Revista Agro Productividad
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Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in milk and cheese digestion for the detection of metals
Get PDFThe content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in milk and cheeses was determined, comparing the use of nitric acid and a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (HNO3 + H2O2) in acid digestion. The milk was collected from storage tanks in localities of Huejotzingo and cheeses in Santa Ana Xalmimilulco, Huejotzingo, Puebla. Digestion was carried out in a CEM MarsX microwave. The determination was in an ICP OES. As it showed (p <0.01) when using HNO3 (0.13 mg kg-1) with respect to the mixture. The Cd, Zn and Pb showed (p <0.01), with the use of the mixture with respect to HNO3. The content of Cd, As, Cu and Cr in the cheese there was difference (p <0.01) when using HNO3 compared to the mixture. This shows that there is specificity for metal detection, with HNO3 being the most efficientObjective: To determine the concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in milk and cheese by comparing the use of nitric acid (HNO3) and a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (HNO3 + H2O2) in acid digestion.
Design/methodology/approach: The milk for the study was collected from storage tanks in various localities of Huejotzingo, and the different types of cheese came from Santa Ana Xalmimilulco, Huejotzingo, Puebla, Mexico. Digestion was carried out in a CEM MarsX microwave. Elemental concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
Results: The combination of HNO3 + H2O2 in milk digestion resulted in higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Conversely, the concentration of As was higher when using only HNO3 for digestion. No significant differences were found for Cr and Cu between the two digestion methods. In the case of Oaxaca cheese, digestion with HNO3 resulted in higher concentrations of As. Acid digestions did not affect the concentrations of the remaining elements. The same behavior was observed for Ranchero cheese, since the digestion combining HNO3 + H2O2 resulted in lower As concentrations, as compared to the digestion with only HNO3. Pb and Zn were not significantly affected by the treatments, while the concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Cu could not be determined when samples were treated with the HNO3 + H2O2 combination.
Limitations: In this work we were able to determine the concentration of a number of metals present in milk and cheese using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in acid digestion. However, we recommend more tests are carried out to establish which acid or combination of acids allows for a broader detection of metals.
Findings/Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this work, we can conclude that there is specificity for metal detection, with HNO3 being the most efficient
Analysis of the factors associated with agricultural GDP in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To detect productive factors that explain the total value of agricultural production (agricultural GDP) and carry out a descriptive analysis.
Methodology: A multiple linear regression adjustment and a descriptive analysis of the variables for which information is available were carried out.
Results: Five variables were found to have a significant association with agricultural GDP. In the last 20 years, the agricultural sector has experienced exponential economic growth with an annual growth rate (TCMA) of 7.7%, about 60% of the total value of production is provided by only 7 states, agricultural exports increased from 2015 due to demand from the United States for Mexican fruits and vegetables.
Implications: Information on the state of agriculture in Mexico makes it possible to understand trends and take actions to increase the growth of agricultural GDP. Many variables do not have updated information, which limits the analysis.
Conclusions: The sown agricultural area has decreased and the productive factors analyzed maintain a positive average annual growth rate, which indicates a process of transition from extensive crops, such as grains and cereals, to intensively exploited crops, such as fruits and vegetables. It is necessary to invest in the generation of agricultural data.Objective: To detect factors of production which can explain the total value of agricultural production (agricultural GDP) and to carry out a descriptive analysis.
Methodology: A multiple linear regression adjustment and a descriptive analysis of the variables were carried out, using the available information.
Results: Five variables have a significant association with agricultural GDP. In the last 20 years, the agricultural sector has experienced an exponential economic growth, with a 7.7% annual growth rate (AAGR). About 60% of the total production value is provided only by 7 states. Agricultural exports have increased from 2015, as a result of the USA demands for Mexican fruits and vegetables.
Implications: The information available about the state of agriculture in Mexico makes it possible to understand trends and take actions to increase the agricultural GDP. The analysis is limited by the lack of information about many variables.
Conclusions: Sown areas have decreased and the factors of production analyzed maintain a positive average annual growth rate, which indicates a process of transition from extensive crops (such as grains and cereals) to intensively exploited crops (such as fruits and vegetables). An investment aimed to generate agricultural data is neede
INI-17, New Variety of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Get PDFObjective: To describe the variety of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) based on the guides by the Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and to evaluate their agronomic performance.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The variety was generated through the mass selection method followed by individual mass selection. The varietal description was conducted based on a local guide proposed and on guidelines by the UPOV. The experimental design used was in complete random blocks with four repetitions. Phenological and morphological traits of the plant were recorded. The means were compared with Tukey’s test at a level of 5% confidence.
Results: INI-17 is of tall bearing, with growth habit of semi-erect basal leaf. The number of basal leaves is high, of medium length and mean degree of lobulation, with intensity of foliage color. The number of umbels is high, the petals do not contain anthocyanins, and it is of late flowering; it has fruit of medium size and brown seeds that have high linalool content.
Study Limitation/Implications: Seed production is highly dependent on the temperature and presence of vectors, and it is of long cycle.
Findings/Conclusions: The agronomic performance and tolerance to plucking was comparable with commercial varieties, has aesthetic characteristics, of flavor and essential oil content that are demanded by consumers and the fragrance industry
Characterization of producers who use wastewater for irrigation of vegetables and forages
Get PDFThe objective of this work was to characterise the production systems of water users of the Chilhuacán canal in Atlixco, Puebla, and to identify the role they play in the persistence of wastewater use in agriculture. The characteristics of the vegetable and forage production systems in the study area were identified, the factors that favour or limit the persistence of the use of sewage for crop irrigation, the level of knowledge of the producers regarding the effects of this practice was determined, as well as the attitude of the users to the polluting effects on their plots and health caused by the use of sewage. Through the application of a questionnaire and field visits to the producers' plots, a characterisation of the producers in the region was made. It was found that there are seven types of producers that differ from each other by the type of crop they specialise in (fodder and vegetables), as well as by the size of farmland they have (<3ha, ?6ha and >6 ha). Keywords: Health, pollution, ignorance, typology.Objective: To characterize the production systems of the users of Chilhuacán canal waters located in Atlixco, Puebla and to identify the role they play in the persistence of wastewater use in agriculture.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A characterization of regional producers was conducted applying a questionnaire and making field visits to the producers’ plots.
Results: There are seven types of producers who specialize in different types of crops (forages and vegetables); they also use agricultural areas of different sizes (< 3ha, ≤ 6ha and > 6 ha).
Limitations/Implications: Wastewater use in agriculture is a recurring phenomenon in the world (including Mexico). As a result of the low water availability, wastewater is used to irrigate crops for human consumption.
Findings/Conclusions: The awareness of the producers about the impact of this practice is low and they have no interest in the harmful polluting effects on their plots and their health
El Cañón del Río Blanco National Park: A Forgotten Protected Natural Area
No full textObjective: Present the current situation of the Cañón del Río Blanco National Park and gathering in a single document all the existing information of this Protected Natural Area (PNA). Design/methodology/approach: Both a bibliographic research and field work were carried out to determine the current state of the PNA. Results: The decree, the geographical location, history of its protection, biological, sociocultural and economic characteristics, environmental services, CONANP work program, environmental problems and category issues are described. Limitations on study/implications: There were no limitations. Findings/conclusions: The area still protects an important biodiversity, also fulfilling vital environmental services, but it is urgent to assign it an adequate category, as well as a director of the park.Objective: To submit a report about the current situation of the Cañón del Río Blanco National Park and to gather all the existing information about this Protected Natural Area (PNA) in a single document.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A bibliographic research and field work were carried out to determine the current state of the PNA.
Results: The decree, the geographical location, the history of its protection, the biological, sociocultural and economic characteristics, the environmental services, the CONANP work program, the environmental problems, and the category issues are described.
Study Limitations/Implications: There were no limitations.
Findings/Conclusions: The area still protects an important biodiversity and fulfills vital environmental services; however, assigning an adequate category to the park and appointing a director is an urgent matter
Use of agroindustrial waste to obtain cellulose from oil palm bagasse (Elaeis guinnensis)
Get PDFObtain cellulose from oil palm agro-industrial waste that meets standard physicochemical characteristics to produce value-added products. Bagasse fibers from the palm agroindustry were used to obtain cellulose, by means of the acid – alkaline hydrolysis methodology. The samples obtained in each stage and the cellulose obtained were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The final characterized product presented a band corresponding to 1370 cm1 characteristic of cellulose. The peak at 1731 cm-1 is related to C=O bonds of unconjugated ketones present in hemicellulose. Major thermal event for treated fiber near to 355 °C, and a high residual mass indicate a good chemical treatment for hemicellulose and lignin elimination.
During the process, a fiber yield of 39.3% cellulose was obtained from oil palm bagasse. Obtaining cellulose from a highly polluting residue such as palm bagasse and with high production figures in our state, this makes it a potential for use to generate biopolymers in combination with natural polysaccharides providing sustainable benefits and economic impact promoting sustainable development by replacing conventional fossil plastics. In addition to obtaining value-added products for the same agribusiness and in sectors such as the food industry.Objective: To obtain cellulose from oil palm agroindustrial waste that meets standard physicochemical characteristics to produce value-added products.
Design/methodology/approach: Bagasse fibers from the palm agroindustry were used to obtain cellulose, by means of the acid – alkaline hydrolysis methodology. The samples obtained in each stage and the cellulose obtained were characterized by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Results: The final characterized product presented a band corresponding to 1370 cm1 which is a characteristic value of cellulose. The peak at 1731 cm-1 is related to C=O bonds of unconjugated ketones present in hemicellulose. A major thermal event for treated fiber near 355 °C and the high residual mass indicate a good chemical treatment for hemicellulose and lignin elimination.
Study limitations/implications: A fiber yield of 39.3% cellulose was obtained during the process from oil palm bagasse.
Findings/conclusions: Obtaining cellulose from a highly polluting residue such as palm bagasse and with high production figures in our state, makes it a potential for use to generate biopolymers in combination with natural polysaccharides, providing sustainable benefits and economic impact and promoting sustainable development by replacing conventional fossil plastics, in addition to obtaining value-added products for the same agribusiness and in sectors such as the food industry
Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Estimate Fiber and Crude Protein Content in Fodders
Get PDFObjective: Demonstrate the need to use locally generated data in the calibration of a near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS) in order to predict the chemical characteristics of fodder; instead of using data bases from other geographic regions, as is commonly done in Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Two groups of samples collected in prairies of the central highlands of Mexico, the first group was used to calibrate the equipment; the equations generated were validated with a second group, collected in prairies that were different from the ones of the calibration group, but in the same geographic zone.
Results: The best regression coefficients of the NIRS predictions, compared to traditional laboratory analyses were for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) (0.93, 0.87, 0.87, 0.56, 0.72 y 0.68 respectively). The lowest predictive value was observed in ashes (0.27).
Limitations of the study/implications: The results show the need to use local materials in the calibration process.
Conclusions: NIRS will make predictions of their chemical composition, since this is influenced by geographic origin of the sample and its botanical compositionObjective: Demonstrate the need to use locally generated data in the calibration of a near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS) to predict the chemical characteristics of fodder; instead of using data bases from other geographic regions, as is commonly done in Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Two groups of samples collected in prairies of the central highlands of Mexico, the first group was used to calibrate the equipment; the equations generated were validated with a second group, collected in prairies that were different from the ones of the calibration group, but in the same geographic zone.
Results: The best regression coefficients of the NIRS predictions, compared to traditional laboratory analyses were for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) (0.93, 0.87, 0.87, 0.56, 0.72 y 0.68 respectively). The lowest predictive value was observed in ashes (0.27).
Limitations of the study/implications: The results show the need to use local materials in the calibration process.
Conclusions: NIRS will make predictions of their chemical composition, since this is influenced by geographic origin of the sample and its botanical compositio
Biostimulant effects of lanthanum (La) on crop growth, yield, and quality
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the various effects that the use of La as an inorganic biostimulant has on growth, yield and quality of different crop plants.
Design/methodology/approach: A search in recent literature related to the effects of lanthanum on various economically important crops was conducted. Subsequently, the most relevant information was selected, analyzed and grouped by type of effect.
Results: The addition of lanthanum at low doses has been tested in different crop plants. It has been proven that La increases growth, development and quality in various species. Likewise, positive effects have been reported in germination, in the absorption of nutrients, in mitigating the deficiencies of some essential elements, as well as in the promotion of physiological and biochemical responses.
Limitations/implications of the study: The analyzed results have been generated in a great diversity of plant species, under different production systems, with dissimilar doses, as well as with different sources and application methods. This situation represents a challenge, since it hinders the possibility to issue general recommendations.
Findings/conclusions: Lanthanum improves yield and quality, as well as some physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses in different crops of economic importance
Flowering in Hylocereus spp.: comparative analysis and self-incompatibility : Flowering in Hylocereus spp.
No full textObjective: Know variables of the reproductive component of the materials for manual cross-pollination purposes, for which the search for sexual synchrony is emphasized.
Design/methodology/approach: Four materials were analyzed, two with white pulp and two with red pulp, of which it is unknown if they present sexual self-incompatibility, the synchrony in flowering is also unknown. The flowering phase and the variables that can shed light on its reproductive behavior were analyzed
Results: It was found that the red materials present strong hercogamy, they cannot be self-fertilized; There is no floral synchrony either, but there is closeness between the date of anthesis in a pitahaya with white pulp and a red one, which would allow promoting cross-pollination.
Limitations on study/implications: Hylocereus spp., is consumed in a large part of the world and has acquired a very strong importance since the industrial demand is increasing; however, several of the genotypes used in commercial production in Mexico show low fruit set compared to high floral emission, which is considered self-incompatibility.
Findings/conclusions: The presence of hercogamy, stronger in the red-fleshed materials, indicates the existence of sexual self-incompatibility, explaining the fact that the materials emit a large number of flowers, but do not achieve fruit set.Objective: To know the variables of the reproductive component of materials for manual cross-pollination purposes, for which the search for sexual synchrony is emphasized.
Design/methodology/approach: Four materials were analyzed, two with white pulp and two with red pulp, about which it is unknown if they present sexual self-incompatibility, and the synchrony in flowering is also unknown. The flowering phase and the variables that can shed light on its reproductive behavior were analyzed
Results: It was found that the red materials present strong hercogamy, they cannot self-fertilize. There is also no floral synchrony, but there is closeness between the date of anthesis in a pitahaya with white pulp and a red one, which would allow promoting cross-pollination.
Study limitations /implications: Hylocereus spp. is consumed in a large part of the world and has acquired a very strong importance since the industrial demand is increasing; however, several of the genotypes used in commercial production in Mexico show low fruit set compared to high floral emission, which is considered self-incompatibility.
Findings/conclusions: The presence of hercogamy, stronger in the red-fleshed materials, indicates the existence of sexual self-incompatibility, explaining the fact that the materials emit a large number of flowers, but do not achieve fruit setting
Production and competitiveness of Mexican floriculture
Get PDFObjective: analyze the competitiveness of the international marketing of the main flowers grown in Mexico with respect to the United States of America.
Design/methodology/approach: the cumulative growth rate from 2000 to 2020 of the production variables of the main cultivated flowers in Mexico was calculated; the balance of the country´s floriculture trade balance was evaluated and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI) of the Mexican floriculture sector with respect to the United States of America was estimated.
Results: floriculture has expanded in the last two decades, the cumulative growth rates of production variables in most of the flowers studied were positive from 2000 to 2020. National floriculture is a high income activity, in 2020 the four analyzed flowers had a production value of 5.5 billion pesos, up to only 10.11 thousand hectares of land. The trade balance of floriculture in Mexico has been in surplus, the balance of the floriculture trade balance in the country was greater than 90% of the value of exports in most of the analyzed years. Mexican floriculture is competitive in the international market, in 2020 the RCAI of Mexican flowers in the US market was 0.96 and, in general, in the period studied it has been greater than 0.8.
Limitations on study/implications: modifications in the national tariff system that make it difficult to analyze tariff fractions in the evolutionary analysis. The RCAI allows us or not to know the national market, however, it does not establish the factors that provide competitiveness to the countryObjective: To analyze the international commercialization competitiveness of the main flowers grown in Mexico compared to United States of America (USA).
Design/methodology/approach: The cumulative growth rate of the production variables of the main flowers cultivated in Mexico from 2000 to 2020 was calculated. The country’s flower trade balance was evaluated. The revealed comparative advantage index (IVCR) of the Mexican floricultural sector was compared with the American IVCR.
Results: Mexican floriculture has expanded in the last two decades; therefore, the 2000-2020 cumulative growth rates of the production variables in most of the flowers studied were positive. It is also a high-income activity. Although only 10.11 thousand ha are used by this sector, the four species of flowers analyzed had a 5.51-billion Mexican pesos production value (2020). Likewise, its trade balance has been in surplus and, in most of the years analyzed, its balance was greater than 90% of the value of exports. In addition, it is competitive in the international market: in 2020, the IVCR of Mexican flowers in the US market was 0.96 and, in the overall period of this study, it has been greater than 0.8.
Study Limitations/Implications: Changes to the Harmonized System Codes hinder the evolutionary analysis of the tariff codes. The IVCR determines if the national market is competitive or not in the international market, but it does not establish which factors would provide competitiveness to the country.
Findings/Conclusions: Floriculture in Mexico has increased in the last two decades. The production value of all the flowers studied increased during the period analyzed. In general terms, the Mexican floricultural market is competitive in the international market; additionally, the different Mexican flowers included in this research have a competitive advantage in the US market