Revista Agro Productividad
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Nutrient content and in vitro degradability of the palm kernel meal produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants
Get PDFObjective: The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional content of palm kernel meal (HP) produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants.
Design/methodology/approach: The content of dry matter (DM), total protein (TP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), amino acids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), minerals, polyphenols and the in vitro degradability of MS (DIDM), NDF (DINDF) and FAD (DIADF) was determined.
Results: The contents were: DM 92.23%, PC 10.56%, EE 7.2%. ashes 3.09%, FDN 76.56% and FDA 57.20%. The HP had a low concentration of lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.228%) and tryptophan (0.095%) and high contents of lauric acid (50.49%), palmitic (10.92%), stearic acid (19.725%). ), oleic (13.56%), copper (23.3 ppm), iron (230.5 ppm), zinc (78.47 ppm) and total phenols (7.8 mg/g); although the DIDM (46.02), DINDF (29.91) and DIADF (27.61), were low.
Findings/conclusions: HP as a by-product of the oil agroindustry offers some nutritional characteristics to be used as feed for ruminants, but it is recommended to carry out a chemical analysis of this by-product before including it in balanced diets to have an adequate balance of nutrients.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional content of palm kernel meal (PM) produced in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, as feed for ruminants.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The following were determined: content of dry matter (DM), total protein (TP), ethereal extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), amino acids, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), minerals, polyphenols, and the in vitro degradability of DM (IDDM), of the NDF (IDNDF), and of the ADF (IDADF).
Results: The contents were: DM 92.23%, TP 10.56%, EE 7.2%, ash 3,09%, NDF 76,56% and ADF 57,20%. The PM had low concentration of lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.228%) and tryptophan (0.095%), and high contents of lauric acid (50.49%), palmitic acid (10.92%), stearic acid (19.725%), oleic acid (13.56%), copper (23.3 mg kg-1), iron (230.5 mg kg-1), zinc (78.47 mg kg-1) and total phenols (7.8 mg g-1), although the IDDM (46.02%), IDNDF (29.91%) and IDADF (27.61%) were low.
Findings/Conclusions: The PM, as byproduct of the oil agroindustry, has some important nutritional characteristics to be used as feed for ruminants. It is recommended to conduct a chemical analysis of this byproduct before including it in balanced meals to have an adequate balance of nutrient
Chemical pregerminative promoters in Zea mays L. seed
Get PDFObjective: Plant life begins at germination. Stimulating germination with chemical methods can be advantageous. The pregerminative treatment of four promoters was determined in two maize genotypes (G1, G2).
Design/methodology/approach: Sixty seeds per Petri dish were used as experimental unit with three repetitions, organized in a completely randomized 2×4 factorial design. Two factors were taken into consideration: A) Genotypes (G1, G2); and B) four pregerminative promoters. The genotypes were Antelope G1 and yellow Antelope G2. Meanwhile, the pregerminative promoters were salicylic acid (C7H6O3) (SA), citrulline (C6H13N3O3) (CI), humic substances derived from leonardite (HS), and tap water (TW), in 1000-ppm concentrations. The following variables were evaluated: germination percentage (GP)/days-1, radicle diameter (RD), radicle length (RL), and number of lateral seminal roots (NSR). An analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α £ 0.05) were performed.
Results: The germination promoters were highly significant in both genotypes, as well as during the promoter-genotype interaction. G1 and G2 means showed a higher growth and development for humic substances (HS) during germination in the NSR.
Study Limitations/Implications: Germination can be inhibited, if the promoters are overweighted.
Findings/Conclusions: The best genotype and germination promoter (G2) had a 94% effectiveness and HS at 1000 ppm. CI and SA registered the lowest GP
Vegetative development and bean yield in magnetized nutrient solution in combination with variable pH
Get PDFObjective: Due to the importance of beans in human consumption, the vegetative development and seed yield of Black Veracruz beans were evaluated using a nutrient solution with different magnetization times in combination with different pH.
Design/methodology/approach: The experimental design used was completely randomized with a 4 x 6 factorial arrangement with three replications. 24 treatments of the combination of four magnetization times and six degrees of acidity of the nutrient solution were evaluated. The variables evaluated were vegetative development and yield components. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance and media separations were performed using Tukey's test (α £ 0.05).
Results: The magnetization and the degree of acidity of the nutrient solution significantly influenced the variables. The most outstanding treatments were 2 and 24 hours of magnetization in combination with pH values of 4 and 5, for most of the variables of vegetative development and evaluated yield components. The 2 magnetization treatments together with pH values of 4 and 5 increased height, biomass hours, days to flowering, number of pods, harvest index and seed yield.
Study Limitations/Implications: Care should be taken that magnetic field exposure at high intensities may produce adverse effects on growth and development.
Findings/conclusions: It is concluded that an appropriate combination of magnetization time and degree of acidity of the nutrient solution improves vegetative development and yield
Forage accumulation, morphological composition and height of Panicum maximum cv. tanzania with organic and chemical fertilization
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the dry matter accumulation, morphological composition and height in the Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania grass in order to determine the optimal cutting point under four fertilization schemes.
Methodology: Tanzania grass was evaluated with fertilizations: T1) chemical (120-60-00 NPK), T2) vermicompost (10 t ha-1), T3) compost (10 t ha-1), and T4) compost + leachate. Cuts were made every 14 days where dry matter (DM), morphological composition and height were measured. A randomized complete block design was used, with an arrangement of measures repeated over time.
Results: The maximum accumulation of DM in the T1, T2 and T3 treatments was at 80 days after cutting, the maximum height was with T1 at 80 days after cutting with 206.2 cm. Fertilization with biological products such as vermicompost, compost+leachate and compost presented a higher proportion and conservation of leaves over time.
Study Limitations/Implications: Grasslands are not seen as a crop so in most cases they are not fertilized; when they are, it is done with chemical fertilization so there is little information about organic fertilization in tropical fodders.
Conclusions: The optimal cutting point is from 50 DAC for chemical treatment, compost+leachate and vermicompost. Fertilization with vermicompost or compost+leachate can be an inexpensive and affordable option for producers to fertilize their meadows
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF HABANERO CHILI (CAPSICUM CHINENSE JACQ.)
Get PDFObjective. To determine improvement genetic impact on maintenace and conservation of genetic diversity of chillie habanero pepper.
Metodolgy. Scientific articles, books, journalistic notes, and technical brochures on issues related to breeding and diversity were reviewed. In addition, historical reviews were considered, as well as interviews with the main chile plant producers of the Yucatan peninsula. The information obtained was analyzed, classified, exposed and discussed.
Results. The genetic diversity of the habanero pepper chilli is being affected by the introduction and planting of hybrids and varieties, limiting landraces use and Origin. Denomination
Study limitations. Lack of research on the subject.
Conclusions. Regional genetic improvement is requiered for genetic diversity conservation.Objective: To determine the impact of genetic improvement on the maintenance and preservation of the genetic diversity of habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.).Methodology: We reviewed topics related to the genetic improvement and diversity of habanero chili. We included historic reviews, as well as interviews with plant breeders and nursery growers of the Yucatán Peninsula. The information thus obtained was classified, analyzed, and discussed.Results: The introduction and use of hybrids and varieties is affecting the genetic diversity of habanero chili, restricting the cultivation of local varieties and, therefore, the use of the Designation of Origin.
Conclusions: Regional genetic improvement is needed to preserve genetic diversity
Cost analysis of Agave potatorum Zucc, produced in vitro by direct organogenesis
Get PDFObjective: Demonstrate the efficiency and profitability of Temporary Immersion Bioreactors compared to propagation in gelled media.
Design/methodology/approach: Agave potatorum shoots used. They introduced to in vitro system and the multiplication rate and propagation times compared in productivity, an investment project carried out considering the depreciation of the equipment and without considering the construction of the property, this allowed evaluating the cost of production per plant for a goal of 500 thousand plantlets.
Results: 3% contamination was obtained at the beginning of introducing the in vitro system, the multiplication rate in semi-solid used was 4 shoots per explant and 18 shoots per explant in Bioreactors, both at 30 days of incubation, and it was considered a 10 % loss due to handling. The production cost was US3.20) for gelled media and US1.80) for propagation in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for gelled media was 2.33 and 3.75 for propagation with Bioreactors.
Limitations on study/implications: Study does not contemplate the construction of the property, but it does contemplate the depreciation of the equipment
Findings/conclusions: With the development of science and technology, the use of biotechnological tools is becoming more profitable every day, these technologies are already available to be transferred, and works like this one, where the profitability of said activity is demonstrated, show the possibility of that technology-based companies are generated.Objective: To demonstrate the efficiency and profitability of temporary immersion bioreactors compared to propagation in gelled media.Design/Methodology/Approach: Agave potatorum seedlings were introduced to the in vitro system in order to compare their productivity, multiplication rate, and propagation time. An investment project was carried out considering the equipment depreciation, but without considering the construction of the property. Based onthese premises, the cost of production per plant was evaluated with a goal of 500,000 seedlings in mind.Results: A 3% contamination was recorded when the in vitro system was first introduced. The semi-solid multiplication rate was 4 shoots per explant and 18 shoots per explant in bioreactors, both at 30 days of incubation. A 10% handling loss was taken into consideration. The production cost was US3.20) for gelled media and US1.80) for propagation in temporary immersion bioreactors. The Internal Rates of Return for gelled media and for propagation with bioreactors were 2.33 and 3.75, respectively.Study Limitations/Implications: The study does not take into consideration theconstruction of the property, although it does consider equipment depreciation.Findings/Conclusions: Thanks to scientifical and technological development, the use of biotechnological tools is becoming more profitable every day. These technologies are already available to be transferred and this kind of research demonstrates its profitability, highlighting the potential establishment of technology- based companies
Population fluctuation of the pineapple mealybug in two pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) varieties in Huimanguillo Tabasco, Mexico
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: to determine the specie, the prevalence and seasonal distribution of Dysmicoccus spp.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The present study was carried out in two pineapples producing localities MD2 and cabezona varieties in the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco The seasonal distribution and percentage of infestation were determined in both localities/varieties from January to June 2021. Monthly, 40 plants were sampled at random, in an area of 4 ha per locality. At the plant level, roots, stems, and leaves of the base of the plant and fruits were checked for the presence of this mealybug.
Results: The species present were D. brevipes. The greatest abundance of mealybug was found in the bighead variety. D. brevipes are mostly located at the base of the stem and old basal leaves, both in the var. bighead as in MD2, by 85.46 and 61.75%, respectively. From January to April, the populations of D. brevipes were moderate, a period with the highest temperature; while the highest populations were recorded towards mid-June when the rains begin.
Study limitations/implications: Climatic variable and immature stages of D. brevipes may affect the observations of population dynamics.
Findings/Conclusions: D. brevipes was found to feed more on basal leaves and stems. To obtain population dynamics and predict the total number of insects per plant and their temporal and spatial distribution, the entire production cycle must be considered together with the climatic parameters, to create a control strategy directed at the dates of moderate abundance.
Key words: Pineapple mealybugs, seasonal distribution, Huimanguillo.
Objective: To identify the pineapple mealybug Dysmicoccus spp. and determine its prevalence and seasonal distribution in Huimanguillo Tabasco, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was carried out in two pineapple producing localities in the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco. The varieties studied were MD2 and Cabezona. The seasonal distribution and infestation percentage was determined in both localities and for both varieties from January to June 2021. Forty plants were randomly sampled per month in a 4-ha area per locality. Roots, stems, basal leaves, and fruits were examined at the plant level.
Results: The highest abundance of pineapple mealybugs (D. brevipes sp.) was found in the Cabezona variety. D. brevipes is mainly located in 85.46 and 61.76% of the old leaves of the stem, in the Cabezona and MD2 varieties, respectively. From January to April —when the highest temperatures were recorded—, the population of D. brevipes was moderate, while the highest populations were recorded towards mid-June, when the rains began.
Study Limitations/Implications: Climatic variables can affect the evaluation parameters. The immature stages dynamics can limit the interpretation of results.
Conclusions: D. brevipes is mostly distributed in the lower parts of the plant. To determine the population fluctuation, predict the total number of insects per plant, and establish their temporal and spatial distribution, the entire production cycle must be considered, as well as the climatic parameters, in order to develop a targeted control strategy on dates of moderate abundance
Naomi Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) variety for indoor spaces
Get PDFObjective: Evaluate the behavior of the Naomi poinsettia variety and its varietal description applying UPOV guidelines.
Design/methodology/approach: The variety was generated through the genotechnical methods of hybridization, individual selection, and use of the grafting technique. The varietal description was made based on the document of the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).The experimental design used was completely randomized with 10 replications. Vegetative and reproductive characters of the plant were recorded. The information was studied by analysis of variance and Tukey mean comparison test (P≤ 0.05).
Results: Naomi is tall with breadth and intermediate branching. The intensity of the green color in the middle third of the stem is strong. Oval-shaped leaf, of intermediate size with a rounded base without curvature in the main vein. Elliptical bract, without torsion and intermediate roughness between nerves.
Limitations on study/implications: The variety propagates asexually via cuttings and is preserved as the original plant for cuttings production. It needs adequate nutrition, light and temperature conditions that do not allow its floral differentiation.
Findings/conclusions: The new poinsettia material presents phenotypic attributes demanded by the market. The varietal description indicates that it is comparable with other INIFAP varieties and with those found on the market. It can be competitive and is considered a candidate to diversify the offer of poinsettia plants in the Christmas season.Objective: To evaluate the behavior of the Naomi poinsettia variety and its varietal description applying the guidelines of the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV).Design/Methodology/Approach: The variety was generated through the following methods: plant genetic hybridization, individual selection, and use of the grafting technique. The varietal description was based on the document of the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). A completely randomized experimentaldesign with 10 replications was used. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of the plant were recorded. The data was subjected to an analysis of variance and Tukey’s mean comparison test (P ≤ 0.05).Results: The Naomi variety is tall with intermediate width and branching. It has a very intense green color in the middle third of the stem. It has oval-shaped leaves of intermediate size, with a rounded base, and without curvature in the main nerve. Its elliptical bract does not have a torsion, but it has an intermediate roughness between itsnerves.Study Limitations/Implications: The variety is propagated asexually via cuttings andthe plants from which the cuts are made are preserved as mother plants. It needsadequate nutrition and light and temperature conditions that hinder floral differentiation.Findings/Conclusions: The new poinsettia material has phenotypic attributes demanded by the market. The varietal description indicates that it is comparable with other INIFAP varieties and with commercially available varieties. This plant can be considered a competitive candidate for the diversification of the offer of poinsettia plants in the Christmas season
Amaranth production in Tulyehualco Xochimilco, Mexico City
Get PDFDuring 2010-2019 amaranth has been cultivated in at least 11 states in Mexico, in Mexico City is grown in the municipalities of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta and Tláhuac, highlighting Xochimilco for harvested area and production with 82.9 ha and 91.7 t which represents 60.4% and 55.6% respectively. The objective of the research is to know the form of production and commercialization of amaranth in Tulyehualco, Xochimilco to identify and propose improvement actions. The information was obtained through the application of a survey through a non-probability sampling for convenience, with the criterion of selection of individuals who were willing to be surveyed, and the survey was applied from September to December 2019, to 35 producers, 3 marketers and 4 transformers. The production of amaranth is carried out in two ways, by means of chapin and directly, by its traditional way of producing it the crop is ancestral in those areas, so there is a millenary knowledge of the families that are dedicated to the planting of the crop. Amaranth production has a positive cost benefit ratio R (B / C), however in direct sowing production this is better. Planting with a seedbed (Chapin) has higher costs and yield, however, this does not compensate the producer in profits. For a potential impact at the amaranth production level, the adoption of technologies related to density, nutrition and technical recommendations for pest and disease control.Objective: To know the form of production and commercialization of amaranth in Tulyehualco, Xochimilco, to identify and propose improvement actions.
Methodology: During 2010-2019, amaranth was cultivated in at least 11 states in Mexico, while in Mexico City it is grown in the municipalities of Xochimilco, Milpa Alta and Tláhuac. Xochimilco stands out due to harvested area and production, with 82.9 ha and 91.7 t which represents 60.4% and 55.6% respectively. The information was obtained through the application of a survey through non-probability sampling for convenience, with the selection criterion of individuals who were willing to be surveyed, and the survey was applied from September to December 2019, to n=35 producers, n=3 marketers and n=4 transformers. Amaranth production is carried out in two ways, by means of chapin and directly, and due to its traditional way of producing the crop is ancestral in those areas, so there is a millenary knowledge of the families that are dedicated to planting the crop.
Results: Amaranth production has a positive cost benefit ratio R (B / C) although production is better in direct sowing. Planting with a seedbed (Chapin) has higher costs and yield, however, this does not compensate the producer in profits.
Conclusions: For a potential impact at the level of amaranth production, the adoption of technologies related to density, nutrition and technical recommendations for pest and disease control is necessar
Chemical composition of twelve accessions of Moringa oleifera Lam. grown in Mexico.
Get PDFObjective: The objective was to evaluate the growth and proximal analysis of twelve accessions of Moringa oleifera Lam. grown in Mexico.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The seeds were collected in Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Chiapas, and Yucatan. The seeds were sown in a nursery and transplanted in the field in a completely randomized block experimental design. Height, basal diameter, and the number of branches were recorded, and leaves were collected for proximal analysis determination.
Results: Significant statistical differences (P< 0.05) were identified among the accessions based on tree height, basal diameter, number of branches, moisture content, ash, protein, and fat contents.
Study limitations/implications: Accessions with high growth rates and nutritional characteristics can be selected to establish low-cost food banks.
Result / Finding / Conclusion: The accessions from Chiapas (C1 and C2) were superior to the others in tree height, basal diameter and number of branches, protein, and fat contents.