Revista Agro Productividad
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Strategies to reduce the infestation of Pseudohypocera kerteszi (Diptera: Phoridae) in colonies of Scaptotrigona mexicana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Get PDFObjective: We intend to describe the strategies used for the control Pseudohypocera kerteszi in colonies of Scaptotrigona mexicana which help to reduce infestation during transfer, division, and harvest.
Design/methodology/approach: In this research, bibliographic sources of information on the control of P. kerteszi during the management of S. mexicana were used. The selected strategies were implemented by the authors of this manuscript, so they provided the experiences that were had in the control of P. kerteszi in the colonies of S. mexicana.
Results: We report six strategies applied to reduce the attack of P. kerteszi: 1) perform the transfer in a closed place, 2) minimize the damage to the offspring, 3) do not introduce food, 4) close the entrance to the nest for at least two days, 5) place vinegar traps, when necessary and in the initial stages of the infestation and 6) feed and clean bees the following days after the transfer or division.
Limitations on study/implications: Any limitation was involved in this study.
Findings/conclusions: The attack of P. kerteszi on S. mexicana colonies takes place during the transfer of nests, artificial division and the harvest of honey. Strategies to avoid infestation consist of using the appropriate box design, harvesting in an enclosed place, and avoiding breaking honey pots. During the critical stages of infestation, the revision must keep daily to clean the box, place vinegar traps, and make a manual control.Objective: We intend to describe the strategies used for the control Pseudohypocera kerteszi in colonies of Scaptotrigona mexicana which help to reduce infestation during transfer, division, and harvest.
Design/methodology/approach: In this research, bibliographic sources of information on the control of P. kerteszi during the management of S. mexicana were used. The selected strategies were implemented by the authors of this manuscript, so they provided the experiences that were had in the control of P. kerteszi in the colonies of S. mexicana.
Results: We report six strategies applied to reduce the attack of P. kerteszi: 1) perform the transfer in a closed place, 2) minimize the damage to the offspring, 3) do not introduce food, 4) close the entrance to the nest for at least two days, 5) place vinegar traps, when necessary and in the initial stages of the infestation and 6) feed and clean bees the following days after the transfer or division.
Limitations on study/implications: Any limitation was involved in this study.
Findings/conclusions: The attack of P. kerteszi on S. mexicana colonies takes place during the transfer of nests, artificial division and the harvest of honey. Strategies to avoid infestation consist of using the appropriate box design, harvesting in an enclosed place, and avoiding breaking honey pots. During the critical stages of infestation, the revision must keep daily to clean the box, place vinegar traps, and make a manual control
Palatability of animal oils included in the diet of the Mexican axolotl and its effect on growth and survival
Get PDFObjective: The growth, survival and condition factor of Ambystoma mexicanum juveniles fed with three commercial feed-based diets coated with different animal oils as potential palatability enhancers were evaluated. Methodology: Three diets were prepared using commercial feed coated with fish, chicken and krill oil. The experiment lasted 81 days, the food was provided to the axolotls (6 per experimental unit, in triplicate) every 48 h, at 4% of the total biomass. The total weight of each experimental unit was recorded every 15 days, at the end of the experiment individual weight and height and survival were recorded. The following variables were calculated: Fulton's K, specific growth rate, coefficient of variation of final weight and size heterogeneity. Results: All three treatments showed an increase in total biomass, with a trend towards better performance in chicken and fish oil treatments compared to krill oil. When performing the statistical analysis, it was found that there were no significant differences among the treatments for any of the variables recorded. Implications: The three oils used in the present study were good palatable agents in the food intake of A. mexicanum. Conclusions: It is recommended to use chicken oil as an attractant additive in the formulation of a specific diet due to its low cost.Objective: The growth, survival, and condition factor of Ambystoma mexicanum juveniles fed with three commercial feed-based diets coated with different animal oils as potential palatability enhancers were evaluated.
Methodology: Three diets were prepared using commercial feed coated with fish, chicken, and krill oil. The experiment lasted 81 days, the food was provided to the axolotls (6 per experimental unit, in triplicate) every 48 h, at 4% of the total biomass. The total weight of each experimental unit was recorded every 15 days, at the end of the experiment individual weight and height and survival were recorded. The following variables were calculated: Fulton's K, specific growth rate, coefficient of variation of final weight and size heterogeneity.
Results: All three treatments showed an increase in total biomass, with a trend towards better performance in chicken and fish oil treatments compared to krill oil. When performing the statistical analysis, it was found that there were no significant differences among the treatments for any of the variables recorded.
Implications: The three oils used in the present study were good palatable agents in the food intake of A. mexicanum.
Conclusions: It is recommended to use chicken oil as an attractant additive in the formulation of a specific diet due to its low cost
Effect of the harvest date, calcium and other chemicals on the quality and storability of ‘Golden Smoothie’ apples
Get PDFApples cultivated in Mexico generally are smaller and softer than those produced in other geographical latitudes considered as optimal for apple production. The aim of this evaluation was determine the effect of applications with calcium, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), as well as the harvest date on the quality of apple fruits. ‘Golden Smoothie’ apple trees were treated foliarly with CaCl2 with and without NAA, and with a mixture of N, K, Mg and S or gypsum applied to soil for two years. Apples were harvested at 141 (regular harvest date), 161 (mid-late harvest) and 171 days (late harvest) after full bloom (DAFB) and evaluated for quality at harvest time and during their storage at 0°C for up to 179 days. Foliar applications of CaCl2 significantly increased the calcium content in fruit and leaves, but fruit quality, including firmness, was not influenced. Fertilization of soil with the mixture of nutrients, including CaSO4, did not influence the fruit quality. Lately harvested fruit was 14.9% heavier but 17.1% softer than fruit picked at the commercial harvest date. Delaying of fruit harvest reduced about 43 d the storability of fruit. Based in these results, the relative softness of apples grown in Mexico is not related with its calcium content, hence unlikely to be overcome with the application of this mineral. Even in the control fruits, both seasons, the stored fruits do not show some physiological disorder as bitter pit.
Objective: Apples cultivated in Mexico generally are smaller and softer than those produced in other geographical latitudes considered as optimal for apple production. The aim of this evaluation was determine the effect of applications with calcium, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), as well as the harvest date on the quality of apple fruits. Methodology ‘Golden Smoothie’ apple trees were treated foliarly with CaCl2 with and without NAA, and with a mixture of N, K, Mg and S or gypsum applied to soil for two years. Apples were harvested at 141 (regular harvest date), 161 (mid-late harvest) and 171 days (late harvest) after full bloom (DAFB) and evaluated for quality at harvest time and during their storage at 0°C for up to 179 days. Results: Foliar applications of CaCl2 significantly increased the calcium content in fruit and leaves, but fruit quality, including firmness, was not influenced. Fertilization of soil with the mixture of nutrients, including CaSO4, did not influence the fruit quality. Lately harvested fruit was 14.9% heavier but 17.1% softer than fruit picked at the commercial harvest date. Delaying of fruit harvest reduced about 43 d the storability of fruit. Based in these results, the relative softness of apples grown in Mexico is not related with its calcium content, hence unlikely to be overcome with the application of this mineral. Conclusions: Even in the control fruits, both seasons, the stored fruits do not show some physiological disorder as bitter pi
Varietal description of two genotypes of manzano chili pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.)
Get PDFObjective: the objective of this research work was to obtain the varietal description of two varieties of chile manzano in Las Montañas in the center of Veracruz, México.
Design/methodology/approach: the varietal characterization module was established under greenhouse conditions at the Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Agropecuario No. 99 in the municipality of Coscomatepec de Bravo. The recorded descriptors were in accordance with the International of Plant Genetic Resources Institute for Capsicum and the Graphic Handbook for Variety Description of manzano hot pepper. The plants were characterized from the seedling to the adult plant. The agronomic management of the crop was carried out in accordance with the manual for the production of manzano hot pepper in Las Montañas of the state of Veracruz.
Results: all qualitative descriptors were constant for the two varieties MEXUVNE1-15-C2 and MEXUVCU1-16-C2 from seedling to fruiting; in contrast, there were dissimilarities in plant height, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed dimensions.
Limitations of the study/implications: the pandemic caused by COVID-19 was the main limitation so that some descriptors were not recorded in a timely manner as indicated in the Graphic Handbook.
Findings/conclusions: both varieties are very similar; however, the greatest distinction was in the quantitative type descriptors such as: plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter and number of seeds.Objective: The objective of this research study was to obtain the varietal description of two varieties of manzano chili pepper in Las Montañas region, in central Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: The varietal characterization module was established under greenhouse conditions. The markers recorded were in accordance with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute for Capsicum and the Graphic Handbook for Variety Description of manzano chili pepper. The plants were characterized from seedling in greenhouse to adult plant. The agronomic management of the crop was carried out in accordance with the manual for the production of manzano chili pepper in Las Montañas, state of Veracruz.
Results: All qualitative markers were constant for the two varieties, MEXUVNE1-15-C2 and MEXUVCU1-16-C2, from seedling to fruit setting. In contrast, there were dissimilarities in plant height, and stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed dimensions.
Study limitations/implications: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 was the main limitation, resulting in some markers not being recorded in a timely manner as indicated in the Graphic Handbook.
Findings/conclusions: Both varieties are very similar; however, the greatest distinction was in the quantitative markers, such as: plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter and number of seeds
Punica granatum: A plant with a high potential for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Get PDFObjective: To use extracts of pomegranate as a reducing agent to the simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial evaluation against different bacteria. Methods: The peel of the ripe fruits and leaves of pomegranate were used to prepare aqueous and methanolic extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNP) these nanoparticles were evaluated by techniques used for the characterization of nanoparticles that allow defining their size, shape and quality of dispersion in aqueous media. They were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis y Staphylococcus aureus was determined. Results: UV-Vis spectra with absorption peaks at 425 nm were observed for the nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous extract as well as for the nanoparticles synthesized with the methanolic extract. Regarding the size distribution and dispersion in solution, the zeta potential shows that the surface charge in all cases is negative with an average value from -28.0 mV to -52.0 mV. About the size, smaller nanoparticles were obtained from the aqueous extracts of the peel and leaf with values between 1.42 - 2.96 nm and10 - 19.04 nm for nanoparticles from the methanolic extracts. Inhibition of microorganisms by nanoparticles showed better inhibition against Escherichia coli with a MIC of 0.83 µg/mL up to 6.68 µg/mL. Conclusions: This study suggest that pomegranate extracts synthesize small-sized, well-dispersed nanoparticles with almost spherical morphology, with good antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli.O
Objective: To use pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extracts as a reducing agent for a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and to test the latter’s antimicrobial potential against different bacteria.
Methodology: The leaves and peel of ripe fruits of pomegranate were used to prepare aqueous and methanolic extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Then we evaluated these nanoparticles with techniques that allowed us to define their size, shape, and dispersion quality in aqueous media. To characterize the AgNPs we resorted to UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We determined their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Results: UV-Vis spectra were observed with absorption peaks at 425 nm for the nanoparticles synthesized with both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Regarding size, distribution, and dispersion in solution, the zeta potential shows that the surface charge in all cases is negative, with an average value ranging from -28.0 mV to -52.0 mV. Smaller nanoparticles were obtained from the aqueous extracts of the peel and leaves, with values between 1.42 - 2.96 nm, while the methanolic extracts yielded nanoparticles of 10 - 19.04 nm. Inhibition of microorganisms proved to be best against Escherichia coli, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.83 µg/mL up to 6.68 µg/mL.
Conclusions: This study suggests that pomegranate extracts synthesize small-sized, well-dispersed silver nanoparticles with an almost spherical morphology, and good antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli
Family patio agroecosystem: role and empowerment of rural women in two communities
Get PDFObjective: Identify the role of women in the family patio agroecosystem and their relationship in the process of their empowerment, in two groups of women in the municipality of Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz. Design/methodology/approach: The research carried out is qualitative-quantitative, of a constructionist nature and is based on the Research-Action-Participatory process, through the adaptation of the management model for the management of natural resources of family farming. Results: The psychometric results obtained in the Rossemberg Self-esteem Scale indicate that the average response is 26.3, which indicates a normal self-esteem of women who work in the family patio agroecosystem, and positively impacts their human development, empowerment, and personal identity. Implications: The work of rural women in the family patio agroecosystem is not recognized, so it is important that it be made visible, mainly before themselves, and that they be empowered in their being, through their actions. Findings/conclusions: A total of 52 species were found, distributed among 15 fruit trees, 13 ornamental plants, 9 seasoning plants, 9 medicinal plants, 4 timber trees and only 2 vegetables. In the breeding of small species, 3 animal species are reported: 41 chickens, 2 pigs and 3 sheep.Objective: To identify the role of women in the family patio agroecosystem and its relationship in the empowerment process, in two groups of women in the municipality of Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: The research carried out is qualitative-quantitative, of a constructionist nature, and is based on the Research-Action-Participatory process, through adaptation of the management model for natural resource management in family farming.
Results: The psychometric results obtained in the Rosemberg Self-Esteem Scale indicate that the average response is 26.3, which indicates a normal self-esteem of women who work in the family patio agroecosystem, and positively impacts their human development, empowerment, and personal identity.
Limitations on study/implications: The work of rural women in the family patio agroecosystem is not recognized, so it is important that it be made visible, mainly to them, and that they be empowered in their being, through their actions.
Findings/conclusions: A total of 52 species were found, distributed among 15 fruit trees, 13 ornamental plants, 9 seasoning plants, 9 medicinal plants, 4 timber trees and only 2 vegetables. In the breeding of small species, 3 animal species are reported: 41 chickens, 2 pigs and 3 sheep
Characterization of sheep production systems and their relation with gastrointestinal parasites in four municipalities of Campeche, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: The increase in the number of sheep in herds is accompanied many times by bad practices, which lead to nutritional deficiencies, rises in parasitism and loss of homeostasis. Therefore, gastrointestinal parasites from sheep were characterized from four municipalities of the state of Campeche.
Design/methodology/approach: The number of sheep studied was 243, evaluating the body weight, body condition, coloring of the eye mucosae, age, eggs per grams of feces, and family of parasites. The data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s means test (P<0.05), as well as Spearman’s correlation analysis using the statistical package Statistica 7.
Results: Five parasite families were found (Trichostrongyloidae, Strongyloidae, Trichuridae, Eimeriidae and Anoplocephalidae). In the production systems of the municipality of Calakmul the five families of parasites were found, with a parasite load of 3,571 hpg. The family Trichostrongyloidae presented the highest frequency in the municipalities of Champotón and Calakmul with 52 and 75%, respectively. The animals with best body condition, FAMACHA© and lowest parasite load were observed in Hecelchakán.
Limitations on study/implications: It is suggested to carry out a study of anthelmintic resistance, to establish a management of prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites.
Findings/conclusions: The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites is influenced by the management and the municipality of origin within the sheep production systems in the state of Campeche.Objective: The increase in the number of sheep in herds is accompanied many times by bad practices, whichlead to nutritional deficiencies, rises in parasitism and loss of homeostasis. Therefore, gastrointestinal parasitesfrom sheep were characterized from four municipalities of the state of Campeche.Design/methodology/approach: The number of sheep studied was 243, evaluating the body weight, bodycondition, coloring of the eye mucosae, age, eggs per grams of feces, and family of parasites. The data wereanalyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s means test (P<0.05), as well as Spearman’s correlation analysisusing the statistical package Statistica 7.Results: Five parasite families were found (Trichostrongyloidae, Strongyloidae, Trichuridae, Eimeriidae andAnoplocephalidae). In the production systems of the municipality of Calakmul the five families of parasites werefound, with a parasite load of 3,571 hpg. The family Trichostrongyloidae presented the highest frequency inthe municipalities of Champotón and Calakmul with 52 and 75%, respectively. The animals with best bodycondition, FAMACHA© and lowest parasite load were observed in Hecelchakán.Limitations on study/implications: It is suggested to carry out a study of anthelmintic resistance, to establisha management of prevention and control of gastrointestinal parasites.Findings/conclusions: The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites is influenced by the management and themunicipality of origin within the sheep production systems in the state of Campeche
Glucosinolates: Structure, classification, biosynthesis and functions in higher plants
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze concepts, structure, classification, biosynthesis and functions of glucosinolates (GSLs) in higher plants.
Design/methodology/approach: A search was performed into recent high-impact literature related to glucosinolates (GSLs).
Results: GSLs are secondary metabolites rich in N and S. They are divided into aliphatic, aromatic, and indole GSLs depending on the amino acid from which they arise. The products of their hydrolysis, mediated by thioglucoside glucohydrolase, thioglucosidase or myrosinase enzymes (EC 3.2.1.147), play a role in increasing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Furthermore, given their composition, they can serve as a nutrient reservoir under nutrient deficiency conditions.
Limitations on study/implications: GSLs are synthesized only in species of the Capparidaceae, Brassicaceae, Resedaceae, and Moringaceae families.
Findings/conclusions: GSLs are sulfur compounds that can serve as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress factors and as sources of nutrients in plants, and molecules with important nutraceutical properties in food and human health.Objective: To analyze concepts, structure, classification, biosynthesis and functions of glucosinolates (GSLs)in higher plants.Design/methodology/approach: A search was performed into recent high-impact literature related toglucosinolates (GSLs).Results: GSLs are secondary metabolites rich in N and S. They are divided into aliphatic, aromatic, andindole GSLs depending on the amino acid from which they arise. The products of their hydrolysis, mediated bythioglucoside glucohydrolase, thioglucosidase or myrosinase enzymes (EC 3.2.1.147), play a role in increasingtolerance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Furthermore, given their composition, they can serve as a nutrientreservoir under nutrient deficiency conditions.Limitations on study/implications: GSLs are synthesized only in species of the Capparidaceae, Brassicaceae,Resedaceae, and Moringaceae families.Findings/conclusions: GSLs are sulfur compounds that can serve as defense mechanisms against bioticand abiotic stress factors and as sources of nutrients in plants, and molecules with important nutraceuticalproperties in food and human health
Relationships between technological and nutritional meat quality traits in native Mexican Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo L.: meat quality traits in native Mexican Guajolote
No full textObjective: To evaluate the relationships between some technological and nutritional meat quality traits in native Mexican Guajolote (M. g. gallopavo).
Design/methodology/approach: In the study, a total of 35 carcasses from male native guajolotes (32-40 weeks old; approximately 2.9 kg carcass weight) were used. Some technological [pH, colour (L*, a*, b*), water-holding capacity (WHC), drip loss (DP), and cooking loss (CL)] and nutritional [dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and energy content (EC)] properties of breast and leg meat were evaluated. Pearson correlation of SAS software was used for data analysis.
Results: In breast meat, moderate to high positive correlations (P < 0.01; 0.35 [pH45min vs pH24h] ≤ r ˂ 0.82 [DM vs EC]) were observed, but highly and negatively correlations (P < 0.01; -0.36 [CF vs CA] ≤ r < -0.77 [b* vs DL]) also were found. Similarly, technological and nutritional quality traits in leg meat also showed moderate to high positive correlations (P < 0.01; 0.38 [pH24h vs L*] ≤ r < 0.74 [DM vs CF]); however, high negative correlations (P < 0.01; -0.42 [pH24h vs CL] ≤ r < -0.69 [a* vs b*]) were observed.
Limitations on study/implications: Studies on the factors that affect the technological and nutritional characteristics of meat quality in this poultry species should be carried out
Findings/conclusions: The results could be used as an important benchmark of the current state of Guajolote meat quality to develop selection and breeding programs in its genetic improvement.Objective: To evaluate the relationships between some technological and nutritional meat quality traits in native Mexican Guajolote (M. g. gallopavo).
Design/methodology/approach: In the study, a total of 35 carcasses from male native guajolotes (32-40 weeks old; approximately 2.9 kg carcass weight) were used. Some technological [pH, colour (L*, a*, b*), water-holding capacity (WHC), drip loss (DP), and cooking loss (CL)] and nutritional [dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and energy content (EC)] properties of breast and leg meat were evaluated. Pearson correlation of SAS software was used for data analysis.
Results: In breast meat, moderate to high positive correlations (P < 0.01; 0.35 [pH45min vs pH24h] ≤ r ˂ 0.82 [DM vs EC]) were observed, but highly and negatively correlations (P < 0.01; -0.36 [CF vs CA] ≤ r < -0.77 [b* vs DL]) also were found. Similarly, technological and nutritional quality traits in leg meat also showed moderate to high positive correlations (P < 0.01; 0.38 [pH24h vs L*] ≤ r < 0.74 [DM vs CF]); however, high negative correlations (P < 0.01; -0.42 [pH24h vs CL] ≤ r < -0.69 [a* vs b*]) were observed.
Limitations on study/implications: Studies on the factors that affect the technological and nutritional characteristics of meat quality in this poultry species should be carried out
Findings/conclusions: The results could be used as an important benchmark of the current state of Guajolote meat quality to develop selection and breeding programs in its genetic improvement
Biostimulants on yield and its components in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Get PDFObjective: Study the effect of biostimulants on yield and its components, in Higuera Azufrado beans in the northern Sinaloa.
Design/methodology/approach: Randomized complete block design, three replications, a common bean variety and five treatments (four biostimulants and one control). Evaluated variables: plant height and yield and its components.
Results: Fia Kelp® biostimulant based on seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum and Macrocystis pyrifera), was outstanding for increased in plant height, seed yield, number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 seeds.
Limitations on study/implications: The study was carried out only in one crop cycle, is necessary to continue evaluating the biostimulants used during more consecutive cycles, to prove their effect on the characters of aerial biomass, harvest index and number of pods per crop m2.
Findings/conclusions: Biostimulants foliar applications had a positive effect on seed yield and some of its components, with respect to the control. The number of normal pods per m2 was the variable that showed the highest percentage of yield with seed yield.
Keywords: plant nutrition, foliar application, sustainable production.Objective: To study the effect of biostimulants on yield and its components in Azufrado Higuera beans in northern Sinaloa.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Randomized complete block design with three repetitions, a common bean variety, and five treatments (four biostimulants and one control). Assessed variables: plant height, yield, and its components.
Results: The seaweed-based (Ascophyllum nodosum and Macrocystis pyrifera) Fia Kelp® biostimulant caused a remarkable increase in plant height, seed yield, number of seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight.
Study Limitations/Implications: The study was carried out during a single crop cycle. Therefore, an ongoing assessment of the biostimulants used must be carried out during more consecutive cycles to prove their effect on the aerial biomass characteristics, harvest index, and number of pods per m2.
Findings/Conclusions: Foliar application of biostimulants had a positive effect on seed yield and some of its components with respect to the control. The number of normal pods per m2 was the variable with the highest correlation percentage regarding seed yield