Revista Agro Productividad
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Characterization of self-guided trails on the Xihuingo Volcano, state of Hidalgo (Mexico)
Get PDFObjective: In addition to being a tool for environmental education, hiking allows you to appreciate nature and cause social changes that can translate into behaviors and decisions in favor of its protection. The objective of the research was to generate the necessary information to travel the Xihuingo Volcano trails in a self-guided and safe manner.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodology consisted of following the guidelines established for the preparation of the Topoguide, as well as those considered in the Excursion Information Method (MIDE) and the processing of tracks with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, basing this on the use of Geographic Information Systems.
Results: As a result, data on local history, culture and biodiversity were obtained; descriptions, time estimates and profiles of the routes; the identification of places of interest and maps; and digital files for use in GPS receivers.
Limitations on study/implications: The limitations in the data are related to the precision margin of the GPS receivers during the recording of the information (±3 m), as well as the number of records on biodiversity at the time of consultation.
Findings/conclusions: The data obtained highlight the wide biological diversity that the site houses, with an important representativeness in endemic and native species, some in a state of ecological risk, and can be the basis for the creation of a tourism project for the benefit of the local population, facing the problems of mining, illegal logging and grazing observed in the area, as a strategy for the conservation of the natural environment.
Keywords: conservation, nature, hiking.Objective: hiking allows us to appreciate nature; it is also an environmental education tool, causing social changes which can be directed towards behaviors and decisions in favor of environmental protection. The objective of this study was to generate the necessary information in order to hike the trails of the Xihuingo Volcano (state of Hidalgo, Mexico), self-guided and with safety.Design/Methodology/Approach: the methodology consisted of monitoring the guidelines established for the preparation of the Topographic guide, as well as those considered in the Excursion information method (MIDE) and the processing of tracks with global positioning system (GPS) receivers, using a geographic information system as interface.Results: data on local history, culture and biodiversity were obtained. As well as descriptions, time estimates, and profiles of the routes; with the identification of places of interest in maps; and digital files to be used in GPS receivers.Limitations of the study/Implications: the limitations in the data are related to the precision margin of the GPS receivers during the recording of the information (±3 m). As well as the number of records on biodiversity at the time of consultation.Findings/Conclusions: data obtained highlight the wide biological diversity located at the site, with important representation of endemic and native species, some of them in status of ecological risk. These species can be the basis for the creation of a tourism project for the benefit of the local people. Such a program would face the ecological problems derived from mining, illegal logging, and grazing observed in the area, as a strategy for the conservation of the natural environment
Physical and physiological indicators of the quality of soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.)
Get PDFObjective: The present study aimed to carry out the analysis of the physical and physiological quality of soursop seeds, since there is very little information on the subject. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The material was collected at physiological maturity. The seeds were extracted from fruits in commercial maturity. They were subjected to a physical and physiological quality analysis: physical purity, humidity content of the seed, weight of 1000 seeds, integrity test of the seed with the X-ray equipment, evaluation of germination and the evaluation of viability by the tetrazolium method. A completely randomized experimental design was used in all the physical quality variables and tetrazolium tests. Other hand, a completely randomized factorial design (3x7) was used in the germination evaluation. Results: The viability results obtained by the tetrazolium method showed over 59% viable seeds, while in the germination test with the germinative pretreatments only 11.33% germination was obtained in the seeds from which the cover was removed. Findings/ Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that the moment of obtaining the plant material is important for its germination
Evaluation of microbiological safety in bioinputs produced in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions.
Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994.
Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella.
Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs.
Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions.
Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994.
Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella.
Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs
Reproductive and seminal characteristics of Pelibuey rams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the subclinical stage
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the reproductive and seminal characteristics of Pelibuey rams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the subclinical phase.
Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine whether paratuberculosis (PTB) affects the reproductive variables and seminal quality in Pelibuey rams naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the subclinical phase, weekly evaluations were conducted, over a period of two months, of the variables live weight, scrotal circumference, ejaculation latency and seminal characteristics: volume, pH, masal motility and progressive individual motility, concentration, live spermatozoids and dead spermatozoids, in five rams infected by MAP and a further five uninfected rams, of average weight and age 53.58 kg (± 3.26) and 2.91 years (± 0.59), respectively.
Results: PTB was not found to affect the reproductive and seminal variables evaluated.
Limitations of the study/implications: It would have been convenient to carry out the evaluation of the seminal characteristics for a longer time, however, the sampling was stopped in order to ensure the animal welfare of the rams as far as possible, since they began to show signs of PTB.
Findings/Conclusions: The Pelibuey rams diagnosed with PTB in subclinical phase did not present any effect on the reproductive and seminal characteristics. Meanwhile, reproductive management can be carried out with PTB-infected Pelibuey lambs in a subclinical phase.Objective: To evaluate the reproductive and seminal characteristics of Pelibuey rams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the subclinical phase.
Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine whether paratuberculosis (PTB) affects the reproductive variables and seminal quality in Pelibuey rams naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the subclinical phase, weekly evaluations were conducted, over a period of two months, of the variables live weight, scrotal circumference, ejaculation latency and seminal characteristics: volume, pH, masal motility and progressive individual motility, concentration, live spermatozoids and dead spermatozoids, in five rams infected by MAP and a further five uninfected rams, of average weight and age 53.58 kg (± 3.26) and 2.91 years (± 0.59), respectively.
Results: PTB was not found to affect the reproductive and seminal variables evaluated.
Limitations of the study/implications: It would have been convenient to carry out the evaluation of the seminal characteristics for a longer time, however, the sampling was stopped in order to ensure the animal welfare of the rams as far as possible, since they began to show signs of PTB.
Findings/Conclusions: The Pelibuey rams diagnosed with PTB in subclinical phase did not present any effect on the reproductive and seminal characteristics. Meanwhile, reproductive management can be carried out with PTB-infected Pelibuey lambs in a subclinical phase
Peri-urban home gardens in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico are fundamental spaces of resistance
Get PDFFamily farming is based on knowledge and techniques developed by generations, to establish integrated production systems with the purpose of achieving self-sufficiency and maintaining their subsistence. Achieving local, regional and global food sovereignty requires a deep understanding of agroecosystems. This research focused on knowing the effects of neoliberal policies such as the green revolution, urban expansion due to population growth and how the reduction of agricultural areas influences peri-urban agriculture and determinate ways of resistance in front of these dominant system pressures. Through participant observation, surveys, collection, and herbalization we identified plant species, their diversity, uses and richness. We found that family gardens in San Felipe Ecatepec, Chiapas, Mexico are systems, with subsystems, functions, composition and management, with a high number of species, richness from high to moderate, and the home gardens surfaces oscillating between 600 m² and 2500 m². Producing next to the house provides healthy and fresh food, creates a useful, productive space and conserve agrobiodiversity. It is an agroecosystem where each family and site or home garden interact with other families and other home gardens, integrating local knowledge, and offering a space for family coexistence. The home gardens can be considered spaces of resistance based on traditional knowledge, it also contributes to the control maintenance of their resources, and to individual and collective food sovereignty.Objective: To determine the effects of neoliberal policies (including the Green Revolution), the urban sprawl (as a consequence of population growth), and the reduction of agricultural areas on peri-urban agriculture; however, the main focus is the forms of resistance against these pressures from the dominant system.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Through participant observation, surveys, collection, and botanization we identified plant species, their diversity, uses, and richness. Home gardens in San Felipe Ecatepec, Chiapas, Mexico are a system, which consists of subsystems, functions, composition, and management, as well as a high number of species, high to moderate richness, and a surface that oscillates between 600 m2 and 2500 m2. Growing products next to the house provides healthy and fresh food, creates a useful and productive space, and preserves agrobiodiversity. It is an agroecosystem where each family and sitio or home garden interact with other families and other home gardens, integrating local knowledge and offering a space for families to live together. They can be considered spaces of resistance based on traditional knowledge, which also help to control their resources and to bolster individual and collective food sovereignty.
Results: Home gardens in San Felipe Ecatepec, Chiapas, Mexico are a system, which consists of subsystems, functions, composition, and management, as well as a high number of species, high to moderate richness, and established on surfaces that oscillates between 600 m2 and 2,500 m2.
Study Limitations/Implications: The research was carried out during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, which posed an extra challenge to the field work.
Findings/Conclusions: Growing products next to the house provides healthy and fresh food, creates a useful and productive space, and preserves agrobiodiversity. It is an agroecosystem where each family and sitio or home garden interact with other families and other home gardens, integrating local knowledge and offering a space for families to live together. They can be considered spaces of resistance based on traditional knowledge, which also help families to control their resources and to bolster individual and collective food sovereignty
Use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the dasometric analysis of bamboo plantations from the genus Guadua spp.
Get PDFBamboo is a forest resource that, due to its rapid growth, requires frequent evaluations (monitoring) to define the most appropriate management strategies; however this entails a high cost and a great investment of time. In this study, an analysis is made of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), to generate information on the canopy cover of Guadua spp bamboo strains, and relate it to other of their dasometric parameters. The areas of the bamboo strains were defined based on generated aerial images, where each strain was delimited, differentiating them from their environment, for which 4 types of thresholds were defined. The relationship of the crown area with each dasometric parameter suggests that there is a positive trend, where in most cases there was an adequate significance (P <0.05): height R2= 0.67 (P= 0.0222); Diameter 1.3 m R2= 0.56 (P= 0.0367); diameter of culmo 0.3 m R2= 0.57 (P= 0.0313) and number of culms R2= 0.54 (P= 0.130). In this way, the results showed that with the UAV it was possible to determine the coverage area of individual bamboo strains and that some of their dasometric parameters could be estimated based on their allometric relationship.Objective: bamboo is a forest resource that, due to its rapid growth, requires frequent evaluations (monitoring) to define the most appropriate management strategies; however this entails a high cost and a great investment of time. This study presents an analysis of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to generate information on the crown cover of Guadua spp. bamboo strains, and relates it to other of its dasometric parameters. Methodology: the areas of the bamboo strains were defined based on generated aerial images, where each strain was delimited by differentiating it from its environment, for which four types of thresholds were defined. Results: the relationship of the crown area with each dasometric parameter suggests that there is a positive trend, where in most cases there was an adequate significance (P< 0.05): height R2= 0.67 (P= 0.0222); diameter 1.3 m R2= 0.56 (P= 0.0367); culm diameter 0.3 m R2= 0.57 (P= 0.0313); and number of culms R2= 0.54 (P= 0.130). Conclusions: in this way, the results showed that with the UAV it was possible to determine the coverage area of individual bamboo strains and that some of their dasometric parameters could be estimated based on their allometric relationship
The orchids of Megamexico and their interactions with pollinators
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the pollination syndromes of the orchids of Megamexico and the importance of the interactions between the orchids and their respective pollinators for the conservation of both groups.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An exhaustive search was carried out on the pollinators of each of the orchids that grow in Megamexico. With the information sources available, a data matrix was prepared that includes orchids and all their pollinators. Subsequently, it was quantified which group of pollinators the orchids interact with the most. Finally, it is described what physiological adaptations and morphologies orchids have developed to attract specific pollinators.
Results: Orchids from Megamexico maintain close relationships with specific pollinators. Said interaction is mediated by the shape, size, production of aromas, nectar, and the color of the flower. Thus, four large groups of pollinators are those that interact with the orchids of Megamexico, with the Hymenoptera being the group of pollinators that pollinates the most orchid species in Megamexico and birds to a lesser extent.
Study Limitations/Implications: This study describes the importance of pollinators and their interactions with orchids for orchid prevalence.
Findings/Conclusions: It is of vital importance to include orchid pollinators in conservation programs to ensure that interactions between orchids and pollinators continue to be effective and thus guarantee the permanence of the two groups.Objective: To describe the pollination syndromes of the orchids of Megamexico and the importance of the interactions between the orchids and their respective pollinators for the conservation of both groups.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An exhaustive search was carried out on the pollinators of each of the orchids that grow in Megamexico. With the information sources available, a data matrix was prepared that includes orchids and all their pollinators. Subsequently, it was quantified which group of pollinators the orchids interact with the most. Finally, it is described what physiological adaptations and morphologies orchids have developed to attract specific pollinators.
Results: Orchids from Megamexico maintain close relationships with specific pollinators. Said interaction is mediated by the shape, size, production of aromas, nectar, and the color of the flower. Thus, four large groups of pollinators are those that interact with the orchids of Megamexico, with the Hymenoptera being the group of pollinators that pollinates the most orchid species in Megamexico and birds to a lesser extent.
Study Limitations/Implications: This study describes the importance of pollinators and their interactions with orchids for orchid prevalence.
Findings/Conclusions: It is of vital importance to include orchid pollinators in conservation programs to ensure that interactions between orchids and pollinators continue to be effective and thus guarantee the permanence of the two groups
The relationship between the fishermen and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in the Mexican central western Pacific: a narrative analysis
Get PDFObjective: Analyze fisherman-American crocodile relationship in western central Pacific Mexico, with emphasis on the conflict.
Design/methodology: Participatory workshops included 22 fishermen from the Cuyutlán and Alcuzahue lagoons in the state of Colima, to explore the positive and negative aspects of the relationship, the perception and knowledge about the ecosystem functions of the crocodile, the management practices and actions associated with these relationships, and to learn about the actors and natural factors that influence them. The information was recorded, followed by a narrative analysis and synthesis.
Results: Harmonious relationships are reported, such as creating bonds with crocodiles, and recognizing them as beneficial for fishing and their eco-systemic function. Conflicting relationships identified were related to fishing gear, reduction of fishing resources, and accidents. The strategies used to avoid conflicts are related to danger zones, crocodile behavior, and eliminating them to reduce their presence. They also consider compensatory schemes, co-collective management of fishery resources, and the substitution of fishing for the extractive exploitation of crocodiles.
Limitations on study/implications: It´s necessary to know the vision of other actors involved, besides fishermen.
Findings: The relationship between fishermen and crocodiles presents contradictory situations: harmonic where either are benefited, and other conflictive situations, where fishermen suffer economic, operational, and lifestyle impacts, producing scenarios that are not very favorable for the conservation of the reptile.Objective: To analyze the relationship between the fishermen of central western Mexico and the river crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus), emphasizing the resulting conflict.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The work was carried out with 22 fishermen from the Cuyutlán and Alcuzahue lagoons in Colima, Mexico. Four participative workshops were organized per community, in order to explore the positive and negative aspects of the relationship, the perception and knowledge about the ecosystem functions of the crocodile, and the management practices and actions associated with this relationship, as well as to determine the natural participants and factors that influence the said relationship. The workshops were recorded and the resulting data was subjected to a narrative analysis and a summary.
Results: Harmonious relationships are recorded, including the creation of bonds between humans and crocodiles and recognizing the benefits to fishing and the ecosystem function of the crocodile. The conflictive relationships identified were related to fishing, the reduction of fishing resources, and accidents. The strategies used to prevent conflicts are related to the dangerous zones, the behavior of the crocodiles, and the killing of the animals to reduce their presence. Additionally, compensation schemes, a collective management of fishing resources, and the replacement of fishing by the exploitation and capture of the crocodile were taken into consideration.
Study Limitations: Besides the fishermen’s, the point of view of other participants should be determined.
Conclusions: The relationship between fishermen and crocodiles is both harmonious and conflictive. On the one hand, both receive benefits; on the other hand, fishermen suffer economic, operative, and life style impacts, which create inauspicious scenarios for the conservation of the reptile
Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in Mashona heifers, under a J-Synch synchronization protocol, and its effect in pregnancy rate: Use of equine chorionic gonadotropin in a J-Synch protocol in heifers
No full textObjective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the J-Synch protocol with two doses of eCG in beef heifers during the summer in Northeast Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: In this experiment, 218 heifers of the Mashona breed (109/treatment) with a live weight of 350 ±12.1 kg were used. On Day 0, all heifers received an intravaginal device (1.2 g P4) plus 2 mg, i.m., EB; On day 5, it was withdrawn and 0.15 mg of D-Cloprostenol was
applied; where treatment 1 (T1) consisted of the application of 250 IU of eCG; in treatment 2 (T2), 300 IU of eCG was applied. Subsequently, the total number of heifers from both treatments were inseminated at a fixed time (FTAI) at 72 hours after the removal of the device with frozen bull semen; likewise, at the time of the FTAI, 10.5 µg of GnRH was applied to each heifer.
Results: There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the percentage of estrus at the first service (T1 = 91%; T2 = 96%; as well as in the percentage of repeaters (T1 = 25.2% vs T2 = 19 .2%). For the inseminating technician and the color of the heifers' coat, there was an effect on the percentage of heifers repeating estrus. For the percentage of pregnancy at first service, it was 64.8% for T1 and 70.1 % for T2 (p > 0.05) There was only an effect of the inseminator technician in terms of pregnancy percentage, varying from 63.4% for the best-qualified technician vs. 48.6% for the one with the lowest percentage.
Limitations on study/implications: At least in this study, the pregnancy rate in beef heifers will depend mainly on the experience and skill of the inseminator technician.
Findings/conclusions: According to the present investigation, the indistinct application of 250 or 300 IU of eCG can be used with the same results of the presence of estrus and gestation during the summer season in beef heifers, however, the inseminator technician has an important role on pregnancy outcomes.O
Objective: To evaluate the J-Synch protocol with two eCG doses in beef heifers during the summer in northeastern Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: 218 heifers (109/treatment) with a body weight of 350 ± 12.1 kg were used. A J-Synch protocol was applied in order to evaluate two eCG doses: T1 (250 IU) and T2 (300 IU). Subsequently, the total number of heifers from both treatments were inseminated at a fixed time (FTAI): 72 h after removing the device.
Results: No significant differences (p>0.05) were recorded in the estrous percentage at first service (T1 = 91%; T2 = 96%) and in the repeating heifers (T1 = 25.2%; T2 = 19.2%). The insemination technician and coat color variables impacted the estrous percentage in repeating heifers. The pregnancy percentage at first service was 64.8% and 70.1% for T1 and T2 (p>0.05), respectively. The insemination technician had a variable effect on the pregnancy percentage, from 63.4% (the best-qualified technician) to 48.6% (the technician who obtained the lowest percentage).
Study Limitations/Implications: The pregnancy rate in beef heifers will depend mainly on the experience and skill of the insemination technician.
Findings/Conclusions: The same results were obtained regarding the presence of estrous and pregnancy in beef heifers during the summer season, either with 250 or 300 IU of eCG
Reproductive characterization of hair ewe in the American tropics: a review part 1
Get PDFObjective: to make a reproductive characterization of the hair sheep breeds in the American tropics.
Design/methodology/approach: reproductive variables information was collected from scientific search engines, such as Web of Science, Redalyc, Dialnet, PubMed, SciELO and Latindex.
Results: the age of puberty in ewe lambs is highly variable. Similar results were found in adult ewes regarding estrus duration and incidence, estrous cycle length, seasonal anestrus, ovulation rate, fertility, gestation, and prolificacy.
Limitations on study/implications: information on reproductive variables of hair sheep breeds is poorly known or non-existent.
Findings/conclusions: puberty onset in ewe lambs ranges from 175 to 335 d of age when animals weight 15 to 43 kg. The length of the estrous cycle of hair sheep in Mexico is 17 d during the autumn-winter and 21 d in spring-summer. In Brazil, it lasts 17 d in spring-summer and 18 d in autumn-winter. In the United States of America and Venezuela, the estrous cycle length was similar in both periods of the year. The estrous occurrence was 97.1% in autumn-winter and 76.5 % in spring-summer. The estrous duration ranges from 16 to 52 hours. Seasonal anestrous occurs from May to July. The ovulation rate ranges from 1 to 3 oocytes. Fertility is 80 to 100 % in temperate and 37 % in warm months. Gestation length ranges from 144 to 152 d. Prolificacy ranges from 1.0 to 2.2 offspring per ewe. The lambing interval range from 244 to 294 d.Objective: To carry out a reproductive characterization of the breeds of hair ewe in the tropical region of the Americas.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A search of scientific information about the reproductive variables of breeds of hair ewe was carried out and the results were analyzed in the Web of Science, Redalyc, Dialnet, PubMed, SciELO, and Latindex databases.
Results: We described and discussed the highly-variable onset of puberty in ewe lambs. Similar results were found in adult ewes regarding the duration and occurrence of the estrous, estrous cycle length, seasonal anestrous, ovulation rate, fertility, gestation, and prolificacy.
Study Limitations/Implications: Information about the reproductive variables of breeds of hair ewe is poorly known or non-existent.
Findings/Conclusions: The onset of puberty in 15-43 kg ewe lambs ranges from 175 to 335 d of age. The estrous cycle of hair ewe in Mexico lasts 17 d in autumn-winter and 21 d in spring-summer. In Brazil, this cycle lasts 17 d in spring-summer and 18 d in autumn-winter. In the United States of America and Venezuela, the estrous cycle length was similar in both periods of the year. The occurrence of the estrous reached 97.1 % in autumn-winter and 76.5 % in spring-summer. The duration of the estrous ranges from 16 to 52 hours. Seasonal anestrous occurs from May to July. The ovulation rate ranges from 1 to 3 oocytes. The percentage of fertility fluctuates between 80 and 100 % in temperate months and reaches 37 % in warm ones. Gestation lasts from 144 to 152 d. Prolificacy ranges from 1.0 to 2.2 offspring per ewe. The lambing interval ranges from 244 to 294 d