Revista Agro Productividad
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Availability, accessibility, and intake of vegetables native to Mexico
Get PDFObjective: The objective of the research was to analyze the consumption of native vegetables in Mexico through the food security approach for the period 1980-2020. Methodology: To carry out the study, the dimensions of availability and access covering food security were taken into consideration, also descriptive statistics and regression models were used. Results: The apparent national consumption of native vegetables grew up in the study period, it was 6 million 821 thousand tons in the year 2020, and per capita consumption was of 148 grams. The real income and quarterly expenditure of families for vegetables, legumes and seeds had a decreasing trend, the latter was 1,890 pesos in 1980 and 1,082 pesos in they year 2020. Limitations on study/implications: It was missing to include the dimensions of biological utilization and stability that encompasses food safety. Conclusions: Public food security policies should promote the production and consumption of native vegetables and increase the real income of the most vulnerable Mexican families, and thus facilitate access to these products.Objective: to analyze the intake of vegetables native to Mexico from 1980 to 2020, based on the food security approach.
Methodology: the availability and accessibility dimensions of food security were taken into consideration for this study; in addition, descriptive statistics and regression models were used.
Results: the apparent national intake of native vegetables increased during the study period, reaching 6.821 million tons in the year 2020, while the per capita intake was 148 grams in the same year. The actual income and the quarterly family expenses on vegetables, pulses, and seeds decreased from 1,082 Mexican pesos in 2020.
Study Limitations/Implications: the food utilization and stability dimensions that encompass food safety were not included in the study.
Conclusions: public food security policies must promote the production and intake of vegetables native to Mexico and increase the actual income of the most vulnerable Mexican families, facilitating accessibility to these products
Phenotypic analysis of mezcal agaves from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: Mezcal agaves are currently considered of high economic value in the state of Oaxaca, due to the demand for mezcal production, therefore, this research aims to highlight the importance of morphological diversity within and between cultivated Agave species.
Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized experimental design with 10 treatments (populations) and 11 repetitions (individuals) was used. The experimental unit consisted of a plant (individual), where 19 morphological descriptors proposed by the National Seed Inspection and Certification Service (SNICS) were evaluated. 275 individuals of the species Agave angustifolia, Agave karwinskii, Agave marmorata, Agave rhodacanta, Agave potatorum, Agave semanniana and Agave nussaviorum were evaluated through a multivariate analysis, determining the phenotypic variability and the relationships between them.
Results: By means of a cluster analysis, dendrograms corresponding to the grouping mode Q and mode R were made, forming 7 groups, based on the average linkage generated from the standardized MBD of the species of the genus Agave sampled. Creating a heat map, the relationships between the species and the qualitative and quantitative variables evaluated were clearly and practically observed. Using the k-means method, 5 groups were formed. This technique clearly represents the groupings of the different species according to what was sampled in the field and what was consulted in the taxonomic bibliography. Through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) it was determined that the first two principal components explain 55.99% of the total variation. For CP1 and CP2, the variables with the greatest contribution were those related to the shape of the leaf (Fh), size of the lateral spine (Tel), number of leaves (Nh), plant height (H), uniformity of the size of the spine (UTE) and the shape of the terminal spine (FET).
Limitations on study/implications: For a complete study, it is necessary to carry out taxonomic keys to identify species, subspecies and even varieties of Agave, in addition to carrying out a molecular characterization to understand the variability and phylogenetic relationships of these populations, through a phylogenetic analysis.
Findings/conclusions: Three species under culture conditions showed high phenotypic variability in the maturation phase according to multivariate analysis techniques. The potatorum and karwinskii varietal complexes showed the greatest intra-population phenotypic variability, with significant differences in the same species. Agave marmorata was the group that did not show intra-population and inter-population variability, with a single variable that explained the variation (leaf textura, Txh), it is a tall species and larger in diameter than the other species. In the case of the Mexican group (Agave rhodacantha), the variables in that group not showed high correlation in the PCA analysis, nor with another method used, since they behaved very dispersed. In the case of these groups of populations, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the variables obtained in the field to correlate the variables in PCA and k-means and verify the behavior of this group.
Keywords: Morphological diversity, multivariate analysis, cluster, k-means, PCA.
Objective: Mezcal agaves in the state of Oaxaca have a high economic value due to the demand for mezcal production; therefore, the purpose of this work was to assess and highlight the importance of morphological diversity within and among cultivated Agave species.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized experimental design with 25 treatments (populations) and 11 replicates (individuals) was implemented. The plant (individual) was the experimental unit and 19 morphological descriptors proposed by the National Seed Inspection and Certification Service (SNICS) were assessed. A total of 275 individuals of the Agave angustifolia, Agave karwinskii, Agave marmorata, Agave rhodacantha, Agave potatorum, Agave seemanniana, and Agave nussaviorum species were assessed using a multivariate analysis to determine their phenotypic variability and existing relationships.
Results: The dendrograms for the Q-mode and R-mode were obtained by means of a cluster analysis, forming 4 groups based on the average linkage generated from the standardized BDM of the sampled species of the genus Agave. Four groups were formed using the k-means clustering method, in accordance with field observations and a review of the taxonomic bibliography. The first two principal components (PC) accounted for 66.4% of the total variation, according to the principal component analysis (PCA). For PC1 and PC2, the variables with the highest contribution were those related to leaf shape (Fh), size of the lateral spine (FEL), number of leaves (Nh), plant height (H), uniformity in the size of the lateral spines (UTE), and terminal spine shape (FET).
Study Limitations/Implications: A comprehensive study requires taxonomic keys to identify species, subspecies, and even varieties of Agave. Additionally, molecular characterization is essential to understand the variability and phylogenetic relationships of these populations, subject to a phylogenetic analysis.
Findings/Conclusions: Multivariate analysis techniques revealed that three species showed high phenotypic variability in the maturation stage under cultivation conditions. The A. potatorum and A. karwinskii species had a greater intra-population phenotypic variability, with significant differences within the same species. Agave marmorata showed no intra- or inter-population variability. Leaf texture (Txh) was the only variable that explained the variation within its group. This is a tall species whose diameter is larger than in the other species. The variables of the Mexican (Agave rhodacantha) group showed low correlation, as their behavior was highly dispersed. The variables obtained in the field from this group of populations must be meticulously assessed to identify the degree of correlation between the variables and to confirm the behavior of this group
Evaluation of the aquaculture potential of Dormitator maculatus (Bloch, 1792) from the Alvarado lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: The naca fish, Dormitator maculatus, is a species which comercial importance is based exclusively on the extraction of the mature gonads of the females, which reach a high price in the regional market as a gourmet dish. However, there is scarce information regarding its biology.
Design/methodology/approach: Their aquaculture potential (survival and growth) was evaluated in a recirculation system, in which the response in captivity of stages of their life cycle (treatments) were tested: T1=fry (8.35±2,83 g), T2= juveniles (17.22±5,13 g) and T3= adults (25.55±6,05 g), in triplicate, for 90 days. Measurings were performed every 15 days, the diet supplied was a commercial balanced feed for tilapia 3.5 mm in diameter (GrowFish® Protein 35%, fat 5.5%), at 1.5% of the biomass which was positively accepted.
Results: At the end of the experiment, it was observed that Treatment 1 (fry) presented a greater survival and growth. This result may be related to the fact that the species is very resistant to environmental changes in its natural environment.
Limitations on study/implications: However, this growth was slow, which may be due to the fact that D. maculatus has a stationary diet
Findings/conclusions: The results encourage more studies on its cultivation, such as the influence of environmental conditions on reproduction, which would help to mitigate the pressure on natural populations.Objective: The naca fish, Dormitator maculatus, is a species which commercial importance is based exclusively on the extraction of the mature gonads of the females, which reach a high price in the regional market as a gourmet dish. However, there is scarce information regarding its biology.
Design/methodology/approach: Their aquaculture potential (survival and growth) was evaluated in a recirculation system, in which the response in captivity of stages of their life cycle (treatments) were tested: T1=fry (8.35±2,83 g), T2= juveniles (17.22±5,13 g) and T3= adults (25.55±6,05 g), in triplicate, for 90 days. Measurements were performed every 15 days, the diet supplied was a commercial balanced feed for tilapia 3.5 mm in diameter (GrowFish® Protein 35%, fat 5.5%), at 1.5% of the biomass which was positively accepted.
Results: At the end of the experiment, it was observed that Treatment 1 (fry) presented a greater survival and growth. This result may be related to the fact that the species is very resistant to environmental changes in its natural environment.
Limitations on study/implications: However, this growth was slow, which may be since D. maculatus has a stationary diet
Findings/conclusions: The results encourage more studies on its cultivation, such as the influence of environmental conditions on reproduction, which would help to mitigate the pressure on natural populations
Determining the economic threshold for the sugarcane stalk borer (Diatraea spp.) in the Córdoba-Golfo region, Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: Determination of the economic threshold for Diatraea spp. in the Córdoba-Golfo sugarcane region, Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: During the 2020-2021 cycle, n=21 sampling plots were established; the percentage of damage in sugarcane stems by borer larvae was counted, with which the level of economic damage (NDE) and the economic damage threshold (UE) were calculated by subregions and regions.
Results: The current EU underestimates the impact of the pest because it is based mainly on the percentage of damage and not on the calculated EU. The most affected sub-region was Yanga with a damage percentage of more than 5% average annual damage and an actual EU of 1.36. While the average EU in the Cordoba-Gulf region was calculated at 2.76, which indicates that when Diatraea spp. populations are high, it is time to apply control strategies that allow the regulation of insect populations.
Limitations on study/implications: It is necessary to establish systems for a diagnosis attached to reality to design and apply assertive management strategies that allow the control of borer populations in the field.
Findings/conclusions: A calculated EU appropriate to each subregion of study is proposed, considering updated parameters that contemplate the real losses of the crop per zone (field yield). This will provide the basis for an action plan with effective management that will consequently increase field yield and juice quality.Objective: To determine the economic threshold for Diatraea spp. in the Córdoba-Golfo sugarcane growing region in Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: During the 2020-2021 production cycle, we established 21 sampling plots to measure damage percentage due to borer larvae in sugarcane stalks. Based on these measurements, we calculated the economic damage level (EDL) and the economic threshold (ET) by regions and subregions.
Results: The most affected subregion was Yanga, with an average annual damage of more than 5 % and a real economic threshold of 1.36. The average ET in the Córdoba-Golfo region was 2.76, which indicates that applying control strategies for Diatraea spp. enables the regulation of insect populations.
Study limitations/Implications: Strategies to obtain reality-driven diagnoses are still necessary to design and apply assertive management procedures to control stalk borer populations in the field.
Findings/Conclusions: We posit a suitably calculated ET for each studied subregion, considering updated parameters that include real crop losses per zone (field performance). This can provide the basis for a course of action with an effective management that will, in turn, increase field performance and sugarcane juice quality
Drip-tape irrigation depth: water use efficiency, yield and forage quality in maize
Get PDFObjective: With the objective of evaluating the effect of the depth of the drip irrigation tape on the efficiency of water use, yield, nutritional quality and profitability of forage corn, a study was established by installing the irrigation tape at a depth of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.30 m.
Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block experimental design was used, the treatments evaluated consisted of the installation of the irrigation tape at three depths: 0.05, 0.15 and 0.30 m, each treatment was replicated on three occasions, the experimental unit consisted 15 m2 (four 5 m long furrows and a separation of 0.76 m between furrows).
Results: The results showed that with the irrigation tape installed at a depth of 0.15 m, the highest biomass production and efficiency in water use were obtained, without modifying the bromatological quality of the forage; However, the best benefit-cost ratio corresponds to the depth of the tape installed at 0.3 m, recovering 1.27 for each MXN peso invested in crop production.
Limitations/ Implications of the study: water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions is a global problem, so it is necessary to use irrigation methods that make water use more efficient without reducing crop yield.
Findings/conclusions: the installation of the drip-tape at a depth of 0.15 m is recommended, due to the improvement in yield and water use efficiency without affecting nutritional quality of the forage or profitability of maize crop
Analysis of the structure of the global avocado (Persea americana Mill) trade network
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the structure of the global avocado trade network using the social network analysis approach, in order to understand the dynamics of trade interaction between the leading countries in the market.
Design/methodology/approach: 133 countries were considered that established 989 trade relationships and accounted for 99% of the global avocado market volume by 2021.
Results: There is significant diversification in import sources and export destinations for countries such as NLD and ESP, suggesting a robust and diversified trade strategy. Network indicators provide valuable insight into the centrality and importance of countries in the global avocado trade network. Mexico shows an importance in the network that goes beyond the quantity produced
Limitations on study/implications: The availability of the most current data analyzed to date is from 2021.
Findings/conclusions: The analysis reveals the complex interaction dynamics among leaders in the global avocado trade.ective: To analyze the structure of the global avocado trade network and to understand the dynamics of commercial interaction between the leading countries in the market, using the social network analysis approach.
Design/Methodology/Approach: One-hundred thirty-three countries that established 989 commercial exchange relationships were analyzed. This exchange accounted for 99% of the volume of the global avocado market for the year 2021.
Results: The significant diversification in the import sources and export destinations of countries such as Netherlands and Spain suggests a robust and diversified trade strategy. Network indicators give a valuable insight into the centrality and importance of countries in the global avocado trade network. Mexico plays an important role in the network that goes beyond the quantity produced.
Study Limitations/Implications: The most current analyzed data available to date belong to the year 2021.
Findings/Conclusions: The analysis reveals the complex dynamics of interaction between the leaders of the global avocado trade
Determining co-movements of tomato prices in the United States and macroeconomic variables in Mexico for 2023
Get PDFObjective: Analysis of comovements between macroeconomic variables and prices of tomato exports from Mexico, estimating the prices of Mexican tomatoes in US supply centers, with some Mexican macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), natural gas prices, the Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate (TIIE) and inflation.
Design/methodology/approach: It was carried out using Pearson's coefficient, the standardized scores of and consumer inflation. Econometric techniques were combined with variables from the agricultural sector that can function as a reliable antecedent of the intensity of the relationship of these variables.
Results: The coefficient of determination shows an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of the different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables with an average of 20% correlation; It follows that the variables are not completely independent, they just show a weak linear relationship between them.
Limitations of the study/implications: It is important to develop studies so that the coefficients of determination support whether there is linearity or independence between the macroeconomic variables evaluated.
Findings/conclusions: Econometric techniques were combined with variables from the agricultural sector that can function as a reliable antecedent of the intensity of the relationship of these variables. The coefficient of determination exhibited an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of the different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables. It is recommended to create a model for price forecasting.Objective: To analyze the co-movements of macroeconomic variables in Mexico and prices of Mexican tomato exports and to estimate the prices of Mexican tomatoes in American and Canadian supply markets based on Mexican macroeconomic variables.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted using Pearson's coefficient—calculating the standard scores for X and Y. We determined the co-movements of Mexican tomato market prices and Mexico’s GDP, the Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate (IEIR), natural gas prices, and consumer inflation. Econometric techniques were thus combined with agricultural sector variables as a reliable precedent of the relation intensity between said variables.
Results: The coefficient of determination showed an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of Mexican tomatoes in different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables, with an average correlation of 20%. We concluded that the variables are not entirely independent since they show a weak linear relationship between them.
Study limitations/implications: It is crucial to conduct studies to determine whether the coefficients of determination support linearity or independence between the evaluated macroeconomic variables.
Findings/Conclusions: Econometric techniques were combined with agricultural sector variables as a reliable precedent of the relation intensity between said variables. The coefficient of determination showed an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of tomatoes in different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables. We recommend the creation of a price forecasting model
Yield and nutritive value of Urochloa hybrids at different regrowth ages
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the productive behavior of Urochloa hybrids, depending on the regrowth age.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was carried out under rainfed conditions during 2018. The Cayman, Mulato II, Convert 330, Cobra, Camello I, and Camello II hybrids were evaluated based on the regrowth age (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks). The following variables were evaluated: plant height (PH), total dry matter (TDM) yield, dry matter per leaf (DMl) yield, dry matter per stem (DMs) yield, crude protein content (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The data obtained were evaluated by means of a randomized complete block design with three repetitions, divided into plots: a large plot for the cultivars and small plot for the regrowth ages.
Results: The Camello II cultivar obtained the highest TDM yields during the sixth and eighth weeks (4.15 and 6.35 t DM ha-1, respectively); however, during the tenth week, the yield was equal to the yield obtained with the Mulato II and Cayman cultivars (p<0.05). The highest DMl yield was obtained by the Mulato II cultivar during the sixth, eighth, and tenth weeks (3.37, 4.56, and 3.86 t DM ha-1, respectively). The Mulato II cultivar recorded the highest CP values during the second and fourth weeks (158 and 126 g kg-1, respectively); however, the Camello II cultivar obtained the highest CP values during the sixth, eighth, and tenth weeks (99, 95, and 87 g kg-1, respectively). The NDF and ADF values increased as the regrowth age increased: in the tenth week, the Camello II and Cobra cultivars obtained the highest NDF values, while the Camello II cultivar recorded the highest ADF value during the same period.
Study Limitations/Implications: Urochloa cultivars were developed for their establishment in humid tropical conditions, where their productive performance is greater. However, in dry tropical conditions, the Cayman, Mulato II, and Cobra cultivars have had a better performance than other grasses —such as buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare), which is used to feed ruminants. In this sense, other Urochloa cultivars (e.g., Camello I and Camello II), which have greater tolerance to droughts, show desirable forage characteristics, such as yield and forage quality.
Findings/Conclusions: The cultivars with the best productive performance were Camello II, Mulato II, and Cayman
Common water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) used to treat leachate: Phytoremediation of leachate
No full textObjective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the phytoremediation capacity of the plants E. crassipes (water lily) and P. stratiotes (pistia) exposed to water contaminated with leachates from the El Guayabo Sanitary Landfill, located in the municipality from Medellín, Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: The phytoremediation trial was carried out for 21 days, with leachate diluted to 30%, 6 plants per treatment in a proportion of 3:1 (TA) and 1:1 (TB) of pistia and lily respectively.
Turbidity, nitrites and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were determined as response variables to evaluate the removal of contaminants. To measure turbidity, a digital turbidimeter model WGZ-200 (UNT) was used according to NMX-AA-038-SCFI, 2001. Nitrites were measured according to NMX-AA-099-SCFI, 2006, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was carried out according to NMX-AA-030/2-SCFI, 2011.
Results: A high percentage of turbidity removal (>90%) and nitrites (>90%) was observed compared to the control. The COD reduction varied from 29.87 ± 3.90 to 31.08 ± 4.75%, unlike the control group, which was 18.80 ± 4.65%.
Limitations of the study/implications: Working with biological material involves variables that are difficult to control.
Findings/conclusions: The use of aquatic plants lily and pistia demonstrated the removal of chemical contaminants present in water contaminated with leachate. Model TB (T2) is considered the best treatment for reducing contaminants since it is significantly different from TE with respect to COD.Objective: To evaluate the phytoremediation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (common water-hyacinth) and Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) exposed to water polluted with leachate from the El Guayabo landfill, located in Medellín, Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The phytoremediation experiment lasted 21 days. Diluted leachate (30%) and six plants were used, with 3:1 (TA) and 1:1 (TB) ratios for water lettuce and common water-hyacinth. Water turbidity, nitrite, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were the response variables used to evaluate pollutant removal. A WGZ-200 turbidity meter was used to measure turbidity (NTU), following the NMX-AA-038-SCFI standard (2001). Nitrite was measured based on the NMX-AA-099-SCFI standard (2006), while COD was determined according to the NMX-AA-030/2-SCFI standard (2011).
Results: Compared with control, a high percentage of turbidity and nitrite removal (>90%) was observed. The reduction of COD fluctuated from 29.87±3.90 to 31.08±4.75%, while control recorded 18.80±4.65%.
Study Limitations/Implications: The biological material variables were difficult to control under ex situ conditions.
Findings/Conclusions: Common water-hyacinth and water lettuce can remove chemical pollutants from water polluted with leachate. Compared with TE, TB (T2) recorded significant differences regarding COD; consequently, the best treatment to reduce pollutants is TB (T2)
Pathogen Index in Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens R.) from the Usumacinta River in Southeastern Mexico: Pathogen index in freshwater drum from the usumacinta river
No full textObjective: Determine infestation rates and identify parasites in the fresh-water drum (Aplodinotus grunniens R.) from the Usumacinta River.
Design/methodology/approach: A total of 17 specimens were reviewed during the months of April-May 2022 and dissected in the Aquaculture Health Laboratory of Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Rios Di-vision, for the search and extraction of pathogens under conventional methods and techniques.
Results: Two pathogen groups were recorded and taxonomically classi-fied: Nematodes: larvae of Contracaecum sp. (n = 139) and adult Rhabdochona sp. (n = 9) and Trematodes: metacercaria of Aus-trodiposmotum sp. (n=19) and Clinostomum sp. (n=1). The larvae of Con-tracaecum sp. presented the highest infestation rates with a Prevalence (P) of 41.1%, Mean Intensity (MI) of 19.8, and Abundance (AB) of 8.1. The lowest rates were for the metacercaria of Clinostomum sp. with a P of 5.8%, MI of 1.0, and AB 0.05.
Limitations on study/implications: From a parasitic zoonosis point of view freshwater drum is a potential disease vector due to the consumption of raw or undercooked fish.
Findings/conclusions: The parasitofauna recorded in freshwater drum from the lower basin of the Usumacinta River includes 4 species of para-sites belonging to two groups: Trematodes and Nematodes.Objetivo: Determinar tasas de infestación e identificar parásitos en el tambor de agua dulce (Aplodinotus grunniens R.) del río Usumacinta.
Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se revisaron un total de 17 especímenes durante los meses de abril-mayo de 2022, los cuales fueron disectados en el laboratorio de Sanidad Acuícola de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Ríos, para la búsqueda y extracción de patógenos bajo las técnicas y métodos convencionales.
Resultados: Se registraron y clasificaron taxonómicamente dos grupos de patógenos: Nematodos: larvas de Contracaecum sp. (n = 139) y adulto de Rhabdochona sp. (n = 9) y Trematodos: metacercaria de Austrodiposmotum sp. (n=19) y Clinostomun sp. (n=1). Las larvas de Contracaecum sp. presentaron los mayores índices de infestación, con una P de 41.1%, IM de19.8 y una AB de 8.1. Los índices menores fueron para la metacercaria de Clinostomun sp., con una P de 5.8%, IM de 1.0 y AB de 0.05.
Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Desde el punto de vista de una zoonosis parasitaria, tambor de agua dulce se sitúa como potencial transmisor de enfermedades por consumo de pescado crudo o cocido insuficientemente.
Hallazgos/conclusiones: La parasitofauna registrada en tambor de agua dulce de la cuenca baja del río Usumacinta incluye 4 especies de parásitos pertenecientes a dos grupos: Trematodos y Nematodos