Revista Agro Productividad
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Descriptive analysis of wine tourism in Querétaro and Baja California, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To present the characteristics of wine tourism that takes place in the states of Querétaro and Baja California, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: descriptive analysis through primary information sources where 228 questionnaires were applied to those who carried out wine tourism in the states of Querétaro and Baja California or who in the last three years had carried out this activity in Mexico.
Results: the respondents reflect interest in the knowledge, production and culture of wine. In addition, they state that the wine routes in the study areas give them satisfaction in the price-quality ratio, wine tastings and gastronomy and that these are key to the development of viticulture in Mexico.
Study limitations/implications: people feel that they do not have enough knowledge about wine tourism, limiting their participation when answering the questionnaire. However, this work is a first approximation to carry out a study that relates wine tourism and the competitiveness of the wine industry in Mexico, for which the answers are timely.
Findings/conclusions: Mexican wine is considered to have the potential to compete with foreign wines in factors such as quality, flavor and price. In addition, there is a preference for the consumption of Mexican wines, especially red, rose and white. Therefore, the production of wine from states such as Chihuahua, Sonora, Coahuila and Durango, which have a large territorial extension, should be taken advantage of, and more commercial wine routes should be created that help promote this industry at the national level to improve society through greater supply, job creation and reduction of imports.Objective: To present the characteristics of wine tourism that takes place in the states of Querétaro and Baja California, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach: Descriptive analysis through primary sources of information where 228 questionnaires were applied to those who carried out wine tourism in the states of Querétaro and Baja California, or who in the last three years have carried out this activity in Mexico.Results: The survey respondents reflect interest in the knowledge, production and culture of wine. In addition, they state that the wine routes in the study areas give them satisfaction in the price-quality ratio, wine tastings and gastronomy and that these are key to the development of viticulture in Mexico.Limitations on study/implications: People feel that they do not have enough knowledge about wine tourism, which limited their participation when answering the questionnaire. However, this work is a firstapproximation to carry out a study that relates wine tourism and thecompetitiveness of the wine industry in Mexico, for which the answers are timely.Findings/conclusions: Mexican wine is considered to have the potential¿ to compete with foreign wines in factors such as quality, flavor and price. In addition, there is a preference for the consumption of Mexican wines, especially red, rose and white. Therefore, the wine production from states such as Chihuahua, Sonora, Coahuila and Durango, which have a large territorial extension, should be taken advantage of, and more commercial wine routes should be created to help promote this industry at the national level to improve society through greater offer, job creation and reduction of imports
Corn price volatility and producer income protection
Get PDFObjective: To estimate the indicator of the risk of the future price of yellow corn #2 of the Chicago Futures Exchange in the United States to the spot price of white corn in the main white corn producing regions of Mexico through the financial volatility indicator.
Methodology: The research used the returns of the monthly time series for the period January 1998 to December 2020 corresponding to the spot price of white corn for five producer-consumer regions of Mexico and the futures price of yellow corn #2 listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange. To quantify volatility, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model of order (1,1) was estimated.
Results: The volatility indicator for yellow corn turned out to be 0.9870 for the futures price of quality 2 yellow corn. In the case of the spot price of white corn in Mexico, the volatility was 0.0.7977 for the national price; 0.3385 for the central region; 0.3206 for the western region and 0.0078 for the southeastern region, respectively.
Implications: The high volatility of yellow corn #, close to unity, shows that the international market for this commodity is riskier than the national market or the regional markets in Mexico.
Conclusions: The national white corn market showed to be more risky than the western, central and southeastern regional markets, showing a higher volatility indicator.O
Objective: To estimate the risk indicator of the future price of yellow corn #2 at the Chicago Futures Exchange (USA) regarding the spot price of white corn in the main producing regions in Mexico through the financial volatility indicator.
Methodology: The research used the returns of the monthly time series corresponding to the spot price of white corn from January 1998 to December 2020, considering five producer-consumer regions of Mexico and the future price of yellow corn #2 as listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange. To quantify volatility, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model of order (1,1) was estimated.
Results: The yellow corn #2 volatility indicator was 0.9870 (future price). In the case of the spot price of white corn in Mexico, the volatility was 0.7977 for the national price, 0.3385 for the central region, 0.3206 for the western region, and 0.0078 for the southeast region.
Implications: The high volatility of yellow corn #2 (close to unity) shows that the international market for this commodity is riskier than the national market or regional markets in Mexico.
Conclusions: The national white corn market proved to be riskier than the west, center, and southeast regional markets, which have a higher volatility indicator
Soy (Glycine max L.) production and importation determinants in Mexico and actions aimed to increase its domestic coverage: Actions to increase national coverage
No full textObjective: to analyze the determinants of soybean production and imports in Mexico, during the period 1990-2020.
Design/methodology/approach: Two econometric models using lineal models were estimated to evaluate the relationships between the variable’s soybean production and harvested area and soybean production and imports.
Results: It was found that soybean production in Mexico is explained by the increase in harvested area, because of the expansion of the internal market and the reconversion of soybean crop areas. In the second model, it was verified that imports are explained by the limited national production. Proposals for actions are presented to increase the national production of soybeans.
Limitations on study/implications: The models require considering new variables to enrich the determinants and improve the proposal of public policy actions.
Findings/conclusions: The low rate of national coverage and the high dependence on imports make it necessary to implement actions to increase the national productive capacity. A group of specific actions are proposed.Objective: To analyze soy (Glycine max L.) production and importation determinants in Mexico, during the 1990-2000 period.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using lineal models, two econometric models were developed, in order to evaluate the relation between the soy production, harvested area, and soy production vs. importation variables.
Results: We confirmed that soy production in Mexico is related to the increase of the harvested area, which promotes an increase in the domestic market and a reorganization of the soy harvested areas. The second model verified that the importations are the result of the limited domestic production. We propose a set of actions to increase domestic soy production.
Study Limitations/Implications: The models must consider new variables to broaden the determinants and to improve the public policy actions proposed.
Findings/Conclusions: The low domestic coverage rate and the high dependency on imports requires the implementation of policy actions to improve the domestic production capacity. A specific set of actions is proposed
Usage of agricultural inputs in sugarcane producers of the ejido Jareros, state of veracruz, México
Get PDFObjective: Analyze the municipal level production potential using simulation methods and typification of the bean agroecosystem based on the edaphoclimatic, socioeconomic, and technological characteristics present in the basin.
Design/methodology/approach The potential yield of beans was mapped, the SWAT model set a total of 8423 HRU'S within the basin surface. Based on this, three clusters were generated for high (1-65-2.75 t ha-1), medium (0.87-1.64 t ha-1), and low (0-01-0.86 t ha-1) yield.
Results: Regarding the variables used to analyze the typology of clusters of the bean agroecosystem, Natural Resources (RN) had a P = 6.842e-08 value; Technological Development (DT) a P = 1.01e-06 value and Infrastructure Development (DI) a P = 8.284e-06 value, while the Economic Development (DE) variable obtained a value of P = 0.3564 and the Social Development variable (SD) a P = 0.04867 value, therefore, in these last two, there were no significant differences among the three clusters.
According to the P values, the high cluster agroecosystem presents the ideal conditions to produce comapa black beans, while the medium cluster can be improved to optimize it. For its part, the low cluster must be addressed in the RN, DT, and DI variables to improve its potential and sustainability.
Limitations on study/implications:
Findings/conclusions: High cluster areas, despite containing fewer municipalities, present a higher production biophysical potential (RN). The agroecosystem of the high and medium-yield clusters has a surface with edaphoclimatic, socioeconomic, and technological characteristics suitable for the productive development of the bean agroecosystem.Objective: in this research, we assessed the level of organic inputs usage in contrast to chemical inputs in sugarcane producers at the ejido Jareros, Veracruz, in the municipality of Ursulo Galvan.
Design/methodology/approach: Through surveys, a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the main socioeconomic aspects of the sugarcane producers in the ejido and an analysis of the means significance of the level of usage of agricultural inputs (chemical / organic) divided into five variables: pesticides, fungicides, acaricides, fertilizers and weed control.
Results: The significance value of the five variables analyzed was: pesticides (p=0.1774); fungicides (P = 0.2090); acaricides (0.3625); fertilizers (P = 0.0005) and weed control (P = 1.0000).
Limitations on study/implications:
Findings/conclusions: Based on the significance values and mean difference of the five assessed variables, it is concluded that the excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers is the factor with the greatest potential to negatively impact the environmental and edaphic deterioration of arable soils in the Jareros ejido, State of Veracruz, Mexico
Silicon and titanium affect the percentage of juice and color attributes in tomato fruits of plants exposed to salt stress
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the leaf application of silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti) in three doses (0, 75, and 150 mg L-1), independently, on tomato plants cv. Río Supremo, subjected to saline stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl), on the percentage of juice and color attributes of the fruit.
Design/methodology/approach: Two independent essays were carried out under a completely randomized experimental design in a 32 factorial arrangement, where the first study factor was the NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution and the second factor was the leaf application of Si or Ti. The percentage of juice and color attributes in fruits were determined. An analysis of variance and the comparison of means by Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) with the SAS software were performed.
Results: Salinity was found to reduce the percentage of juice, the color index, and the ratio of “a/b” indexes. Regarding the interactive effects, NaCl with both Ti and Si increases the “b” index. Leaf applications of Si increased the “b” index and reduced the percentage of juice, the color index, and the ratio of “a/b” indexes. Also, Ti improved the color index and the “b” index.
Limitations of the study/implications: The results were obtained in the Río Supremo tomato variety under greenhouse conditions. Other varieties should be tested too.
Findings/conclusions: Si and Ti applied to the leaves have positive effects on the color of the fruits of tomato plants under saline stress
Evaluation of guajillo and chile de árbol peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in a hydroponic greenhouse system
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the yield of guajillo pepper (CHG) and chile de árbol pepper (CHA) grown in containers with coconut fiber substrate in a hydroponic greenhouse system.Methodology: Four types of chili peppers were tested: two CHG and two CHA peppers. The CHG peppers with seeds were from two growing areas in the state of San Luis Potosí (SLP), located in the Altiplano Central (high plateau region) of Mexico: one from Las Colonias, Salinas, and the other from El Barril, Villa de Ramos. The CHA pepperswere obtained in Yahualica, Jalisco: one in El Salto Verde (CHA-SaltoVerde) and the other in El Faro (CHA-Faro). The chili peppers were established in a hydroponic system with two types of containers (pots (SHM) and slabs (SHB)), in both of which coconut fiber (coir) was used as a substrate. The experimental design was completelyrandomized with three repetitions and the comparison of means was made with the Tukey test (p<0.05).Results: Significant differences were observed between chile de árbol and guajillo peppers grown in SHM regarding the following variables: plant height and number of leaves, flowers, and peppers. Chile de árbol peppers recorded the highest values for the four variables. There were also significant differences between the chile de árbol and the guajillo peppers regarding the fresh weight and dry weight variables, but, in this case, the guajillo peppers had the highest values. The highest dry weight value (g plant -1 ) was obtained by CHG-Barril (1,094 g plant -1 ), followed by CHG-Colonias (866 g plant -1); meanwhile, the lowest values were recorded for CHA-Faro and CHA-SaltoVerde chile de árbol peppers (819 and 258 g plant -1 , respectively). The same pattern was observed in the SHB, with significant differences between the chile de árbol —which had the highest values— and guajillo peppers for the following variables: plant height, number ofleaves, flowers, and peppers. There were also significant differences in terms of fresh weight between chile de árbol and guajillo peppers, with the latter recording higher values. Finally, CHG-Colonias and CHA-SaltoVerde showed the highest dry weight values with 633 and 595 g plant -1 , respectively. Although there were no significant differences between them, there were significant differences with respect to CHG-Barril and CHA-Faro (524 and 483 g plant -1 , respectively).Study Limitations/Implications: The present study has no major limitations.Conclusions: In general, a better dry yield of chili pepper was obtained with guajillo peppers produced in a pot system. Hydroponic systems in pots and slabs, using a coir substrate, are an alternative in protected agriculture for the production of guajillo and chile de árbol peppers.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Podosphaera xanthii, causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon
Get PDFObjective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization.
Design/methodology/approach: In Iguala, Guerrero, in 2018, leaves with powdery mildew symptoms from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) were collected. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank.
Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were recorded in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family.
Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. Morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin.Objective: To determine the causal agent of powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon, as well as its morphological and molecular characterization.
Design/methodology/approach: Leaves with powdery mildew symptoms were collected from husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico in 2018. From two isolates (Phyxa1 and Phyxa2) of husk tomato and two of watermelon (Citrus1 and Citrus2), the morphological characterization was carried out by assembling morphological structures and visualizing them under an optical microscope. For molecular characterization, the ITS region was amplified with the use of primers ITS1 and ITS4, PCR was performed and the products obtained were sequenced in the company Macrogen®. A phylogenetic analysis was performed with the resulting sequences and they were compared with other sequences available in GenBank.
Results: It was determined that there is morphological and genetic variability between isolates from husk tomato and watermelon. The largest sizes of conidiophores and conidia were from Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates, the smallest sizes were found in Citrus1 and Citrus2. The isolates presented a tendency to group according to the host, the Phyxa1 and Phyxa2 isolates were associated with Solanacea isolates, while the Citrus1 and Citrus2 isolates were grouped with isolates of the Cucurbitaceae family.
Findings/conclusions: Podosphaera xanthii was shown to be the agent associated with powdery mildew in husk tomato and watermelon. The morphological and genetic variability of P. xanthii was determined, which was associated with the host of origin
The importance of blackberry (Rubus spp.) production in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To carry out a bibliographic review about the current situation of the commercial production and the generation of blackberry varieties in Mexico.Approach: Based on the existent databases, a bibliographic review about the current blackberry production, production indicators, and generation of new varieties in Mexico was carried out. Berries have been produced in Mexico since the 19th century. The exportation of this product was a response to the North American market windows and generated new varieties adapted to the Mexican weather conditions. The USA market demands berries mainly in autumn, winter, and spring. During this period, prices are very attractive due to the lack of domestic American production. This situation causes a production increase in the berries sector,where innovative practices have been developed. In Mexico, the first commercial blackberry plantation was established in 1983, in Tetela del Volcán, Morelos. The Boysenberry (a raspberry-blackberry hybrid) was the chosen variety. The Brazos variety was the first blackberry variety that was planted and, in 1998, it was replaced by the Tupi variety, which has an excellent quality and shelf lifespan.Conclusions: The blackberry productive chain is a source of direct and indirect employment during itsproduction and commercialization. Mexico is one of the main blackberry exporters worldwide. Additionally,blackberry consumption has health benefits, because it prevents the development of several diseases
Dosimetry and radio-stimulation in mesquite (Neltuma laevigata W.) seeds
Get PDFObjective: The research focused on a germination response in Mezquite (Neltuma laevigata) using gamma radiation (Cobalt 60) at different doses aiming to obtain a greater germination response than a non-irradiated seed.
Design/methodology/approach: The seeds had different collection times and identities, a lot from Durango (10 years) and other from Hidalgo (2 months). Both lots were exposed to sixteen different doses of gamma radiation, having a control (non irradiated). Seeds were subsequently subjected to in vitro conditions using Murashige and Skoog medium. They were monitored daily for a period of two weeks to record the exact day of gemination. Results: The best treatment observed for germination stimulation radio in the provenance of the Durango batch was with 30-gray radiation increasing by 12% compared to the control, while for the batch from Hidalgo it was the one that received a radiation of 6 gray increasing 56% compared to the control. Limitations on study/implications: for this study only two different populations were evaluated and because there were differences between them, the ideal would be to work with material of the other origins. Findings/conclusions: Gamma radiation at low doses causes an increase in seed germination rate.Objective: To carry out research focused on the germination response of mesquite (Neltuma laevigata) to different doses of gamma radiation (Cobalt 60), in order to obtain a higher germination response than with a non-irradiated seed.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Seeds had different collection times and identities. One set was collected in Durango (10 years) and another in Hidalgo (2 months). Both sets were exposed to sixteen different doses of gamma radiation and a control (non-irradiated); they were subsequently subjected to in vitro conditions using a Murashige and Skoog basal medium. They were monitored daily for two weeks in order to develop an accurate record of their germination.
Results: The best treatment for the radio-stimulation of germination in the Durango set was observed at 30 gray (12% higher than the control). Meanwhile, the Hidalgo set received 6 gray radiation (56% higher than the control).
Study Limitations/Implications: Only two different populations were evaluated for this study. Given the differences found between them, working with material from other origins would be ideal.
Findings/Conclusions: Low doses of gamma radiation cause an increase in the germination rate of seeds
Nitrogen fertilization in wheat, in clay soils at the Mexicali valley, Baja California, Mexico
Get PDFThe national and international markets' demand for wheat commercialization is conditioned by quality standards, among which the protein content and percentage of vitreous grain, without white belly, stand out. In them, nitrogen plays an important role in the yield and quality of the wheat grain. For these reasons, the objective of this research was to determine the effect that nitrogen has on yield, grain protein, and the vitreous grain percentage. A field experiment, planted on December 16, 2009, was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with four repetitions. The assessed treatments were 0, 105, 210, 315, and 340 kg of N ha-1 (N0, N105, N210, N315 and N340, respectively). The sown seed was Aconchi F-76 variety crystal wheat. The evaluated variables were grain yield, protein content, and vitreous grain quantity (without white belly). The results indicated that the 210, 315, and 340 kg of N ha-1 treatments affected the yield, protein content, and white belly decrease in the grain. Grain quality is therefore improved with these nitrogen doses, in relation to the quality of the harvested grain in the plots with 0 kg ha-1 and those cultivated with 105 kg ha-1.