Revista Agro Productividad
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Increase of phytomass and protein in hydroponic green forage through fertilization in Casanare, Colombia
Get PDFObjetive. To evaluate the effect of two types of fertilizers on phytomass and protein content of hydroponic green forage (FVH) of corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.).
Design/methodology/approach. A 32x32 bifactorial design was implemented. The seeds were disinfected with 1 % chlorine by immersion for 15 min. A hydroponic system with nebulization irrigation was used with irrigation frequency every 4 hours for 1 min. 5 cm3 of organic fertilizer (FO) and 5 cm3 inorganic fertilizer (FI) were applied per liter of irrigation water. Plant height (cm), fresh phytomass production (kg), real phytomass yield (kg.kg-1.m2) and crude protein content (%) were measured. The data were analyzed by means of an ANOVA and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) with SPSS statistics 24.
Results: With 7,102 kg of corn seed, a phytomass yield of 50.7 kg.m2 of FVH and 17 % protein was obtained; with rice seed yields of 30.53 kg.m2 and 15% protein are obtained; and for soybean yields of 19.17 kg.m2 of FVH with 38% protein.
Limitations on study/implications: The nitrogen content in fertilizers can be considered the main factor in FVH production and quality.
Findings/conclusions: Inorganic fertilization has a significant effect on phytomass production and protein production in FVH.Objetive. To evaluate the effect of two types of fertilizers on phytomass and protein content of hydroponic green forage (FVH) of corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.).
Design/methodology/approach. A 32x32 bifactorial design was implemented. The seeds were disinfected with 1 % chlorine by immersion for 15 min. A hydroponic system with nebulization irrigation was used with irrigation frequency every 4 hours for 1 min. 5 cm3 of organic fertilizer (FO) and 5 cm3 inorganic fertilizer (FI) were applied per liter of irrigation water. Plant height (cm), fresh phytomass production (kg), real phytomass yield (kg.kg-1.m2) and crude protein content (%) were measured. The data were analyzed by means of an ANOVA and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) with SPSS statistics 24.
Results: With 7,102 kg of corn seed, a phytomass yield of 50.7 kg.m2 of FVH and 17 % protein was obtained; with rice seed yields of 30.53 kg.m2 and 15% protein are obtained; and for soybean yields of 19.17 kg.m2 of FVH with 38% protein.
Limitations on study/implications: The nitrogen content in fertilizers can be considered the main factor in FVH production and quality.
Findings/conclusions: Inorganic fertilization has a significant effect on phytomass production and protein production in FVH
Effects of an increase in Mexican strawberry exports to Canada on the profitability of pro-ducers in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: determine the viability of increasing the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to the Canadian market.
Design/methodology/approach: Likewise, a simulated scenario was developed with the purpose of carrying out a forecast on the conditions that may occur to have a more accurate knowledge of the operation of the international strawberry trade between Mexico and Canada. To perform this analysis, the international market was represented in a partial equilibrium model.
Results: According to the calculated price flexibility, an increase in the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to Canada of 50% in one year would cause a positive final effect. With this estimate, it can be established that an increase in the exported quantity of Mexican strawberries to Canada of 50% in one year would be viable in the economic sense. In this simulated scenario, the Benefit/Cost Ratio (B/C R) calculated for the producers of Michoacan, Baja California and Guanajuato would be 1.0865, 1.196 and 0.6856 respectively.
Limitations on study/implications: not all products and all states of Mexico are examined.
Findings/conclusions: The results showed that an increase in strawberry production to export to Canada in Michoacan and Baja California would be profitable for the producer, while an increase in strawberry production for export to the Canadian market in Guanajuato would further decrease profitability
Use of firewood in an indigenous community from the Sierra Norte de Puebla: a gender perspective on the access to natural resources
Get PDFObjective: To analyze some elements considered key to understanding the rights of use, access and ownership of natural resources according to the social roles assigned to each sex in the community of Reyeshogpan, Puebla.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used is that of participant observation complemented by the application of 24 semi-structured interviews with households in the community.
Results: The results indicate that the surface areas range between 0.25 ± 3.0 hectares, where 40.79% of those consulted own surfaces of less than 0.5 hectares, an insufficient surface area to cover their annual energy needs (10,752 m3 / household), which is why they resort to renting, borrowing land, and buying firewood. In terms of access to land, 82.14% is in the hands of men and 17.86% in the hands of women. This percentage of female holders does not imply that they can exercise their rights as owners, as men, thus confirming that access to land influences the availability of firewood and its use for energy.
Limitations on study/implications: The analysis of the use and quantity of fuelwood used by households used information provided in the interviews, which may underestimate or overestimate quantities.
Findings/conclusions: For the community of Reyeshogpan, firewood collection is gender-based, based on the physical differences between men and women, finding that there are specific tasks for men to collect firewood that are related to their physical strength and tasks that women carry out in a complementary way and without any economic value whatsoever.
Keywords: Gender, wood energy, energy in households.Objective: To analyze several key elements in order to understand the rights of use, access, and ownership of natural resources, based on the social roles assigned to each gender in the community of Reyeshogpan, Puebla, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A participant observation methodology was used, complemented by the application of 24 semi-structured interviews in local households.
Results: The surface ranges of the plots are 0.25 ± 3.0 ha. Out of all the interviewees, 40.79% own less than 0.5 ha, which is not enough to cover their annual energy needs (10,752 m3 per household). Therefore, they rent and loan their land, as well as purchase of firewood. Regarding the access to land category, 82.14% is owned by men and 17.86% by women. However, this percentage of female holders does not imply that they can exercise their rights as owners, because the land is generally administered by men. This situation confirms that the access to land influences the availability of firewood and its energy use.
Study Limitations/Implications: The information provided by the interviewees was the basis for the analysis of the use and amount of firewood used by households; however, the interviewees may have underestimated or overestimated the amounts.
Findings/Conclusions: In the Reyeshogpan community, the gathering of firewood is carried out according to gender, based on the physical differences between men and women. Tasks specifically assigned to men are related to their physical strength, while the tasks performed by women are considered complementary and are not given any economic value
High-fiber diets for fattening pigs
Get PDFObjective: To establish the feasibility and benefits offered by implementing pig diets with high fiber content. Design/methodology: A bibliographic review of the concept of the practical application of diets for pigs with the inclusion of fibrous ingredients. Results: Formulating high-fiber pig diets maintains or improves productive performance and offers additional gut health benefits. Study limitations/implications: The lack of knowledge of the net energy and digestible amino acid values of the fibrous ingredients limits the adequate formulation of diets for pigs. Findings/conclusions: The inclusion of high fiber ingredients in the diet for pigs can partially substitute traditional ingredients reducing costs and obtaining health benefits.Objective: To establish the feasibility and benefits of implementing high-fiber diets for pigs.
Design/Methodology: A literature review of the practical application of pig diets with the inclusion of fibrous ingredients was carried out.
Results: The formulation of high-fiber diets for pigs maintains or improves productive performance and provides additional gut health benefits.
Study Limitations/Implications: Lack of information about the net energy and amino acid digestibility values of fibrous ingredients limits the proper formulation of pig diets.
Findings/Conclusions: The inclusion of high-fiber ingredients in pig diets can partially replace traditional ingredients, consequently reducing costs and providing health benefits
A Review of the Current Panorama of Glyphosate Resistance among Weeds in Mexico and the Rest of the World
Get PDFGlyphosate is a non-selective broad-spectrum herbicide. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have classified it as probably carcinogenic to humans, the indiscriminate use of this herbicide in agriculture continues today, as a consequence of its low cost and effectiveness, as well as of the large number of generic products available. In addition to the adverse health effects, the massive use of glyphosate has caused environmental problems which have direct and indirect effects on agroecosystems. With the introduction of resistant transgenic crops, the use of this herbicide has increased fifteenfold since 1996. Just in the last 26 years, 350 cases of glyphosate resistance among weeds have been reported worldwide; however, multiple resistance has been recorded in 23 weed species in 17 countries around the world. In the future, the dependence on this herbicide will result in multiple resistance among weeds, not only in Mexico, but in more parts of the world than those that have been reported to date
Aquaculture research with funding from CONAHCYT in three public research centers in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: Analyze the projects on aquatic species financed by CONAHCYT through the information provided by the Transparency Units (TU) of the public research centers (PRC) CIBNOR, CICESE and CIAD.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The information was requested from the TUs of the centers through the official email of the TUs. The TUs sent the information, and it was organized in spreadsheets for later analysis. For the analysis, only the projects financed by CONAHCYT were considered and the following were selected: the year the project began, the technical manager, the species or species that were the main object of the project, and the amount approved.
Results: The projects financed in the timeline established by each center are shown, as well as the amounts approved, the responsible researchers and the species addressed. Native species are the ones that have obtained the most financed projects, although part of the budget has been applied to invasive alien species. The social incidence is perceptible in some of the financed projects, although it has been a characteristic that has been fairly attended.
Study limitations/Implications: The research has been limited to the information provided by the TUs of PRCs. If more information exists, it is not available through this route.
Findings/Conclusions: The three PRCs propose projects that are mostly on native aquatic species. There has been a decrease in the number of projects funded. The social incidence is barely perceptible in the projects proposed and financed by CONAHCYT.
Income variability and agricultural policy
Get PDFIn Mexico, the policies of Guarantee Prices (PG) and direct support for the income of the producer, known as procampo (PC), have been applied in an alternative way. Such policies have a different effect on the variability of producers' incomes. Variance was used as a measure of variability of producer income. Information was used from 1980 to 1994 for PG and from 1995 to 2018 for PC. Agricultural income was taken as the product of price by yield, and then the cyclical effect of the trend was decomposed. The selected crops were maize and wheat. For corn, the states used were: Sinaloa, Jalisco, Edo. Mexico, Michoacán and Chiapas; while for wheat the states were: Sonora, Baja California Norte, Guanajuato, Sinaloa and Michoacán. Agricultural income was found to be more volatile in the period of the guarantee price policy than in the period of direct payments.Objective: To compare producer income volatility under two types of policies (support prices and direct payments).
Design/Methodology/Approach: Producer income is understood as the result of multiplying price by yield; therefore, income is the product of two random variables modeled with a lognormal distribution, accounting for the covariance. After the subtracting trend, the cyclical component is subjected to a volatile analysis under each policy studied.
Results: Income volatility is systematically higher for support price programs than for the direct payment policy.
Study Limitations/Implications: Government programs have recently taken up support prices again; therefore, income variability should be reviewed.
Findings/Conclusions: Government programs aim to increase producer income by different means. However, they overlook possible volatility implications. By taking up support price programs again, producer income may be at risk of rebounding
Traditional knowledge and actions of the Pisel Nek-mej (Scaptotrigona mexicana) stingless bee honey production in Cuetzálan, Puebla: Knowledge and actions in the production of stingless bee honey
No full textObjective: During the last few years, the production of honey from stingless bees has become significant, as a result of its therapeutic properties. However, its production and commercialization are limited by the low yield per colony and its high sale price. This study seeks to recover the lore and actions that a group of producers from Cuetzálan, Puebla, Mexico has about the production of honey from the Scaptotrigona mexicana species of stingless bees. The objective was to collect information about the handling, production, and commercialization of tis bee species, as well as the challenges that producers face in the Cuetzálan region.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This research was carried out using a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather the information. The participants were chosen using the snowball sampling technique, contacting stingless bee honey producers in Cuetzálan, Puebla, Mexico.
Results: The lore about the handling of the stingless bees is passed on from generation to generation. This traditional handling is understood as a cultural symbol. This type of honey is renowned for its medicinal properties; however, its production is scarce, and the resulting product is very expensive. Consequently, the theft and adulteration of honey has become a major problem, creating mistrust among consumers.
Study Limitations/Implications: More producers should be interviewed, and additional proof of the handling processes used to identify adulteration should be gathered. This information would be used to develop recommendations that could be applied in other producing regions of the country.
Findings/Conclusions: The social and scientific recognition of the properties of stingless bee honey shows the importance of adopting innovations; however, including organizational processes to improve the commercialization channels and to minimize unfair honey production practices is also very important
Heliconia SCARLET: a mexican variety for cut flower and gardening
Get PDFObjective: To carry out the morphological characterization of Heliconia uxpanapensis x Heliconia latispatha var. Scarlet for varietal registration purposes.
Design, Methodology and Approximation:
By means of rhizomes division of 71-1 plant from a plot of H. uxpanapensis x H. latispatha segregant plants (F2), twelve plants (tillers) were generated, planted, and cultivated in open field under 30% of natural shade. Morphological characterization was methodic conducted using the Technical Guide descriptors for Heliconias designed by the National Seed Inspection and Certification Service (SNICS, 2023).
Results: Morphological characters of the clones from the 71-1 segregant plant, tested with the SNICS Technical Guide descriptors, were constant so that a differentiation could be make between the Scarlet and Karely, a reference variety found in the Guide. Scarlet variety’s primary distinctive characteristics are the red color, high brilliance, and the revolute-involute margins of their bracts. Their inflorescence morphological characteristic suggest they can be cultivated for cut flower and gardening.
Study limitations and implications: In order for Scarlet variety express, their characteristics of intense color and bracts brightness, they have to be cultivated under 30% of shade.
Findings and conclusions: Based on the Technical Guide descriptors for heliconias varietal description (SNICS, 2023), the Scarlet variety differentiates from the Karely (reference variety) as it presents a stability-distinction-homogeneity. For this reason, the varietal registration seems appropriate.Objective: To carry out the morphological characterization of Heliconia uxpanapensis X Heliconia latispatha var. Scarlet for varietal registration purposes.Design, Methodology and Approximation: By means of rhizomes division of 71-1 plant from a plot of H. uxpanapensis X H. latispatha segregant plants (F2), twelve plants (tillers) were generated, planted, and cultivated in open field under 30% of natural shade. Morphological characterization was methodic conducted using the Technical Guide descriptors for Heliconias designed by the National Seed Inspection and Certification Service (SNICS, 2023).Results: Morphological characters of the clones from the 71-1 segregant plant, tested with the SNICS Technical Guide descriptors, were constant so that a differentiation could be make between the Scarlet and Karely, a reference variety found in the Guide. Scarlet variety’s primary distinctive characteristics are the red color, high brilliance, and the revolute-involute margins of their bracts. Their inflorescence morphological characteristic suggest they can be cultivated for cut flower and gardening.Study limitations and implications: In order for Scarlet variety express, their characteristics of intense color and bracts brightness, they have to be cultivated under 30% of shade.Findings and conclusions: Based on the Technical Guide descriptors for heliconias varietal description (SNICS, 2023), the Scarlet variety differentiates from the Karely (reference variety) as it presents a stabilitydistinction-homogeneity. For this reason, the varietal registration seems appropriate
Maize silage and maize stubble, strategy for cattle feed in dry seasons
Get PDFThe objective was to estimate production costs and profitability of maize silage and stubble maize as a feeding strategy for cattle in dry seasons in the southern region of the State of Mexico. 30 semi-structured surveys with non-probabilistic sampling were applied during the spring/summer 2020 cycle. Socioeconomic variables, profitability threshold and the benefit/cost ratio were analyzed. The production units were characterized as small, the average age of producers did not exceed 45 years and nine years dedicated to production. The average production of corn silage and stubble corn was 28 and 7.20 tons with a cost of 1.278.40 and 3.587.23 pesos per ton. The benefit/cost ratio in silage and stubble corn was 0.46 and 0.16. It is concluded that both activities were profitable with a predominance of corn silage.
The objective was to estimate the production costs and profitability of maize silage and maize stubble as a feeding strategy for cattle in dry seasons in the southern region of Estado de México. Methodology:30 semi-structured surveys with non-probabilistic sampling were applied during the spring/summer 2020 cycle. Socioeconomic variables, the profitability threshold and the benefit/cost ratio were analyzed. The production units were characterized as small, the average age of producers did not exceed 45 years and nine years dedicated to production. Results: The average production of maize silage and maize stubble was 28 and 7.20 tons with a cost of 1,278.40 and 3,587.23 pesos per ton. Conclusions: The benefit/cost ratio in maize silage and stubble was 0.46 and 0.16. The conclusion is that both activities were profitable with a predominance of maize silage