Revista Agro Productividad
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Morphological characterization of Maax pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum) and Pico Paloma pepper (Capsicum frutescens)
Get PDFOBJECTIVE. Morphologicall characterization of main wild chilli peppers found in the Campeche state and Yucatan Peninsula: Maax (Capsicum annuum Var Glabriesculum) and Pico Paloma (Capsicum frutescens) chilli pepper.
Methodology. Two seed compounds of wild chilli pepper were evaluated, Maax and Pico Paloma, product of a preliminary collection in the State of Campeche. Both ecotypes were evaluated ex situ during 2016 and 2017 under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation was carried out jointly with eight other ecotypes under a randomized block design with three replications. The morphological was based on the characteristics considered in the IPGRI Capsicum descriptor. The morphological cuantitative characterization was based on descriptive statistics.
Results. The main differentiating characteristics between the Maax and Pico Paloma chilli pepper were: the shape, length and width of the cotyledonous leaf, shape and margin of the leaf, number of flowers per axil, color and spot of the corolla, number of fruit locules and seed surface.
Findings / Conclusions. The morphological characterization allowed to establish structural anatomical differences between the Maax pepper and the Pico Paloma pepper; it also contributed to the knowledge of the ex situ plant growth characteristics and the identification of some characteristics that contribute to the explanation of the morphological variation between the evaluated ecotypes.Objective: To morphologically characterize two wild species of Capsicum annuum Var. Glabriusculum (Maax pepper) and Capsicum frutescens (Pico Paloma pepper).
Methodology: Two seed compounds were evaluated, one from Maax pepper and another from Pico Paloma pepper, collected in Campeche, Mexico. Both ecotypes were evaluated ex situ in the 2016 and 2017 cycles, under greenhouse conditions. The evaluation was carried out jointly with eight other ecotypes in a randomized block design with three repetitions. The morphological characterization was based on the Capsicum descriptor of the IPGRI. The ecotypes were characterized and compared based on descriptive statistics.
Results: The main differential characteristics were: shape, length, and width of the cotyledonous leaf; shape and margin of the leaf; number of flowers per axil; color and spot of corolla; number of fruit’s locules, and seed surface.
Conclusions: The morphological characterization allowed to establish differences between the two genotypes; contributing to the knowledge of ex situ growth characteristics
PCR molecular identification of the fall armyworm in the Chontalpa region, Tabasco, Mexico
Get PDFGoal. – Carry out the first molecular characterization of the Bardcoding COI region of S. frugiperda in Tabasco, as well as test whether it can reliably identify the race of S. frugiperda present.
Design/methodology/approach. - Specimens of S. frugiperda were collected using four pheromone traps in maize plots. DNA extraction, PCR with LCOL/HCOL primers, and sequencing of six individuals captured in traps were performed.
Results. - The sequences were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was built, which groups the S. frugiperda of this study in the rice race.
Implications. - Identification of the race of S. frugiperda is necessary for management purposes, since each race may require a different control method.
Findings/conclusions. - Our study revealed that the isolates from Chontalpa, Tabasco in Mexico correspond to races of fall armyworm reported in other latitudes belonging to the RS. This becomes the first report of this race of S. frugiperda in Tabasco, relevant since this species has the potential to become a serious pest in the sugarcane and rice areas of the state.O
Objective: To perform the first molecular characterization of the barcoding COI region of the S. frugiperda found in Tabasco and to test whether it can reliably identify the strain detected in the said state.
Design/Methodology/Approach: We collected S. frugiperda specimens using four pheromone traps placed in corn plots. Subsequently, we implemented DNA extraction, PCR with LCO-L/HCO-L primers, and the sequencing of six individuals captured in the traps.
Results: After aligning the sequences, we developed a phylogenetic tree, determining that S. frugiperda belongs to the rice strain (RS).
Implications: Identifying the S. frugiperda strain is necessary for management purposes, since different strains may require different control methods.
Findings/Conclusions: Our study revealed that the isolates from Chontalpa, Tabasco, Mexico, match the RS fall armyworm reported in other latitudes. Consequently, this is the first report to identify this strain of S. frugiperda in Tabasco. Our findings are relevant because this species can potentially become a pest in sugarcane- and rice-growing areas of the state
Agronomic response of two experimental varieties of habanero chili in the application of band vermicomposting
Get PDFThe habanero chili pepper has great productive potential in Mexico, with an annual growth of 12.5% in the planted area in the last five years. Objective: was to evaluate the agronomic response of two experimental varieties of habanero chili called HNC-6 orange color and HCC-8 chocolate color, belonging to the Center for Training and Development in Seed Technology. Methodology: the study was established under five doses of vermicompost, 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 kg plant-1 using a completely random design with a 2x5 factorial arrangement. Results: the HNC-6 variety had a better agronomic response than HCC-8, its yield was 95 % higher, the number of fruits per plant 84 %, fruit length (FL) 25 %, pericarp thickness 28 %, fruit firmness 11 %, and average fruit weight 4.7 %. The HCC-8 variety exceeded the height of HNC-6 by 38 % and the fruit diameter (FD) by 14 %. The vermicompost doses exerted a similar effect on both varieties. In conclusion, the experimental variety HNC-6 showed a better agronomic response under the conditions tested. The vermicompost doses exerted a response effect and similar trend in the two experimental varieties of habanero pepper tested, the significant interactions found in FL, FD, and total soluble solids indicate that the application of vermicompost influenced the quality of the fruits in some aspects. Conclusions: the main factors that determined the response of the crop are its genetic component in response to the environment and the degree of maturity of the vermicompost
Effect of climatic factors on the diversity and abundance of Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a pine-oak forest
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles and their relationship with temperature and relative humidity.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in a pine-oak forest of the northeastern Sierra of the state of Puebla, where a monitoring system was established using Lindgren traps baited with frontalin, brevicomine, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
Results: The presence of 23 species of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles was recorded. Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and Pseudips mexicanus (Hopkins) were the most abundant species and their presence was significantly associated with places having high relative humidity.
Limitations on study/implications: The results obtained are limited to the studied ecosystem.
Findings/conclusions: It was concluded that the abundance of the species observed was closely related with climatic factors.Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles and their relationship with temperature and relative humidity.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in a pine-oak forest of the northeastern Sierra of the state of Puebla, where a monitoring system was established using Lindgren traps baited with frontalin, brevicomine, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
Results: The presence of 23 species of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles was recorded. Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and Pseudips mexicanus (Hopkins) were the most abundant species and their presence was significantly associated with places having high relative humidity.
Limitations on study/implications: The results obtained are limited to the studied ecosystem.
Findings/conclusions: It was concluded that the abundance of the species observed was closely related with climatic factors.
Resultados: Se registró la presencia de 23 especies de escarabajos descor
History of lethal yellowing with emphasis on the susceptibility of royal palms (Roystonea spp.)
Get PDFObjective: To explore the available literature relating to lethal yellowing (LY) in order to assess the susceptibility of royal palms (Roystonea spp.) to this disease.
Design/methodology/approach: Bibliographic material in English and Spanish was consulted in physical and digital libraries in search of unequivocal and/or plausible LY reports in Roystonea palms. Information gathered was then reviewed and discussed.
Results: We found evidence of LY susceptibility of royal palms dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to Mexico, possible LY outbreaks in Roystonea palms might have occurred in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Antigua and Barbuda.
Limitations on study/implications: Reports of LY predating molecular diagnostic tools, particularly in Roystonea palms, cannot be assumed as unequivocal evidence of susceptibility to this disease.
Findings/conclusions: Royal palms have shown evidence of susceptibility to LY throughout the Caribbean Basin. In light of this, their potential role as phytoplasma reservoirs should be examined in order to better comprehend this disease’s pathosystem.Objective: To explore the available literature relating to lethal yellowing (LY) in order to assess the susceptibility of royal palms (Roystonea spp.) to this disease.
Design/methodology/approach: Bibliographic material in English and Spanish was consulted in physical and digital libraries in search of unequivocal and plausible LY reports in Roystonea palms. Information gathered was then reviewed and discussed.
Results: We found evidence of LY susceptibility of royal palms dating back to the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to Mexico, possible LY outbreaks in Roystonea palms might have occurred in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Antigua and Barbuda.
Limitations on study/implications: Reports of LY predating molecular diagnostic tools, particularly in Roystonea palms, cannot be assumed as unequivocal evidence of susceptibility to this disease.
Findings/conclusions: Royal palms have shown evidence of susceptibility to the LY pathogen throughout the Caribbean Basin. In light of this, their potential role as long-term phytoplasma reservoirs should be examined in order to better comprehend this disease’s pathosyste
Response of different sowing densities on agronomic parameters in the cultivation of mejen corn in Tabasco, Mexico
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the response of planting densities on agronomic parameters in native Mejen maize from the State of Tabasco, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with four repetitions was used, where the treatments were: T1: 0.25 m between plants and two seeds per blow (80,000 plants ha-1), T2: 0.50 m between plants and three seeds per blow. blow (60,000 plants ha-1), T3: 0.75 m between plants and four seeds per blow (53,333 plants ha-1) and (T4: 1 m between plants and five seeds per blow (50,000 plants ha-1) The variables were: height of plant without male flower (APSFM, cm), of ear (AM, cm), dry biomass of plant, bracts and rachis (ton ha-1), number of bracts, rows per ear , grain per row and grain per ear, and grain yield (GY, ton ha-1).
Results: It was shown that the morphological response of the plants, ears and GY was influenced by the planting densities. The treatment of 80,000 plants ha-1 expressed a GY of 4.75 ton ha-1 higher than the regional average of 1.94 t ha-1 in traditional systems in Tabasco.
Limitations on study/implications: The native maize architecture allows the use of high densities to increase productivity.
Findings/conclusions: It was shown that despite obtaining a lower number of grains per ear in the treatments with greater planting distances, this is compensated by the higher number of plants per row by obtaining higher grain yields.
Keywords: ear, bracts, rachis, grain yield, rows.Objective: To evaluate the response of sowing densities on agronomic parameters in the native mejen corn.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design with four repetitions was used for the treatments: T1 (0.25 m between plants and two seeds per hole (80,000 plants ha-1)), T2 (0.50 m between plants and three seeds per hole (60,000 plants ha-1)), T3 (0.75 m between plants and four seeds per hole (53,333 plants ha-1)), and T4 (1 m between plants and five seeds per hole (50,000 plants ha-1)). The following variables were determined: plant height without male flower (PHWMF, cm), ear size (ES, cm), plant, bracts, and rachis dry biomass (t ha-1); number of bracts, rows per ear, grain per row, grains per ear, and grain yield (GY, t ha-1).
Results: Sowing densities influence the morphological response of plants, ears, and GY. The treatment with 80,000 plants ha-1 recorded a GY of 4.75 t ha-1 in traditional systems in Tabasco —greater than the regional average of 1.94 t ha-1.
Study Limitations/Implications: The architecture of native corn allows an increase in productivity, as a result of the use of high densities.
Findings/Conclusions: Although treatments with greater sowing distances obtained a lower number of grains per ear, this phenomenon is compensated by the greater number of plants per row that leads to higher grain yields
Perception of and adaptability to the effects of climate change in a rural community of the State of Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the population’s perception of recent changes in climate patterns and the actions they have taken to adapt to these changes in the El Saltillo community, Municipality of Jilotepec.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was carried out between September and October 2022, answered online. Social networking and WhatsApp groups were used to disseminate the invitation to participate in the Survey; 96 responses were received, of which 30 were answered on site together with the respondent. Aspects such as socioeconomic data, conceptualization and perception of climate change and adaptability actions were measured.Results: All the survey respondents mentioned that they perceive strong changes in droughts and frosts inthe last 10-15 years. Of them, 96% stated that they had heard the term climate change in different media; however, it is not a concept that is used to explain the changes that take place in the community. As a result of these changes, the population has chosen to build or enlarge rainwater container mounds for agricultural and livestock use, improve the physical condition of the stables, and begin to use precocious corn seed or more adapted varieties of improved corn.Limitations on study/implications: The application of surveys online is a feasible and economical option that implies the need to implement data validation, control and verification mechanisms, as well as sampling of the results.Findings/conclusions: Adaptation strategies to climate change were identified, showing that they are not spontaneous actions and that they have emerged empirically through daily contact with the phenomenon
Worm castings and naphthaleneacetic acid in the growth and yield of zucchini in shade houses
Get PDFThe cultivation of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) under protected conditions has limitations, such as low fruit set due to poor pollination, which affect the commercial yield and profitability of the crop. The investigation was carried out to know the influence of earthworm humus (HL) and naphthaleneacetic acid (ANA) on the growth and yield of two zucchini cultivars in shade houses. A randomized block experimental design with eight treatments and 10 repetitions was used. The treatments influenced plant height, leaf area index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, plant dry weight and fruit set; however, there were no differences because of the treatments in stem diameter, leaf greenness and number of leaves. With the HMX58 cultivar, the highest plant height was obtained: while because of the Prestige cultivar, the highest index of leaf area, dry weight of leaves and dry weight of the whole plant. The highest yield was obtained with the HMX58+LC treatment, while fruit set and number of fruits increased because of earthworm humus. The diameter and weight of the fruit increased because of ANA in both cultivars, and the length of the fruit in the Prestige cultivar
FLUCTUATIONS AND VOLATILITY OF WHITE EGGS CONSUMER PRICES IN THE MEXICO VALLEY
Get PDFObjective: To develop a time series model and analyze the characteristic fluctuations of the average white eggs consumer prices in the Mexico Valley (AWECP), quantifying the seasonal and cyclical fluctuations of said prices.
Design/methodology/approach: A Moving Average Time Series Smoothing method was used to reduce the variation of a data set, and separate cyclical, seasonal, and OLS variations to calculate the trend line.
Results: The Seasonal Component (SC) indicates that in autumn-winter the AWECP is volatile above the annual average by 6.3 % while in spring-summer it declines by 9.13 % on average. The price volatility is largely explained by external factors and the biological process of poultry animals throughout one year. The cyclical component (CC) was 34 months and occurs irregularly.
Limitations on study/implications: This research focused on finding the SC, T, and CC, but not their respective indices. To make short-term forecasts, it is necessary to calculate the indices and compare them to other time series analysis methodologies.
Findings/conclusions: The analysis of the AWECP in the Mexico Valley indicates the presence of SC and an upward CC trend in the time series. The AWECP volatility has harmful effects on the basic basket of the middle and lower-class population in the Mexico Valley given that this food is the most complete, cheap, and accessible source of animal protein in the Mexican market
Potential use of water saved with technification of gravity irrigation in non-agricultural sectors
Get PDFObjective: Conceptually analyze the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows to save and generate alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the same agricultural sector, or outside it.
Design/methodology/approach: The Technified Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated. By measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (DR) 075 Rio Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection.
Results: In 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program in DR 075, the volume saved was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3). The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the DR075 Rio Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which means 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level.
Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water.
Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, it represents that achieving water savings at the farm level would have a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors.
Objective: To analyze conceptually the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows in saving and generating alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the agricultural sector or outside of it.
Design/methodology/approach: The Modernized Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated, by measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (ID) 075 Río Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo, and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection.
Results: The volume saved in the ID 075 was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3) in 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program. The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the ID 075 Río Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which represents 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level.
Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water.
Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, water saving is achieved at the farm level and there would be a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors