Revista Agro Productividad
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Lychee (Lychee chinensis Sonn.), composition and possible applications
Get PDFObjective: to mention the importance of the bioactive compounds and fatty acids (FA) present in lychee, in addition to their possible applications Lychee is a fruit originally from Asia, which has sweet pulp and juice, presents an attractive appearance and pleasant flavor, in addition to high nutritional value, so that it is quite accepted by consumers. Lychee is a great source of bioactive compounds such as tannins and vitamin B1. Because of its functionality, it has various uses as in the preparation of teas and medicinal remedies. Because of the functionality it has, it is important to research this fruit in detail and to find possible applications. Therefore, the objective of this study
Synthesis and characterization of polyols made from poultry fat
Get PDFObjetivo: Identificar las condiciones óptimas de síntesis de polioles a partir de grasa avícola por epoxidación e hidrólisis in situ.
Diseño/metodología/enfoque: Se utilizó un diseño estadístico de superficie de respuesta tipo Box-Behnken se evaluó el efecto de los factores temperatura (60, 70 y 80 °C), catalizador (1, 2 y 3 % p/p), relación molar de dobles enlaces:ácido acético (1:1, 1:1,5 y 1:2) y tiempo (4, 6 y 8 h), sobre el índice de acidez de los polioles sintetizados.
Resultados: Los espectros FTIR indicaron que en condiciones de reacción leve se generan grupos epóxido (827 cm-1) mientras que en condiciones de reacción severa se favorece la formación de grupos OH. Por lo tanto, las condiciones óptimas para la generación de poliol fueron: 80 °C, 3 % p/p catalizador (H2SO4), relación molar dobles enlaces:ácido acético 1:2 y tiempo de reacción de 8 h, obteniendo un porcentaje máximo del 78% de índice de acidez, y número de hidroxilo de 74 mg KOH/g.
Limitaciones en el estudio / implicaciones: La eliminación del medio ácido y el agua en la reacción fue un desafío en polioles con mayor índice de acidez.
Hallazgos/conclusiones: El método utilizado de extracción de grasa, permite obtener materia prima que cumple con las características para realizar la reacción de epoxidación e hidrólisis en un solo paso para obtener poliol. Las condiciones más severas de temperatura, concentración de catalizador, relación molar de dobles enlaces: ácido acético y tiempo de reacción, permitieron obtener la mayor cantidad de poliol de grasa avícola.Hidrólisis, grasa animal, epoxidación, residuos agroindustriales.Objective: Identify the optimal conditions of polyols synthesis from poultry fat by epoxidation and hydrolysis in situ.
Design/methodology/approach: Using a statistical design of response surface Box-Behnken type was evaluated the effect of the factors temperature (60, 70 and 80 °C), catalyst (1, 2 and 3 % w / w), molar ratio double bonds:acetic acid (1: 1, 1: 1.5 and 1: 2) and time (4, 6 and 8 h), on the acid index of polyols synthesized.
Results: The FTIR spectra indicated that in mild reaction conditions epoxide groups (827 cm-1) are generated while in severe reaction conditions the formation of OH groups is favored. Therefore, the optimal conditions for the generation of polyol were: 80 °C, 3 % w/w catalyst (H2SO4), molar ratio double bonds:acetic acid 1:2 and reaction time of 8 h, obtaining a maximum percentage of 78% acidity index, and hydroxyl number of 74 mg KOH/g.
Limitations on study/implications: The removal of the acid medium and water in the reaction was a challenge in polyols with higher acidity index.
Findings/conclusions: The method used of fat extraction, allows to obtain raw material that meets the characteristics to perform the reaction of epoxidation and hydrolysis in a single step to obtain polyol. The most severe conditions of temperature, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of double bonds: acetic acid and reaction time, allowed to obtain the greatest amount of polyol from poultry fat
Field identification of Huanglongbing (HLB) and its management alternatives
Get PDFHuanglongbing or citrus greening is the most devastating disease of citrus which has caused millions in losses worldwide. However, although there are various investigations, there is still no established cure, therefore, the objective of this research was to identify HLB in the field and to know it's control alternatives, the introduction of the phytopathogen, symptoms and disease control were investigated. The generally observed symptoms of this disease are: irregular yellowing of the leaves and inverted ripening of the fruit. According to various authors, an integrated control of the disease must be carried out, such as pest control, production of seedlings in certified nurseries, adequate nutritional management and work together with various institutions and organizations, since research such as the one carried out by the University of California Riverside by the geneticist Hailing Jin can give hope for the cure or control of this phytopathogen, however there are limitations of this product and it is not yet commercialized.EObjective: The objective of this investigation is to identify huanglongbing (HLB) in the field and know their control altenatives.
Design/methodology/approach: Was investigated the introduction of the phytopathogen Candidatus Liberibacter, symptoms and control of HLB. The generally observed symptoms of this disease are irregular yellowing in the leaves and reversed ripening on the fruit.
Results: According to various authors, an integrated control of the disease must be carried out, such as pest control, production of seedlings in certified nurseries, a suitable nutrition management and working together with educational and research institutions.
Limitations on study/implications: HLB or citrus greening is the most devastating disease of citrus trees which has caused millions of dollars in losses worldwide. However, although there are several research, there is still no established cure.
Findings/conclusions: Research such as that carried out by geneticist Hailing Jin at the University of California Riverside can give hope for the cure or control of this disease, however, there are limitations to this product since it is not yet commercialized
Efficiency-cost, micropropagation, bioreactors, temporary immersion systems
Get PDFMicropropagation has been used in plant species in which sexual propagation becomes difficult or whose propagation rate is low. In particular, in vitro Temporary Immersion (SIT) systems applied to strawberry mother plant production have proven to offer technological and quantitative benefits, as well as a higher proliferation rate, compared to the Traditional in vitro System (ST). In this regard, the benefits of the SIT have not been evaluated in terms of reducing labor costs, inputs and production, so that it is a profitable alternative to provide strawberry producers with a mother plant. The objective of this study was to develop a comparative cost-efficiency analysis between the ST and the SIT for the production of strawberry mother plant of the CP-Jacona variety. The traditional method of financial analysis was applied. The results revealed that the SIT for the production of strawberry mother plant allowed to generate higher productive yields from the year 2022 and, as a result, a lower unit-cost, than that obtained under the ST. It is concluded that the productivity of the SIT is fundamental to be able to reduce unit costs, and in this way, it is an alternative to provide strawberry producers with a mother plant.Objective: to estimate the production price of strawberry “mother” plant of the CP-Jacona variety in both TIS and TS, and to compare these prices with the price of the imported “mother” plant.
Design/Methodology/Approach: micropropagation methods have been used as an effective means for the mass production of pathogen-free plants, in small spaces and relatively short periods of time. In particular, in vitro Temporary Immersion Systems (TIS) applied to the production of strawberry “mother” plants have been shown to offer technological and quantitative benefits, as well as a higher proliferation rate, compared to the in vitro Traditional System (TS). Despite the benefits of TIS, these systems have not been evaluated in terms of the price at which the “mother” plant can be produced and whether it is a profitable option to supply strawberry producers. The traditional method of financial analysis was applied.
Results: the price of the CP-Jacona variety plant obtained from the third production period through TIS was lower than the price of the imported Festival or Camarosa varieties.
Findings/Conclusions: both the high production rate and the low rate of loss from handling in TIS were fundamental aspects to obtain lower prices than those of imported varieties
The effect of the Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on the warts caused by fowl pox in Meleagris gallopavo as model study
Get PDFObjective: The objective in this research was to evaluate the effect of leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on swelling caused by fowl pox in backyard turkeys of the Meleagris gallopavo species.
Design/methodology/approach: Different percentages of ground stevia leaves (5.5, 15, 20 and 25%) combined with ground corn were evaluated and the reduction of avian pox in turkeys was evaluated.
Results: The diet with 5% stevia leaves with corn was the most accepted combination by the turkeys; it also leads to immunomodulation to eliminate avian pox in a period of 30 days.
Limitations on study/implications: One of the main limitations is the production of stevia matter, however, due to the required amount, it has the possibility of being applied in the feeding of these animals, this study has applications in animal health and food safety in turkeys.
Findings/conclusions: The use of stevia in combination with corn could represent a natural alternative for the treatment of fowl pox and be profitable enough to prevent the death of turkeys.O
Objective: to evaluate the effect of leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on swelling caused by fowl pox in backyard turkeys of the Meleagris gallopavo species.
Design/methodology/approach: Different percentages of ground stevia leaves (5.5, 15, 20 and 25%) combined with ground corn were evaluated and the reduction of avian pox in turkeys was evaluated.
Results: The diet with 5% stevia leaves with corn was the most accepted combination by the turkeys; it also leads to immunomodulation to eliminate avian pox in a period of 30 days.
Limitations on study/implications: One of the main limitations is the production of stevia matter, however, due to the required amount, it has the possibility of being applied in the feeding of these animals, this study has applications in animal health and food safety in turkeys.
Findings/conclusions: The use of stevia in combination with corn could represent a natural alternative for the treatment of fowl pox and be profitable enough to prevent the death of turkeys
Characterization of production and commercialization systems of camedor palm (Chamaedorea elegans Mart.).
Get PDFObjective: Describe the cultivation systems of C. elegans, through the analysis of production and marketing, in three municipalities in the high region of Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the municipalities of Tepatlaxco, Zongolica and Omealca, Veracruz, Mexico. From January to July 2022, a survey was applied to 84 camedor palm producers through convenience sampling. In addition, interviews with key informants and participant observation were applied.
Results: The production of camedor palm is carried out in small production units of 1 (ranges ±0.05 to 7) ha, mostly by male producers (93%) with an average age of 48 years and six years of schooling. Planting densities range from 35,000 to 100,000 plants per hectare and leaf cutting is carried out quarterly, with yields from 1000 to 3700 rolls per hectare at an average price paid to the producer of 14.00 Mexican pesos per roll paid to the producer. Prior to cultivating Camedor palm, 56% of producers were growing coffee. The main driving factor for cultivation is the steady generation of income.
Limitations/Implications: This is a specific case study; therefore, the results are limited to descriptive statements about the study area.
Findings/Conclusions: Producers utilize non-timber forest products as alternatives to crises in other crops and investment constraints within production units. The production of C. elegans is accessible, requires low investment, and is compatible with family farming. However, yields in some cases are low, and the marketing network shows high intermediation
Current challenges and forecasts in maize grain production and consumption in Mexico
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: Characterize the production and consumption of grain corn in Mexico, through time series and artificial intelligence models to determine present and future challenges.
Design/methodology/approach: Key variables were analyzed in graphs and maps created in Excel® and SCImago Graphica®, respectively. Forecasts for the year 2050 were obtained in Python® with Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) type and compared with the years 1980 and 2020.
Results: The largest production of white and yellow grain corn was obtained by the United States and China; Mexico ranks seventh, is not competitive in exports and depends on imports of yellow grain corn from the United States to supply demand. The states that implemented technological packages showed the highest yields and production. By 2050, grain corn production in Mexico will increase thanks to the technological advances of Agriculture 5.0, although it will not be enough to supply the apparent consumption of the population with a growing trend, so imports will increase.
Limitations on study/implications: Analysis of the possible future, created from time series and RNN-LSTM, helps guide decision making in the present.
Findings/conclusions: New agricultural public policies are needed that guide, in the long term, the challenges of the production and consumption of grain corn in Mexico to guarantee food sovereignty.
Keywords: Yields, imports, exports, time series, deep neural networks.Objective: to analyze production and consumption of maize grain in Mexico, with time series and recurrent neural networks, to describe the present and future situation of maize cultivation.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: key variables were analyzed in graphs and maps created in Excel® and SCImago Graphica®, respectively. Forecasts for the year 2050 were obtained in Python© with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) type, and were compared with the years 1980 and 2020.
Results: the largest production of white and yellow maize grain was obtained by the United States and China. Mexico ranks seventh, is not competitive in exports, and relies on imports of yellow maize grain from the United States to supply demand. The Mexican states that implemented technology packages showed higher yields and production. By 2050, maize grain production in Mexico will increase due to the technological advances of Agriculture 5.0 Although it would not be enough to supply the apparent consumption of the growing population, for this reason imports will increase.
Limitations/ Implications of the study: analysis of the possible future, created from time series through RNN-LSTM, helps to guide decision-making in the present.
Findings/ Conclusions: new agricultural public policies are needed to guide, in the long term, the challenges of maize grain production and consumption in Mexico to guarantee food sovereignty
Physicochemical characterization of four varieties of prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
No full textObjective: to characterize the physicochemical properties in the pulp of four varieties of prickly pear cactus collected in three localities belonging to the municipality of Salinas, San Luis Potosí.
Design/methodology/approach: in 15 fruits of each variety were recorded: fruit size, equatorial and polar diameter, total fruit fresh biomass, peel and locule. From each variety, nine fruits were used (each fruit a replicate) to analyze: moisture, ash, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and total soluble sugars.
Results: the physical differences of the fruits, total fresh weight, equatorial and polar diameter, correspond to the characteristics of each variety, where the largest fruits were in descending order: Cristalina, Fafayuca, Naranjona and Cardona. The highest percentage of moisture (87.34 %) was reported in Cristalina. The varieties Fafayuca from La Reforma and Naranjona from Salinas de Hidalgo had the highest and lowest concentration of total soluble sugars (25.84 and 11.46 g 100 g-1 MF, respectively). The fruits analyzed had a titratable acidity of 0.01 to 0.03 % citric acid and total soluble solids of 11.60 to 15.84 °Brix.
Study limitations/implications: Harvesting was done based on farmers' visual parameters.
Findings/conclusions: fruit harvested from self-consumption backyard orchards (< 500 m) had the highest fruit weight. The amount of total soluble solids and total soluble sugars per variety was variable among locations, indicating that the harvesting criteria adopted by growers differed among locations.Objective: To characterize the physicochemical properties of the pulp from four varieties of prickly pear collected in three localities from the municipality of Salinas, San Luis Potosí.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The following characteristics were recorded in 15 fruits of each variety: fruit size (equatorial and polar diameter), fresh biomass of total fruit, peel, and locule. Nine fruits per replicate were used (one fruit equals one replicate) to analyze moisture, ash content, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble sugars.
Results: The physical differences of the fruits, total fresh weight, and equatorial and polar diameter match the typical characteristics of each variety. The largest fruits were (in descending order): Cristalina, Fafayuca, Naranjona, and Cardona. The highest moisture percentage (87.34%) was reported in Cristalina. Varieties such as Fafayuca from La Reforma and Naranjona from Salinas de Hidalgo had the highest and lowest concentration of total soluble sugars (25.84 and 11.46 g 100 g-1 FW, respectively). The fruits had a titratable acidity from 0.01 to 0.03% citric acid, while total soluble solids ranged from 11.60 to 15.84 °Brix.
Study Limitations/Implications: Harvesting was based on the visual parameters established by the farmers.
Findings/Conclusions: Fruits harvested from backyard orchards (<500 m2) had fruits of greater weight, which are used for self-consumption. The amount of total soluble solids and total soluble sugars per variety was different between localities, indicating that farmers from different localities have different harvesting criteria.
Bioremediation alternatives for total petroleum hydrocarbon removal in agricultural soil
Get PDFObjective: The purpose of the present study is to highlight the importance of assessing bioremediation and total petroleum hydrocarbon removal by bioaugmentation and biostimulation on the rhizosphere.
Design/methodology/approach: An 89-day experiment was established with treatments considering plant (corn) establishment–crude petroleum (25,000 mg kg-1)–bacteria and hydrocarbonoclastic fungi–adding nitrogen and phosphorus to agricultural soil. At the end of the experiment, hydrocarbonoclastic fungal and bacterial populations and total petroleum hydrocarbon removal were assessed.
Results: Both microbial groups increased in number and time. The treatment with 120 kg nitrogen ha-1 and 12.5 kg phosphorus ha-1 allowed the highest population (227 x 103 g-1 of colony forming units (CFU) of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria). A total of 83% petroleum hydrocarbon removal was obtained as established in 89 days.
Limitations on study/implications: The effectiveness of bioremediation can vary significantly in real environments due to factors, such as soil variability, climate.
Findings/conclusions: The previous results highlight the importance of using these bioremediation techniques to eliminate hydrocarbons in contaminated agricultural soils
Lithium chloride in seed germination and initial growth of Guajillo chili seedlings
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effects of Li supplied as Li chloride (LiCl) on the emergence of seeds and initial growth of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings var. Guajillo.
Design/methodology/approach: Guajillo variety chili seeds were treated with five doses of Li chloride (0, 20, 50, 75, and 100 µM) during the germination phase. The treatments lasted 20 days. In this period, parameters related to seed germination and initial growth of seedlings were evaluated. With the data obtained, analysis of variance and comparison of means test (Duncan) were carried out with the SAS software.
Results: The doses of LiCl evaluated did not affect the percentages of germination and relative germination, the coefficient of velocity of germination, the average velocity of germination, and the weights of fresh and dry seedling biomass. Doses of 25 and 50 mM LiCl favored the germination index and the seed vigor index. Likewise, they significantly increase the height of the stem. On the contrary, the 100 mM Li dose significantly reduced the relative radicle growth, the germination index and the stem height.
Limitations on study/implications: This study used only a single Li source, so the effects that accompanying anions have, are unknown.
Findings/conclusions: Low doses of LiCl have positive effects on shoot growth in the initial phase of seedling growth, without affecting germination parameters.emergence of seeds and initial growth of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings var. Guajillo.
Design/methodology/approach: Guajillo variety chili seeds were treated with five doses of Li chloride (0, 20, 50, 75, and 100 µM) during the germination phase. The treatments lasted 20 days. In this period, parameters related to seed germination and initial growth of seedlings were evaluated. With the data obtained, analysis of variance and comparison of means test (Duncan) were carried out with the SAS software.
Results: The doses of LiCl evaluated did not affect the percentages of germination and relative germination, the coefficient of velocity of germination, the average velocity of germination, and the weights of fresh and dry seedling biomass. Doses of 25 and 50 mM LiCl favored the germination index and the seed vigor index. Likewise, they significantly increase the height of the stem. On the contrary, the 100 mM Li dose significantly reduced the relative radicle growth, the germination index and the stem height.
Limitations on study/implications: This study used only a single Li source, so the effects that accompanying anions have, are unknown.
Findings/conclusions: Low doses of LiCl have positive effects on shoot growth in the initial phase of seedling growth, without affecting germination parameters