more successful on rootstocks of species phylogenetically closer to P. patula
Variation of the nutritional content of different genotypes of Lotus corniculatus L. under optimum and sub-optimal soil moisture conditions throughout the seasons of the year
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the leaf nutrient content in the different seasons of the year of four accessions and one variety of clover Lotus corniculatus L. in optimal and suboptimal soil moisture contents under shade mesh in northern Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: During 2021-2022, a randomized block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The large plots were the soil moisture contents, optimal (26 %±1.5) and suboptimal (22 %±1.5); the small plots were the clover accessions identified with the origin code: 255301, 255305, 202700, 226792 and the variety Estanzuela Ganador.
Results: Accession 202700 was K-deficient throughout the year at optimum soil moisture content; meanwhile, accession 255301 was deficient in Mg and Mn, but only in summer, regardless of the moisture content in the soil. The N, P, Fe and Mn, were the nutrients that showed deficient contents, the two first throughout the year and the last two only in the winter and spring seasons.
Limitations on study/implications: These results could require a field validation since the experiment was carried out in semi control conditions under shade mesh.
Findings/conclusions: The nutritional status behavior depending on the type of nutrient, growth stage of the plant, seasonal time of the year and soil moisture content, which is important to design of an adequate nutrition program for L. corniculatus L. throughout the year that improves the forage productivity of this crop.O
Objective: To evaluate the leaf nutrient content of four accessions and one variety of Lotus corniculatus L. trefoil throughout the seasons of the year and under optimum and sub-optimal soil moisture content, established under a shade mesh in northern Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: During the 2021-2022 period, an experimental randomized block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates was established. The large plots had an optimum (26±1.5%) and sub-optimal (22±1.5%) soil moisture content. The small plots consisted of the trefoil accessions: 255301, 255305, 202700, 226792 origin code, and the Estanzuela Ganador variety.
Results: At optimum soil moisture content, the 202700 accessions recorded a K deficiency throughout the year. Meanwhile, regardless of the soil moisture content, the 255301 accessions recorded a Mg and a Mn deficiency only in summer. N, P, Fe, and Mn recorded deficient contents: N and P throughout the year and Fe and Mn only in winter and spring.
Study Limitations/Implications: These results could require a field validation, since the experiment was carried out in semi-controlled conditions, under shade mesh.
Findings/Conclusions: Developing an adequate annual nutrition program for L. corniculatus L. that improves its forage productivity requires several key factors, including the behavior of the nutritional status (dependent on the type of nutrient), the growth stage of the plant, the season of the year, and the soil moisture content
Food losses from farm to retail operations: agricultural produces supply chain of Baja Peninsula, México
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate food losses (FL) volumes generated by farms in Baja California Peninsula, México, of five agricultural commodities. Design/methodology/approach: Baja California Sur (BCS) state was the study area. Information was gathered from a total of 380 sampled chain actors in asparagus, mango, strawberry, orange and tomato by survey and personal interviews. Tobit technique was applied to identify factors that influence FL percentage. Results: Data shows about 11.8% of asparagus is lost during harvesting and distribution, as well as 8.5% of strawberry, 26% of mango, 17.8% of oranges and 3.5% of tomatoes, representing 29.9% loss rate of marketed yield. Limitations on study/implications: This study did not classify commodities in the last steps of the supply chain. The five commodities used in the current study correspond to the more important agricultural produces in BCS, but given changing market, harvesting time and produce availability did not consider the waste of the supply chain. Findings/conclusions: Commodity, type of transportation and distribution, education, and human resources has been identified as influence factors in the volume of FL. This exploratory study fills the void in information in terms of its geographic scope and food group number, and farm owners willing to manage food losses for the purpose of obtaining bioactive compound. Keywords: Food loss, agrifood, desert agriculture, food security, retailObjective: To evaluate food losses (FL) volumes generated by farms in Baja California Peninsula, México, of five agricultural commodities. Design/methodology/approach: Baja California Sur (BCS) state was the study area. Information was gathered from a total of 380 sampled chain actors in asparagus, mango, strawberry, orange and tomato by survey and personal interviews. Tobit technique was applied to identify factors that influence FL percentage. Results: Data shows about 11.8% of asparagus is lost during harvesting and distribution, as well as 8.5% of strawberry, 26% of mango, 17.8% of oranges and 3.5% of tomatoes, representing 29.9% loss rate of marketed yield. Limitations on study/implications: This study did not classify commodities in the last steps of the supply chain. The five commodities used in the current study correspond to the more important agricultural produces in BCS, but given changing market, harvesting time and produce availability did not consider the waste of the supply chain. Findings/conclusions: Commodity, type of transportation and distribution, education, and human resources has been identified as influence factors in the volume of FL. This exploratory study fills the void in information in terms of its geographic scope and food group number, and farm owners willing to manage food losses for the purpose of obtaining bioactive compound
Effect of harvest date on botanical, morphological, and nutritional composition of mixed crops of small-grain cereals for silage
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the effect of harvest date on the botanical, morphological and nutritional composition of silage from small grain cereal mixtures.
Design/methodology/approach: Laboratory silages of three crops of small grain cereal mixtures (BR, barley + rye; BT, barley + triticale and RT, rye + triticale) were made on two harvest dates (HD1, 60 days and HD2, 80 days post-sowing). Statistical analysis was performed under a 3x2 factorial model and the variables were botanical, morphological and nutritional composition.
Results: The proportion of cereal decreased from HD1 to HD2 (p<0.05). Spikes and stems in barley and triticale increased in HD2. Rye had a high proportion of stems on both dates. Crude protein (CP) decreased and neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber increased in HD2 (p<0.05). The variables pH, dry matter content, digestibility and metabolizable energy were affected by the interaction between harvest date and mixture (p<0.05). RT quality had less variation between HD1 and HD2 and BT had more CP, less fiber and presented higher digestibility and energy content (p<0.05).
Limitations on study/implications: Knowing the characteristics of a cereal mixture depending on the harvest date can help in making decisions for the production of quality silage.
Findings/conclusions: Harvest date has an effect on the proportion of components in small grain cereal mixtures for silage, on their morphological and nutritional composition; effect that depend to the cereal species in the mix.Objective: To evaluate the effect of harvest date on the botanical, morphological and nutritional composition of silage from small grain cereal mixtures.
Design/methodology/approach: Laboratory silages of three crops of small grain cereal mixtures (BR, barley + rye; BT, barley + triticale and RT, rye + triticale) were made on two harvest dates (HD1, 60 days and HD2, 80 days post-sowing). Statistical analysis was performed under a 3x2 factorial model, and the variables were botanical, morphological and nutritional composition.
Results: The proportion of cereal decreased from HD1 to HD2 (p<0.05). Spikes and stems in barley and triticale increased in HD2. Rye had a high proportion of stems on both dates. Crude protein (CP) decreased and neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber increased in HD2 (p<0.05). The variables pH, dry matter content, digestibility and metabolizable energy were affected by the interaction between harvest date and mixture (p<0.05). RT quality had less variation between HD1 and HD2 and BT had more CP, less fiber and presented higher digestibility and energy content (p<0.05).
Limitations on study/implications: Knowing the characteristics of a cereal mixture depending on the harvest date can help in making decisions to produce quality silage.
Findings/conclusions: Harvest date influences the proportion of components in small grain cereal mixtures for silage, on their morphological and nutritional composition; effect that depend to the cereal species in the mix
Determination of bioactive compounds and physicochemical param-eters of honey produced in the state of Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFVeracruz occupies one of the first places as a producer of honey. However, there are few studies that address the typing of bioactive compounds and the physicochemical characteristics present in Veracruz honey.
Objective: Determine the physicochemical and antioxidant parameters, and total phenols (TP) of Veracruz honey.
Design/methodology/approach: Honey samples were collected at 17 sites in the state of Veracruz, and physicochemical, TP and antioxidant parameters were analyzed.
Results: The determined physicochemical parameters presented values within the ranges set by NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018 and the Codex Alimentarius. The color distribution showed the following values: dark (47.6%), amber (19.04%), white (19.04%), and the colors aqua white, light amber and extra light showed values of 4.77% each. Dark honeys presented ~370 μg GAE/mL, compared to the contents shown by light-colored honeys of ~200 μg GAE/mL. Sayula de Aleman honey had the highest antioxidant content with 143 mg TE/g honey. On the other hand, honey from San Pedro Soteapan showed the lowest contents (53 mg TE/g honey).
Limitations on study/implications: The selection of Veracruz honey apiaries and lack of flora information.
Findings/conclusions: The honeys presented physicochemical parameters within ranges of national standards. These Veracruz honeys exhibited a range of colors from dark to extra light. A positive correlation was shown between color and TP content. The antioxidant content was dependent on the botanical origin and color of these honeys.Veracruz occupies one of the first places as a producer of honey. However, there are few studies that address the typing of bioactive compounds, and the physicochemical characteristics present in Veracruz honey.
Objective: Determine the physicochemical and antioxidant parameters, and total phenols (TP) of Veracruz honey.
Design/methodology/approach: Honey samples were collected at 17 sites in the state of Veracruz, and physicochemical, TP and antioxidant parameters were analyzed.
Results: The determined physicochemical parameters presented values within the ranges set by NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018 and the Codex Alimentarius. The color distribution showed the following values: dark (47.6%), amber (19.04%), white (19.04%), and the colors aqua white, light amber and extra light showed values of 4.77% each. Dark honeys presented ~370 μg GAE/mL, compared to the contents shown by light-colored honeys of ~200 μg GAE/mL. Sayula de Aleman honey had the highest antioxidant content with 143 mg TE/g honey. On the other hand, honey from San Pedro Soteapan showed the lowest contents (53 mg TE/g honey).
Limitations on study/implications: The selection of Veracruz honey apiaries and lack of flora information.
Findings/conclusions: The honeys presented physicochemical parameters within ranges of national standards. These Veracruz honeys exhibited a range of colors from dark to extra light. A positive correlation was shown between color and TP content. The antioxidant content was dependent on the botanical origin and color of these honeys.
Diagnosis and distribution of Citrus tristeza virus in northern Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFIn the last three years, citrus trees have died at an alarming rate and producers in northern Veracruz relate this to the previous yellowing of the plants. The objective of the research was to know the relationship of CTV with the yellowing and death of citrus trees; the presence of the virus was diagnosed in seven citrus-producing municipalities in the north of Veracruz. 804 samples of citrus trees were collected in 90 locations in the municipalities of Álamo, Castillo de Teayo, Cazones, Chicontepec, Ixhuatlán, Papantla and Tihuatlán. Of the total samples, 380 were positive for CTV; 68% corresponded to weak variants and 40% to severe type. In all municipalities the following symptoms were observed: death of branches (68%), yellowing of shoots (41%), trees with small leaves and barking of the trunk had values of 38 and 32% respectively, with small fruits. years the incidence was 31%, finally, generalized yellowing (19%). For the management of the disease there are various alternatives, the most used is the use of tolerant rootstocks, however, with the existence of severe variants even with tolerant rootstocks there may be death of trees, so it is necessary to look for and implement other more far-reaching options. The results show that even with the regulations that regulate the production and mobilization of plants, the virus is widely distributed in the seven municipalities of northern Veracruz.Objective: of the research was to know the incidence of CTV to try to associate it with the yellowing and death of citrus trees. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: the presence of the virus was diagnosed in seven citrus-producing municipalities in northern Veracruz. A total of 804 samples from citrus trees were collected in 90 locations belonging to the municipalities of Álamo, Castillo de Teayo, Cazones, Chicontepec, Ixhuatlán, Papantla and Tihuatlán. Results: out of all the samples, 380 were positive for CTV; 68% corresponded to attenuated variants and 40% to severe variants. The following symptoms were observed in all the municipalities: death of branches (68%), yellowing of shoots (41%), trees with small leaves (38%), and debarking of the trunk (32%); the incidence of small fruits was 31%, and finally, generalized yellowing (19%). Limitations/ Implications of the study: to manage the disease there are various alternatives, the most frequent is the use of tolerant rootstocks, however, with the existence of severe variants there may be tree deaths even with tolerant rootstocks, so it is necessary to search for and implement other far-reaching options. Findings/ Conclusions: the results show that even with the regulations for the production and mobilization of plants, the virus is widely distributed in the seven municipalities of northern Veracruz
In vitro gas production and digestibility of oat and triticale forage mixtures ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes and inoculants
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the fibrolytic enzymes (FE) and acid-lactic bacterial inoculants (ALB) added to 40 d silages with oats and triticale (O:T) on the proportion and composition of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and its further in vitro gas production (GP) and digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD). Design/methodology/approach: pH, NDF, acid detergen fiber and lignin (ADF, ADL), hemicellulose (Hem), cellulose (Cel), dry matter (DM), and crude protein (PC), along with the PG (Maximum velocity (Vmax), fractional rate (S), Lag), and IVDMD (24h) of silages O:T (forage proportions (FP): 60:40%, 80:20%) treated with EF (control=0, low dose (LD)=075, medium (MD)=1, and high (HD)=1.25 g/kg of forage in humid base (HB)), and ALB (Control=0, LD=0.188, MD=0.25, and HD=0.31 g/kg HB). Variance analysis (ANOVA) included complete randomized designs (CRD) with factorial and divided parcels arrangements, considering fixed (doses, additives, and FP) and random (place/moment of sampling). Results: ALB improved the IVDMD24 of 60:40 and 80:20 O:T silages. FE did not reduce the NDF of 60:40 silages, but LD and MD increased the Hem and CP, and reduced the ADF, ADL, and Cel, that correlated (r) with the improvement of pH pattern, GP, and IVDMD24. Limitations/implications: The differences in the NDF of mixtures of FP could affect the effectiveness of FE and ALB. Findings/conclusions: Although FE and ALB could not reduce the NDF, they would change the proportions of ADF, ADL, Hem, Cel, and CP of silages, that might improve the GP and IVDMD24.Objective: To assess the effects of adding fibrolytic enzymes (FE) or lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants to 40 d silages with oat and triticale (O:T) mixtures on the ratio and composition of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and its subsequent in vitro gas production (GP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) at 24 h.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Silages elaborated with two O:T ratios (60:40 and 80:20) treated with low (LD), medium (MD), and high (HD) doses of FE (0.75, 1, and 1.25 g/kg forage in wet basis (WB), respectively), and LAB (0.188, 0.25, and 0.31 g/kg WB, respectively). In both cases (FE and LAB), the control had a value of 0. Subsequently, pH, NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), GP parameters, and IVDMD were assessed. GP parameters included maximum velocity (Vmax), fractional rate (S), and lag. Experiments were planned in complete randomized designs (CRD), including factorial and split-plot arrangements. Variance analysis (ANOVA) models included fixed (doses, additives, and FR) and random (place/moment of sampling) effects.
Results: LAB improved the IVDMD at 24 h of 60:40 and 80:20 O:T silages. FE did not reduce the NDF of 60:40 silages, but LD and MD increased the HEM and CP, and reduced the ADF, ADL, and CEL; these results are correlated (r) with the improvement of pH pattern, GP, and IVDMD.
Study Limitations/Implications: The differences in the NDF of FR mixtures could affect the effectiveness of FE and LAB.
Findings/Conclusions: Although FE and LAB did not reduce the NDF, they changed the ratios of ADF, ADL, HEM, CEL, and CP of silages, potentially improving the GP and IVDMD