Revista Agro Productividad
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Organic extracts for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) control in native corn (Zea mayz L.)
Get PDFObjective: Determine the incidence of fall armyworm in corn plots and evaluate the insecticidal effect of garlic extract and rue essential oil and understand their phytochemistry.
Design/methodology/approach: The fall armyworm incidence was determined through the “five of golds” systematic sampling, composed of 20 plants per sampling point (100 plants in each plot). This assessment was conducted in 15 plots of native corn in the municipality of Cherán, Michoacán. Control bioassays were also tested, in the laboratory and field; where rue essential oil, garlic extract, cypermethrin, and an absolute control (water) were evaluated.
Results: The highest fall armyworm incidence (18%) occurred in a corn plot at Andasticua. In the laboratory, cypermethrin induced the highest fall armyworm mortality (100%), followed by rue essential oil (83%). In the field, both the insecticide and the rue essential oil reduced lepidopteran incidence. The main component of the essential R. graveolens oil is the semivolatyl cinnamoyl chromen (IUPAC name: 2-(3-phenylprop-2-enoyl)chromen-4-one).
Limitations of the study/implications: The present research has no major limitations.
Findings/conclusions: Both products, cypermethrin, and rue essential oil, effectively control fall armyworms in the laboratory and the field environments
Determination of optimal areas for the establishment of buffalo herds and German grass in Tabasco, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To determine optimal (suitable) areas for the establishment of fattening buffalo herds (Bubalus bubalis) and german grass (Echinochloa polystachya Kunth Hitchc) based on biophysical environmental conditions that favor the comfort state of the animal species and the better development of the plant species.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodology consisted of an analysis of the bioclimatic parameters for water buffalo and agroclimatic parameters for german grass in the state from Tabasco. A comparative table of the optimal biophysical variables of the water buffalo and the german grass was elaborated with respect to the digital geographic base of soils and the climatological normals registered in the state from Tabasco. Edaphoclimatic maps were elaborated for the establishment of buffalo herds associated with german grass from a cartographic crossing.
Results: Obtaining the edaphoclimatic aptitude map of both species at a scale of 1:135,000.
Limitations of the study/implications: In the state of Tabasco, there is a lack of basic information on the soil and climatic conditions suitable for water buffalo, since its exploitation is recent.
Findings/conclusions: The areas for the establishment of buffalo herds and German grass were identified. 4.29% of the state of Tabasco has suitable potential, followed by 56.67% classified as moderately suitable, while 38.48% were classified as unsuitableObjective: To determine optimal (suitable) areas for the establishment of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) herds fattened with German grass (Echinochloa polystachya Kunth Hitchc), based on the biophysical environmental conditions that favor the comfort of the animal species and the best development of the plant species.Design/Methodology/Approach: An analysis of the bioclimatic parameters for water buffalo and the agroclimatic parameters for German grass was carried out in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. A comparative table of the optimal biophysical variables of water buffalo and German grass was developed from the digital soil geographic databases and the climatological normals recorded in the state of Tabasco. Edaphoclimatic maps were developed to establish buffalo herds associated with German grass, based on a cartographic cross-checking.Results: The soil-climatic aptitude map of both species was developed at a scale of 1:135,000.Study Limitations/Implications: Given its recent introduction, there is a lack of basic information on the edaphoclimatic conditions suitable for water buffalo in the state of Tabasco.Findings/Conclusions: The areas for the establishment of buffalo herds and German grass were identified. Regarding their potentiality, 4.29% of the state of Tabasco is suitable, 56.67% was classified as moderately suitable, and 38.48% is not suitable
Synchronization of the estrous during a short period, using a low dose of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in primiparous and multiparous ewes
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the effect of reducing the synchronized luteum phase and of applying eCG on reproductive response variables and hormone profile in primiparous and multiparous ewes. Design/methodology/approach: The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial array. Eight-one ewes were divided by their reproductive activity: primiparous (n=38) and multiparous (n=43). The percentage of presentation of estrus and pregnancy were analyzed with a c2 test. The estrus onset and duration for an analysis of variance and the Tukey test of comparison of means. The P4 concentration was performed using the PROC MIXED procedure, which included fixed effects of the treatment and day and the interaction of the two. Results: The response in estrus presentation was not different between treatments, however; the onset and duration of estrus were affected by physiological state and the synchronized luteum phase. P4 concentrations in serum were higher in primiparous ewes than in multiparous ewes. There were no differences in pregnancy rate or prolificity by principal effects. Limitations on study/implications: The estrus onset and duration varied by effects of the reproductive physiological status and the duration of the synchronized luteum phase (6 and 12 d), Therefore, it must be taken into account when artificial insemination is performed at a fixed time. Findings/conclusions: The combination of cronolone sponges with 100 IU eCG during short (6 d) are effective for the synchronization of estrous. The P4 concentrations in serum were higher in primiparous ewes, but this was not determinant for increasing gestation and prolificity in treated ewes.Objective: To evaluate the reduction effect of the synchronized luteal phase and the eCG application in the reproductive variables and hormone profile response of primiparous and multiparous ewes.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The experimental design was completely random, with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Based on their reproductive activity, the 81 specimens were divided into primiparous (n=38) and multiparous (n=43) ewes. The estrous and pregnancy stages were analyzed using the c2 test. An analysis of variance and the Tukey’s mean comparison test were used to determine the start and the duration of the estrous. P4 concentration was measured using the PROC MIXED which influenced the fixed effects of the treatment and the day, as well as their interaction.
Results: There was no difference between treatments, regarding the occurrence of the estrous; however, its start and duration were not impacted by the physiological state and the synchronized luteal phase. P4 concentrations in plasm were higher in primiparous ewes than in multiparous ewes. The main effects did not impact the pregnancy and the prolificity rates.
Study Limitations/Implications: The variation in the start and the duration of the estrous was caused by the physiological reproductive state and the duration of the synchronized luteal phase (6 and 12 days). Therefore, these effects should be taken into account when the artificial insemination takes place at a fixed period.
Finding/Conclusions: The combination of the cronolone sponges with 100 UI of eCG during short periods (6 days) effectively synchronizes the estrous. P4 concentrations in serum were higher in primiparous ewes, although these concentrations were not a determining factor in the increase of pregnancy and prolificity
Elements to improve the management and commercialization of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) D.R. Hunt)
Get PDFThe objective of this study is to describe and identify problems and potentials of the production and commercialization of pitahaya in the socio-economic context of the town of San Luis Atolotitlan, Caltepec, Puebla. A questionnaire was applied to 20 producers who are also marketers of the Rural Production Association of San Luis Atolotitlan, Caltepec between March and May 2020. The cultivation of pitahaya is part of a diversified system of crops in a social context of migration, under educational level and with extensive dependence on local buyers, however with minimal maintenance practices, use of organic fertilizers and average yields, which, if management is improved and, above all, marketing and transformation channels are identified and diversified, could be the system that stimulates the economy of the region. A potential for these actions are the young producers, with a higher degree of education and with an innovative attitude.The objective of this study is to identify production and commercialization problems and potential of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) in the socioeconomic context of San Luis Atolotitlan, Caltepec, Puebla, Mexico. A questionnaire was applied between March and May 2020 to n=20 producers-marketers of the Asociación de Producción Rural de San Luis Atolotitlan, Caltepec. The cultivation of dragon fruit is part of a crop diversification system within a social context characterized by migration, low education, and extensive dependence on local buyers. In addition, its maintenance practices, use of organic fertilizers, and average yieldsare minimal. However, if management is improved and transformation and marketing channels are identified and diversified, the system will be able to boost the economy of the region. Young producers, with a higher educational level and with an innovative attitude, could improve those measures
Interaction between nitrogen doses and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) incorporation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production
Get PDFObjective: Determine the optimal dose of nitrogen in combination with the incorporation of alfalfa in the growth, yield and concentration of ions in the sap of the lettuce leaf.
Design/methodology/approach: The experimental design used was completely randomized with a 2x5 factorial arrangement with nine repetitions in each treatment. The treatments consisted of five doses of nitrogen (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 Kg ha-1) and two soil conditions (with and without alfalfa).
Results: Shoot fresh weight (PFA), shoot dry weight (PSA), polar diameter (PDC) and equatorial diameter of bud (DEC), weight of bud (PC) and yield were higher when a dose of 200 to 300 Kg of N ha-1 with alfalfa. This effect was similar to the dose of 300 kg of N ha-1 without the addition of alfalfa. The concentration of nitrates (NO3-) in the sap decreased with the addition of alfalfa and with 200 Kg of N ha-1, the concentration of potassium (K+) was higher with or without the addition of alfalfa and 250 Kg of N ha-1. While the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) was higher in the plants that were developed with or without alfalfa but, at a dose of 400 Kg of N ha-1.
Limitations on study/implications: One of the limitations of this research was not determining the nitrogen available in the soil, due to the lack of equipment.
Findings/conclusions: The incorporation of alfalfa into the soil is a good alternative to improve lettuce production and reduce the use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Keywords: Growth, quality, yield, nitrate reduction.Objective: To determine the optimal nitrogen dose combined with alfalfa in the growth, yield, and ion concentration in the sap of the lettuce leaf.
Design/Methodology/Approach: We used a completely randomized experimental design, with a 2×5 factorial arrangement and nine repetitions in each treatment. The treatments consisted of five nitrogen doses (200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg ha-1) and two soil conditions (with and without alfalfa).
Results: Aerial fresh weight (AFW), aerial dry weight (ADW), end-to-end diameter of the shoot (EDS), maximum diameter of the shoot (MDS), shoot weight (SW), and yield were higher when a 200-300 kg ha-1dose of N was applied along with alfalfa. This application had a similar effect to the 300 kg dose of N ha-1, applied without the addition of alfalfa. The concentration of nitrates (NO3-) in the sap decreased with the addition of alfalfa and 200 kg of N ha-1. The concentration of potassium (K+) was higher with or without the addition of alfalfa and 250 kg of N ha- 1. The concentration of calcium (Ca2+) was higher in the plants that received a 400-kg dose of N ha-1, whether alfalfa was included or not.
Study Limitations/Implications: The lack of equipment prevented the determination of the nitrogen available in the soil.
Findings/Conclusions: The incorporation of alfalfa into the soil is a good alternative to improve lettuce production and reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers
Evaluation of the Genipa americana L. / Heliconia stricta Huber agroforestry system and its effects on soil fertility
Get PDFAbstract
Objective: To evaluate the plant development of Genipa americana L. and Heliconia stricta Huber associated as an agroforestry system, and their effects on soil fertility.
Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized experimental design with three replications per treatment was used. Genipa plantations were established in july 2019 and Heliconias in september 2020. Soil samples and analyzes were carried out based on the methodologies specified in NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 (SEMARNAT, 2002). Monthly measurements of height, stem diameter, number of leaves, photosynthetic rate was made for Heliconias and Genipa, as well as number of branches and canopy cover for the latter. Means were compared by Tukey's test at a 5% confidence level.
Results: The contents of organic material (OM), Phosphorus (P) and Manganese (Mn) in the soil did present significant differences due to the effect of the treatments cultivated alone and/or associated, while the contents of Nitrógeno (N), Potasio (K), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Zinc (Zn) and Cobre (Cu) did not. The behavior and development of the Genipa was the same in the treatments, while the Heliconias did present variations.
Study limitations/implications: It is recommended to continue the study.
Findings/Conclusions: The treatments cultivated alone and/or associated improved the (OM) contents in the soil. The Genipa is not affected by the effect of the treatments evaluated, while the Heliconias are.R
Objective: To evaluate the plant development of Genipa americana L. and Heliconia stricta Huber associated as an agroforestry system, and their effects on soil fertility.
Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized experimental design with three replications per treatment was used. Genipa plantations were established in July 2019 and Heliconia in September 2020. Soil samples and analyses were carried out based on the methodologies specified in NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 (SEMARNAT, 2002). Monthly measurements of height, stem diameter, number of leaves, photosynthetic rate were made for Heliconia and Genipa, as well as number of branches and canopy cover for the latter. Means were compared by Tukey’s test at a 5% confidence level.
Results: Contents of organic material (OM), Phosphorus (P) and Manganese (Mn) in the soil did present significant differences because of the treatments, cultivated alone and/or associated, while the contents of Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) did not. The behavior and development of Genipa was the same in the treatments, while Heliconia did present variations.
Limitations on study /implications: It is recommended to continue the study.
Findings/conclusions: The treatments cultivated alone and/or associated improved the (OM) contents in the soil. Genipa is not affected by the effect of the treatments evaluated, while heliconias are
Corn-neem soil cover and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extract application for the Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) management in corn (Zea mays, L)
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the soil cover with corn-neem biomass for the management of Spodoptera frugiperda, in corn, hybrid INIAP H601, in Pechiche, Los Ríos, Ecuador.
Design/methodology/approach: Two treatments were evaluated: one with corn-neem soil cover at 2.0 tn.ha-1 before sowing plus two foliar applications at 10 and 20 days after sowing, and a control without coverage in a completely randomized design, the variables evaluated were the percentage of corn plants with damage between grades one and three, and between grades four and five at 30 days after planting, the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and agricultural yield.
Results: Under field conditions, it was shown that in both treatments no significant differences were found in the damages with degrees between one and three with 69.0% of affectation, and yes for the damages with degrees between four and five with 31.0 % in the control and 15.0% in coverage, also with higher IAF and yield as dry grain. There was a linear but inverse relationship between affected plants with grades between 4 and 5 with respect to LAI and yield.
Limitations/implications: The availability of neem tree biomass may be a limitation if this technology is to be applied to larger land areas.
Findings/conclusions: It was concluded that soil cover with maize-neem plus a foliar application decreased the incidence of Spodoptera frugiperda and increased LAI and agricultural yield.Objective: To evaluate the soil cover with corn-neem biomass for the Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) management in the INIAP H601 corn hybrid, at Pechiche, Los Ríos, Ecuador.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Two treatments were evaluated: 1) a treatment using corn-neem soil cover at 2.0 t ha-1 before sowing, plus two foliar applications, 10 and 20 days after sowing; 2) a control treatment without soil cover, in a completely randomized design. The variables evaluated were the percentage of corn plants with 1st to 3rd degree damage and 4th to 5th degree damage (30 days after sowing), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and agricultural yield.
Results: Under field conditions, both treatments had no significative differences in the 1st to 3rd degrees damages (69.0% impact). However, there were significative differences in the 4th to 5th degree damages (31.0 %) in the control and the soil cover (15.0 %). Additionally, LAI and dry grain yield were higher. There was a linear but inverse relationship regarding LAI and yield in plants with 4th to 5th degree damage.
Limitations/Implications: The availability of neem tree biomass could be a limitation, if this technology is applied to larger land areas.
Findings/Conclusions: Corn-neem soil cover plus a foliar application decreased the Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) impact and increased LAI and agricultural yield
Bioplastics: Environment-friendly materials and their production technologies: Bioplastics: friendly materials with the environment and production technologies
No full textObjective: To analyze the general definition of bioplastics from their contribution to the solution of environmental problems due to plastic contamination; learn about obtaining and processing technologies, as well as biodegradation.
Design/methodology/approach: A documentary research was carried out from 2010 to 2022, concerning the definitions of plastics and bioplastics by various authors, their sources of production and processing technologies to obtain final products. Likewise, the practices that have been applied for its final disposal and/or reuse. Emphasis will be placed on the production of more environ-mentally friendly plastics based on polylactic acid (PLA), which is one of the most widely used biodegradable materials today.
Results: There is a potential and growing use of vegetable fibers and other biological materials suitable for processing bioplastics in a sustainable way. In Mexico, there is a large amount of vegetable waste to be used, and thus obtain biodegradable and less polluting materials, with the advantage of degrading in less time than conventional plastics as a productive activity in the agro-industrial sector. To do this, it is necessary to process fibers or local plant residues to integrate them into said production of bioplastics.
Limitations on study/implications: Limitarions are adjusted according to the literature cited.
Findings/conclusions: In Mexico there are various sources of waste plant material, which provides a favorable field to be used in the production of plastics with less potential for contamination and greater capacity to biodegrade, adjusting to trends currently re-quired by demand. of plastics for packaging.Objective: To analyze the recent contributions of bioplastics in addressing environmental problems caused by plastic pollution.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A literature review was carried out on the definitions of plastics and bioplastics, the sources of raw materials, processing technologies and methods to assess biodegradation. Current practices for final disposal and/or reuse were also examined. Special emphasis was placed on polylactic acid (PLA), one of the most widely used biodegradable materials today.
Results: Over the years, there have been significant developments in the definitions of plastics and bioplastics, as well as in the sources of raw materials and processing technologies used to create final plastic products. By using bioplastics instead of conventional plastics, it is possible to reduce the dependence on petroleum and mitigate the pollution associated with plastic production and disposal. Furthermore, the enhanced biodegradability of bioplastics ensures that they break down more readily in natural environments, reducing the accumulation of plastic waste and its detrimental impact on ecosystems. The production of bioplastics using plant fibers, biological materials, and polymeric waste materials presents an opportunity for integration into the productive activities of the agro-industrial sector. This integration brings several benefits and synergies between agriculture and industry.
Study limitations/Implications: We provide a report based on the literature.
Findings/Conclusions: there is a notable current trend in the utilization of bioplastics as a viable substitute for conventional plastics. In order to assess the biodegradability and compostability of these materials, specific testing and certification standards have been established by reputable organizations. These standards serve as a reliable framework for evaluating the environmental impact and degradation characteristics of bioplastics. By adhering to these guidelines, manufacturers can ensure that their bioplastic products meet the necessary criteria for sustainable use
Diversity and relative abundance of rodent species under three habitat conditions in the Altiplano Potosino Oeste, Mexico: Rodents in the Altiplano Potosino Oeste
No full textObjetive: To evaluate species diversity and abundance of rodents, as well as vegetation cover, in three habitat conditions in the Altiplano Potosino Oeste.
Design/methodology/approach:
The work was carried out in eight sites with good (3), fair (2) and poor (3) vegetation cover conditions. For vegetation, frequency, basal and aerial cover data were collected in three plot sizes; for arborescents 20X20 m, shrubs 3 of 5X5 m and herbaceous in 2 of 1X1m. Three sampling nets with 100 Sherman traps were used to collect rodent data. Rodent species richness was determined using the Shannon-Whinner index and abundance using the Relative Density Index. Differences were analyzed by ANOVA.
Results: Grass cover decreased with condition, but shrub cover did not. The overall richness was 21 rodent species (16 in fair, 15 in good and 14 in poor condition). The total IS-W and IDR) decreased with condition. The most abundant and best scattered species were Dipodomys ornatus, D. merriami and Chaetodipus nelsoni.
Limitations/implications: The study was conducted in the most restrictive season and under drought conditions, which had consequences for cattle, but not for rodents. However, although their plasticity maintained relatively stable RDI values, the indices decreased with the condition.
Findings/conclutions: Despite the habitat conditions, we found a greater diversity and abundance of rodents than reported in the literature. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies of this nature be conducted using rodents as bioindicators.Objective: To evaluate the diversity and abundance of rodent species, as well as vegetation cover, under three habitat conditions in the Altiplano Potosino Oeste.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The work was carried out in eight sites with good (3), regular (2), and poor (3) vegetation cover conditions. Frequency, basal, and aerial cover data were collected in three plot sizes to obtain the results for the three types of vegetation: arborescent stratum (20×20 m), shrubs (3 plots of 5×5 m), and herbaceous stratum (2 plots of 1×1m). In order to collect the rodent data, three sampling nets with 100 Sherman traps were used. Rodent species diversity was determined using the Shannon-Whinner index (SWI), while abundance was obtained using the Relative Density Index (RDI). Differences were determined using ANOVA.
Results: Grass cover decreased depending on the condition; however, this was not the case of the shrub cover. The overall diversity of rodent species was 21 (16 in fair, 15 in good, and 14 in poor condition). The total SWI and RDI decreased depending on the condition. Dipodomys ornatus, D. merriami, and Chaetodipus nelsoni were the most abundant and most widespread species.
Study Limitations/Implications: The study was conducted during the most restrictive season and under drought conditions. This situation impacted cattle, but not rodents. However, although their plasticity maintained relatively stable RDI values, the indices decreased depending on the condition.
Findings/Conclusions: Despite their habitat conditions, the rodents found in the area are more diverse and abundant than those reported in reference works. Therefore, further studies about this subject should be carried out using rodents as bioindicator
Fec, CA5A and CLSTN2 genes and their function during sheep ovulation: a review.
Get PDFObjective: To describe the function of Fec, CA5A and CLSTN2 genes during ovulation in ewes.
Design/methodology/approach: A search and analysis of scientific information related to Fec, CA5A and CLSTN2 genes in sheep was performed.
Results: Fec, CA5A and CLSTN2 genes are involved at the ovarian level; ewes carrying the first gene were found to have increased ovulation rate, folliculogenesis and granulosa cell differentiation. CA5A stimulates an increased follicular rate and plays an important role in pre-implantation. While CLSTN2 has activity in ovarian development and growth; it also has the ability to interact with other genes involved in follicular maturation, granulosa cell differentiation and development of the ovarian follicle.
Limitations on study/implications: Ewes carrying these genes increase the prolificacy rate in the flock.
Findings/conclusions: The expression of these genes acts synergistically in the ovulatory process, enhancing the ovulatory response by contributing to endocrine, paracrine and molecular synchronisation, so that the maturation of the oocyte occurs, leading to ovulation