Revista Agro Productividad
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Impact of climate change on rainfed sugarcane in Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To estimate the expected quantitative changes of the rainfed sugarcane yield in four sugar mills in the state of Veracruz using climate change scenarios for the end of the 21st century and considering that the same climate change could also affect soil fertility.
Design/methodology/approach: The data on the cultivated area with the rainfed sugarcane such as topography, principal properties of soil fertility, crop yields for the beginning of the 21st century, current climatic data from the meteorological stations and future ones based on existing climate change scenarios were analyzed. Then, by means of a physiological model of this crop based on biological, climatic and soil characteristics, proposed by IIASA/FAO, the current and future agricultural productivity of sugarcane was calculated. The actual productivity calculated with this model was compared with the observed data. Then, the productivity of this crop for the end of the 21st century was calculated. The comparative impact on the productivity of the expected changes in some climatic components and corresponding expected modification in soil fertility was assessed.
Results: The results of calculations indicate that if the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increases by 2 or 2.7 times at the end of the 21st century and the current varieties of sugarcane and their crop management will conserve, the yield of sugarcane will decrease up to 20% depending on the climate change scenario and location of the plot. The main climatic factor influencing the decrease in sugarcane productivity is the expected decrease in precipitation.
Limitations on study/implications: Monthly average climatic variables are used for both current and future productivity calculations since there are no estimates of daily data. There are also no predictions on the development of crop management technology as well as on the expected change in pests and diseases for the end of the 21st century.
Findings/conclusions: The IISA/FAO physiological model of sugarcane growth based on agroecological principles, considering even limited number of climatic variables, is useful for calculating of sugarcane productivity with correlations greater than 90% for calculated and observed data. This allowed us to estimate the expected impact of climate change in the productivity of rainfed sugarcane in Veracruz State of Mexico at the end of 21st century
Phytopathogenic fungi associated with blueberry dieback (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) pruning and sealing management
Get PDFObjective: Identify the phytopathogenic fungi related to the downward death of blueberry, verify their pathogenicity, their incidence after pruning and the type of sealing.
Design/methodology/approach: For this, samples of symptomatic stems and branches were collected in eight commercial blueberry lots in the municipalities of Ahome, El Fuerte and Guasave in the state of Sinaloa, of which 196 fungal isolates were obtained, which were morphologically identified; to subsequently perform pathogenicity tests on detached leaf and bilox rods; Likewise, 2 pruning angles and three sealants were evaluated compared to an absolute control with a completely random arrangement.
Results: Based on morphological analysis, the genera were determined: Alternaria, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Pestalotia and Curvularia, however, only the isolates of Lasiodiplodia were pathogenic in leaves and rods, while the best result is achieved with the angle of pruning 45º and sealing with vinyl paint type washable plastic plus copper oxychloride.
Limitations on study/implications: There were no limitations.
Findings/conclusions: The results achieved open new lines of research related to the molecular identification and impact of the disease on performanc
Synthesis of silica chitosan oligosaccharides nanoparticles
Get PDFObjective: To obtain chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and evaluate COS uses for the obtention of nanosystem based on silica as vehicle and compare the COS-silica nanosystem with the chitosan (Chi) precursor system as Chitosan-silica nanosystems.
Design/methodology/approach: A combination of hydrolysis chemical and mechanical (microwave assisted) were used to obtain COS with the oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide. Sol-Gel adapted method was used to synthetize silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) from sodium metasilicate and the electrostatic interactions between SiNPs and Chi/COS were used to functionalize the SiNPs surface with Chi/COS.
Results: Nanosystem composed from COS and SiNPs were obtained successful as A COS-SiNPs and C COS-SiNPs with particle size of 139.35 nm and 251.8 nm and zeta potential of 30.40 mV and 34.67 mV respectively with antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Limitations on study/implications: Stabilize the systems compound of chitosan-silica nanoparticles due to the molecular weight of chitosan which loss the stabilized the SiNPs suspension and due the incompatibility of both systems pH.
Findings/conclusions: COS and COS-SiNPs stable systems were obtained with an improvement of the antimicrobial activity of the system in contrast of Chi-SiNPs systems
Business plan for the creation of a processing Company sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) in Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico
No full textThe cultivation of sweet potato in state of Chihuahua has increased in recent years, however, farmers obtain a low price for their harvest, which is why a business plan was developed to create a processing company in Delicias. A market study was carried out in three municipalities using the Malhotra methodology to determine market segmentation and the FIRCO guide for the analysis of financial indicators. Throwing for the market study that 77% of the sample consumes the tuber, and of this percentage, 85% is willing to consume the products offered by the company, with sweet potato candy being the most interesting (24%), covered in sweet potato (20%) and chips (18%). The results of the profitability indicators NPV, IRR and RBC through a 5-year projection, with an update rate of 12%, indicate that it is profitable with a NPV of 463,079.91 pesos. The limitation would be to obtain the full credit of the financing to start the business while the fixed and variable costs would be assumed by the owners.The producer has the possibility of forming his factory with an initial investment of 422,472 pesos, increasing his profits, giving added value to the crop and eliminating intermediaries.El cultivo de camote en el estado de Chihuahua ha incrementado en los últimos años, sin embargo, los agricultores obtienen por su cosecha un precio bajo, motivo por el cual se elaboró un plan de negocios para crear una empresa procesadora en Delicias. Se realizó el estudio de mercado en tres municipios utilizando la metodología de Malhotra para determinar la segmentación de mercado y la guía FIRCO para el análisis de los indicadores financieros. Arrojando para el estudio de mercado que el 77% de la muestra consumen el tubérculo, y de este porcentaje el 85% está dispuesto a consumir los productos que la empresa ofrezca, siendo los de mayor interés el jamoncillo (24%), cubierto (20%) y chips (18%). Los resultados de los indicadores de rentabilidad VAN, TIR y BC a través de una proyección de 5 años, con una tasa de actualización del 12%, indica que es rentable con una VAN de 463,079.91 pesos. La limitante sería obtener el crédito total del financiamiento para poner en marchar la empresa mientras que los costos fijos y variables correrían por cuenta de los propietarios. El productor tiene la posibilidad de formar su fábrica con una inversión inicial de $422,472 pesos, incrementando sus utilidades, dando valor agregado al cultivo y eliminando intermediario
Embryo development after ICSI, using spermatozoa from bovine testicular tissue treated with three membrane-destabilizing agents
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To determine differences in embryo development of bovine oocytes fertilized by frozen/thawed spermatozoa (F/T), or by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using F/T or spermatozoa from fresh (FTT) or cryopreserved testicular tissue (CTT) using three spermatozoa membrane destabilizers. Methods. Treatment (TRT) 1- In vitro fertilization (FIV) with F/T, TRT-2 ICSI with F/T, TRT-3 ICSI with FTT, TRT-4 ICSI with CTT. The spermatozoa membranes were destabilized using Triton X-100 (TX), Lysolecithin (LL) or Heparin--Glutathione (Hep-GSH). Embryo cleavage at 48 h and grade 1 and 2 blastocyst on day 8 post fertilization were recorded. The comparison among main effect means were analyzed based on the least significant difference of Fisher. Results. At D8 there was no difference in percentage of blastocyst formation among ICSI TRTs (F/T 13 ± 3, FTT 6 ± 3 and CTT 6 ± 3 p>0.05), but they were lower than control (FIV 23 ± 5). With Hep-GSH destabilizer, there was a lower cleavage at 48 h than the LL and TX (35± 5, vs 50± 5 and 56± 5 p<0.05). Cleavage at 48 h was better for the ICSI with F/T and LL, while for D8, the best percentage to blastocyst was for TX. Conclusion. It is possible to produce blastocysts using ICSI with spermatozoa obtained from fresh or cryopreserved testicular tissue. Sperm cells treated with TX or LL produced more BL than those treated with Hep-GSH. More experiments using spermatozoa obtained from different sources are necessary to improve embryo development after ICSI.
Keywords: ICSI, Vitrification, Testicular tissue, Oocytes, Bovine, Fertilization.R
Objective. To determine the differences in the embryo development of bovine oocytes fertilized with frozen/thawing (F/T) spermatozoa or with the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of F/T, spermatozoa from fresh testicular tissue (FTT), and cryopreserved testicular tissue (CTT), using three spermatozoa membrane-destabilizing agents.
Methodology. Four treatments were used. Treatment (TRT-1): In vitro fertilization (IVF) with F/T. TRT-2: ICSI with F/T. TRT-3: ICSI with FTT. TRT-4: ICSI with CTT. The spermatozoa membranes were destabilized with Triton X-100 (TX), Lysolecithin (LL), and Heparin-Glutathione (Hep-GSH). Embryonic division was recorded at 48 h and grade 1 and 2 blastocysts (BL) were recorded 8 days (D8) after the fertilization. The means were compared using Fisher’s least significant difference method.
Results. At D8, the blastocysts formation between ICSI treatments (F/T 13 ± 3, FTT 6 ± 3, and CTT 6 ± 3, p>0.05) were lower than control (IVF 23 ± 5). There was a lower cleavage at 48 h using Hep-GSH than when LL and TX were used (35 ± 5 vs 50± 5 and 56± 5, p<0.05). Embryo division at 48 h obtained better results with the ICSI + F/T and LL treatment, while the highest blastocyst percentage at D8 was obtained using TX.
Conclusions. Blastocysts can be produced through ICSI, using spermatozoa from fresh or cryopreserved testicular tissue. The spermatozoa treated with TX and LL produced a higher percentage of BL than the spermatozoa treated with Hep-GSH. Further experiments should be carried out using spermatozoa obtained from different sources, in order to improve embryo development after the ICSI
Forage diversity and selection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Texanus MEARNS) in coahuila, mexico: Forage selection of white-tailed deer in Coahuila
No full textObjective: to identify the diversity and selection of their diet at UMA Rancho San Juan, Monclova, Coahuila, from October 2018 to August 2019.
Design/methodology/approach: the composition of the white-tailed deer diet was identified with the microhistological technique. With the Canfield lines method, the availability of forage per season was calculated. The diversity of diet and forage, with the Shannon index and its relationship based on simple linear regression. The selection of the diet with the X2 test and the Ivlev index.
Keywords: Canfield, availability, Ivlev, desert scrub, microhistological technique.
Results: 49 species and 20 families were identified in the diet. Which is made up of 49.84% shrubs, 18.38% succulents, 16.02 % herbaceous and 15.72 % grasses. The deer selected Opuntia engelmannii, consumed Acacia rigidula and Cenchrus ciliaris proportionally to their availability, and consumed Acacia berlandieri, Jatropha dioica and Karwinskia humboldtiana below their availability.
Limitations/implications: It is recommended to continue this line of research including aspects of nutritional quality of forage and variations in the diet between years of demonstration. It is recommended to favor the presence of herbaceous plants through habitat improvement techniques.
Conclusions: the diversity of the diet was not related to that of the forage. When forage diversity is needed, increase grass intake.Objective: To identify diet diversity and selection among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus texanus Mearns) at UMA Rancho San Juan, Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico, from October 2018 to August 2019.
Design/methodology/approach: The composition of the white-tailed deer’s diet was identified by applying the microhistological technique. The line interception method was used to estimate the seasonal availability of forage. Diet and forage diversity were established based on the Shannon index, while their relation was identified using a simple linear regression. Diet selection was determined using the chi-squared test and Ivlev’s electivity index.
Results: We identified 49 species and 20 families in the diet, which comprised 49.84% shrubs, 18.38% succulents, 16.02% herbaceous plants, and 15.72% grasses. Deer selected Opuntia engelmannii, consumed Acacia rigidula and Cenchrus ciliaris in proportion to their availability, and consumed Acacia berlandieri, Jatropha dioica, and Karwinskia humboldtiana below their availability.
Study Limitations/Implications: This line of research should be further pursued, including nutritional quality aspects of the forage and diet variations between sampling years. We also recommend fostering the presence of herbaceous plants through habitat improvement techniques.
Conclusions: No relation was found between diet and forage diversity. When forage diversity decreased, grass intake increased
Agricultural production and market prices in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: to establish that the price of the main products of the Mexican agricultural sector are cointegrated with the production of the main producing States of the five regions of the Mexican agricultural sector.
Design/methodology/approach: thirty cointegration tests were carried out to determine if prices influence the production of the main producing States of the regions of the agricultural sector of Mexico of the main products of Mexico, which are grain corn, grain sorghum and bean.
Results: in the northwest region, the price does not influence the production of the main producing States of grain corn, grain sorghum and beans; In the northeast, central-western and central regions, the price influences the production of the main producing States of grain maize, grain sorghum and beans; and, in the south-southeast region, in most of the States, the price does not affect the production of the main producing States of grain corn, grain sorghum and beans.
Limitations on study/implications: Not all States and their main products were analyzed because it was not the objective of the investigation.
Findings/conclusions: the price influences the production, but it does not influence in the same way the production of the five regions of Mexico and neither of the main producing States of grain corn, grain sorghum and beans
Effect of gypsum and potassium on corn yield and on the exchangeable bases of an acid soil in La Frailesca, Chiapas
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the residual effect of gypsum in corn crops 2 years after application, in a previously limed soil, as well as the result of a new addition of gypsum combined with potassium in La Frailesca, Chiapas.
Design/methodology/approach: Composite factorial: initial arrangement (2017) with four levels of gypsum (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 t ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg K2O ha-1). In 2019, the plots treated with gypsum were divided into two, adding the same amount of gypsum applied in 2017 to half of each of them, and leaving the other half to evaluate the residual effect to the initial treatment. The potassium doses were the same as the original ones. Corn kernel yield, pH, exchangeable bases, and percentage of aluminium saturation were measured at depths of 0 to 7 and 7 to 14 cm from groun level.
Results: The greatest effect on yield was obtained with 2.5 t ha-1 of gypsum applied in 2017 without significant increases with higher gypsum doses. The exchangeable calcium content and pH increased, but the magnesium, potassium and aluminum in the soil decreased.
Limitations on study/implications: The assumed of Asphalt Stain Complex was diagnosed.
Findings/conclusions: The authors point out the need to be careful when recommending gypsum as an amendment; an excessive application generates an imbalance in the exchangeable potassium and magnesium of the soil, so the incorporation of these should be considered in the fertilization plan.Objective: To evaluate the residual effect of gypsum in corn crops (2 years after its application in a previously limed soil), as well as the result of a new addition of gypsum combined with potassium in La Frailesca, Chiapas, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: We used a composite factorial design. The initial arrangement (2017) consisted of four levels of gypsum (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 t ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg K2O ha-1). In 2019, the gypsum-treated plots were divided in half: the same amount of gypsum applied in 2017 was added to the first half and the other half was used to assess the residual effect of the initial treatment. The potassium doses were the same as the original. Corn grain yield, pH, exchangeable bases, and aluminum saturation percentage were measured at 0 to 7 and 7 to 14 cm below ground level.
Results: The greatest effect on yield was obtained with 2.5 t ha-1 of gypsum applied in 2017; no significant increases were recorded with higher gypsum doses. The exchangeable calcium content and pH level increased, while magnesium, potassium, and aluminum in the soil decreased.
Study Limitations/Implications: Suspected presence of Tar Spot Complex was diagnosed.
Findings/Conclusions: An excessive application of gypsum generates an imbalance in exchangeable potassium and magnesium in the soil; therefore, producers must exercise caution in the use of these products as part of their fertilization plan
Main technical-productive characteristics of meliponiculture in two locations of the municipality of Calkiní, Campeche
Get PDFObjective: to identify the main technical-productive characteristics of two production systems (traditional and technified) dedicated to meliponiculture in two locations in the municipality of Calkiní, Campeche.
Design/methodology/approach: From August to December 2021, applications of semi-structured interviews of 60 reagents were carried out to the meliponiculturists of Pucnanchen and Santa Cruz. Where by means of the snowball method the population of meliponiculturists was found.
Results: A total of 43 colonies of bees of the species M. beecheii (39 hobones and 14 technified boxes) were found. The meliponiculturists interviewed are over 49 years old and have an average of 10.75 colonies per meliponary. Likewise, the modern meli-ponarios have replaced the roofing with huano, by the use of galvanized sheet and the hobones have been replaced by the use of technified boxes for the breeding of native bees.
Limitations of the study/implications: this study describes the technical-productive characteristics of the two production systems used in meliponiculture (traditional and technical) in two locations in the municipality of Calkiní, Campeche.
Findings/conclusions: there is a reduction in the number of people who practice meliponiculture, which is an activity that is still rooted in rural communities and that still retains importance from the economic, cultural and cultural point of view. Social. The uses of melipona honey in the health of people belonging to rural communities, is an activity that still persists, as well as the customs associated with the religious context.Objective: To identify the main technical-productive characteristics of two meliponiculture production systems—traditional and technical—in two locations of the municipality of Calkiní, Campeche.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Semi-structured interviews of 60 items were applied to bee growers from Pucnanchen and Santa Cruz between August and December 2021. The population of meliponiculturists was established by using the snowball method.
Results: We found a total of 43 bee colonies of the M. beecheii species (39 hobones and 14 technified boxes). The interviewed meliponiculturists are over 49 years old and have an average of 10.75 colonies per meliponary. In modern meliponaries, galvanized metal sheets have replaced huano (Sabal yapa) leaf roofing. Likewise, some hobones have been replaced by technified boxes to breed native bees.
Study limitations/Implications: This study describes the technical-productive characteristics of the two production systems (traditional and technical) used in meliponiculture in two locations of the municipality of Calkiní, Campeche.
Findings/Conclusions: There is a decline in the number of people practicing meliponiculture, an activity still rooted in rural communities and that retains its economic, cultural, and social importance. In rural communities, the use of melipona honey for health purposes persists, as well as the religious customs associated with this type of honey
The innovation networks of blackberries
Get PDFObjective: Map the innovation networks of blackberry producers in the Los Reyes Michoacán region, as well as to identify the degree of centrality, density and intermediation of the network and some options for improvement.
Design/methodology/approach: Visits and interviews were made to the main collection centers Sunbell, El Cerrito, SPR and Driscoll, to the personnel of Trusts Established in Relation to Agriculture of the Western Region, the Zamora Agency. For the baseline survey, a universe of 50 producers was considered, including partners and main clients; then, all the red was relieved with the "snowball" technique.
Results: 39% of the producers are also dedicated to the production and marketing of avocado. Most of the production (92%) is destined for export. The main collection centers for export are Sunbelle, Splendor and Driscoll. El Molinito and Moradely account for 70% of the total national market.
Agrofertilizadores de Michoacán Agromich, Fertimich, Bucosa and Agrupe concentrate 70% of the inputs sold to producers. The company Procal stands out in the supply and service management network.
Limitations on study/implications: It is a study focused on the Los Reyes region, which could be extended to other regions, crops, and expand the number of actors involved in the study.
Findings/conclusions: The relationships between different actors centralization, inputs-outputs, and intermediation indicators take higher values, which shows the role of producers and key companies (Ere03 and OP01) as source, collector, and articulator actors. It is important to promote high productivity and profitable technologies for innovation.Objective: Map the innovation networks of blackberry producers in the Los Reyes Michoacán region, as well as to identify the degree of centrality, density and intermediation of the network and some options for improvement.
Design/methodology/approach: Visits and interviews were made to the main collection centers Sunbell, El Cerrito, SPR and Driscoll, to the personnel of Trusts Established in Relation to Agriculture of the Western Region, the Zamora Agency. For the baseline survey, a universe of 50 producers was considered, including partners and main clients; then, all the red was relieved with the "snowball" technique.
Results: 39% of the producers are also dedicated to the production and marketing of avocado. Most of the production (92%) is destined for export. The main collection centers for export are Sunbelle, Splendor and Driscoll. El Molinito and Moradely account for 70% of the total national market.
Agrofertilizadores de Michoacán Agromich, Fertimich, Bucosa and Agrupe concentrate 70% of the inputs sold to producers. The company Procal stands out in the supply and service management network.
Limitations on study/implications: It is a study focused on the Los Reyes region, which could be extended to other regions, crops, and expand the number of actors involved in the study.
Findings/conclusions: The relationships between different actors centralization, inputs-outputs, and intermediation indicators take higher values, which shows the role of producers and key companies (Ere03 and OP01) as source, collector, and articulator actors. It is important to promote high productivity and profitable technologies for innovatio