Revista Agro Productividad
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Socio-environmental Study and Ecological Footprint in the Mixtec Community of El Calvario
Get PDFSubject: Currently it is very difficult for communities to receive financing for their development, since they do not have efficient evaluations or a significant impact that supports such support, therefore, it is vitally important that research helps make visible communities with the application of instruments that describe the situation in which they find themselves, in this sense, two of the most important are the socio-environmental diagnosis and the ecological footprint, which are very rarely determined in different communities.
Methodology: To find out this, Likert-type surveys and interviews with key actors were applied to identify areas of improvement within the community.
Results: The most relevant findings were the need to pave the road to reach the community, which makes marketing difficult and makes its products and/or the residents' work more expensive. Another point is the management, disposal and elimination of waste, the greatest waste identified is the bagasse from the agave that must be revalued, efficient water collection systems and, finally, the lack of medicines and an available family doctor.
Implications: As a result of this study, various strategies are proposed to be developed to provide continuity to the areas of opportunity identified in the El Calvario community.
Conclusions: It is important to listen to the context of the community so that they are the promoters of change, without affecting the environment and nature.
Subject: Currently, it is very difficult for communities to receive funding for their development, as they often lack efficient evaluations or significant impact to support such funding. Therefore, it is vitally important for research to help make these communities visible by applying instruments that describe their situation. In this sense, two of the most important tools are the socio-environmental diagnosis and the ecological footprint, which are rarely determined in various communities.
Methodology: To determine this, Likert-type surveys and interviews with key stakeholders were conducted to identify areas for improvement within the community.
Results: The most relevant findings were the need to pave the road leading to the community, which hinders marketing and increases the cost of its products and/or the residents' labor. Another issue is the management, disposal, and elimination of waste. The greatest waste identified is the bagasse from agave, which must be valorized. Additionally, efficient water collection systems are needed, and finally, there is a lack of medicines and an available family doctor.
Implications: As a result of this study, various strategies are proposed to provide continuity to the areas of opportunity identified in the El Calvario community.
Conclusions: It is important to listen to the community's context so that they become the promoters of change, without harming the environment and nature
Effect of antifreeze action products used to prevent frost damage during the vegetative and reproductive stages of common bean
Get PDFObjective: To establish the frost damage to the stem and root nodules and protection degree of products with antifreeze potential, during the V2, V3, R6, and R7 phenological stages of bean.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Black beans with a type II indeterminate bushy habit were collected. Antifreeze (An), amino acids (Am), gibberellins (Gib) and their combinations were applied at 48-hour intervals. Subsequently, the plants were subjected to frost (0 °C) in a freezer for 1.5 h. Damage was evaluated in a 0 to 100% scale. The nodules were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride salt. Stained nodules were considered undamaged and non-stained nodules were considered damaged.
Results: Significant differences were found during the phenological stages and between the antifreeze action product treatments. Stage V3 was the most tolerant to frost, while stages R6 and R7 were the most susceptible. The number of undamaged and damaged nodules showed highly significant differences (p≤0.01) between phenological stages and between treatments, as well as in the total number of nodules. An and Ve+An recorded good effects, followed by Ve+Am. Gib was the least efficient product during the four stages.
Study Limitations/Implications: The increase of substances with antifreeze effect in different doses should be tested.
Findings/Conclusions: Frost caused different levels of damage in each phenological stage. V3 stood out as the most tolerant stage. All the products recorded different protection degrees during the phenological stages. Ve+An, An, and Ve+Am recorded the highest antifreeze action
Biomass Incorporation into degraded soils and its Effect on the Productivity of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Get PDFObjective: to evaluate the effect of incorporating biomass in degraded soils, and fertilization, on yield of common bean plants grown in the semiarid highlands of northern México.Design/Methodology/Approach: from 2019 to 2022, experiments were established in different soil conditions in Durango (México). Pinto Saltillo (PS) and Negro San Luis (NSL) common bean cultivars were planted in three fertilization treatments, 1: chemical, 2: organic and 3: foliar sprayings. Data were recorded for days to flowering and physiological maturity (days after sowing, DAS), reaction to diseases, yield, and weight of 100 seeds. The analysis of variance was performed in a completely randomized design, with a factorialarrangement, and a partial yield-stability analysis was also included.Results: the PS cultivar showed precocious flowering (38 DAS) and intermediate maturity (91 DAS); while NSL showed late flowering (43 DAS) and maturity (101 DAS). In most of the conditions, the absence of anthracnose and rust was observed, as well as intermediate and generalized levels (5 and 6 on the CIAT scale) of common bacterial blight (CBB) with low influence on the results obtained. The biological cycle of NSL was longer than PS, influencing its response to the fertilization treatments evaluated. However, yield results were statistically similar among common bean cultivars and fertilization treatments.Limitations/Implications of the study: leaf biomass incorporated into the soil is a natural and sustainablemethod for common bean production; although only two common bean cultivars were included in the study.Findings/Conclusions: soil-incorporated biomass and foliar fertilizer sprayings could be considered as natural low-cost inputs, both related to increased common bean yield in Durango (México)
Agricultural Backyard Production in the Food Security Framework: A Case Study of a Microregion of Chicontepec Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: This study evaluated the impact of agricultural backyard production on the well-being of producing families in the context of food security in a Microregion of Chicontepec Veracruz, Mexico, highlighting the substantial economic advantages of this practice.
Design/methodology/approach: Through probabilistic sampling, a structured survey on availability, accessibility, and nutrition was designed and applied to backyard-producing families. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables.
Results: In the microregion of study, backyard production is distributed in 55.4% of fruit trees, 25.4% of regional crops, and 19.2% of vegetables. The two crops that add the most to the basic basket are corn and Chichimeken beans. 98% of producers estimate that backyard production (livestock and agriculture) saves the family economy 10% to 50% of its costs.
Limitations on study/implications: Knowledge of the backyard production of the microregion under study will allow the development of municipal policies that will link producers with the local market.
Findings/conclusions: Backyard production has been shown to contribute significantly to food security since different fruit trees, vegetables, and local crops substantially contribute to the household economy through sales and self-consumption.Objective: This study evaluated the impact of agricultural backyard production on the well-being of producing families in the context of food security in a Microregion of Chicontepec Veracruz, Mexico, highlighting the substantial economic advantages of this practice.
Design/methodology/approach: Through probabilistic sampling, a structured survey on availability, accessibility, and nutrition was designed and applied to backyard-producing families. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables.
Results: In the microregion of study, backyard production is distributed in 55.4% of fruit trees, 25.4% of regional crops, and 19.2% of vegetables. The two crops that add the most to the basic basket are corn and Chichimeken beans. 98% of producers estimate that backyard production (livestock and agriculture) saves the family economy 10% to 50% of its costs.
Limitations on study/implications: Knowledge of the backyard production of the microregion under study will allow the development of municipal policies that will link producers with the local market.
Findings/conclusions: Backyard production has been shown to contribute significantly to food security since different fruit trees, vegetables, and local crops substantially contribute to the household economy through sales and self-consumptio
Microhabitat of Totolcozcatl mushroom [Entoloma abortivum (Berk. & Curtis) Donk, Basidiomycotina] for restoration in the cloud forest
Get PDFThe present research aimed to characterize the habitat in which the fungus "totolcozcatl" develops in the mountain mesophilous forest in Xaltepuxtla, Puebla, in order to identify sites for its restoration. Through field trips with gatherers of the "totolcozcatl" fungus, four emergence sites of the species were identified and delimited. In each site, at the depth of emergence of the carpophores, microclimate temperature and relative humidity sensors were placed before and during the entire period of development of the fungus; the pH and the temperature of the substrate were also recorded in the same period. The description of the plant composition was made, and the specific site shade density was measured. The chemical composition of the substrate was also included in the characterization. The emergence of carpophores occurred during the winter period when the microenvironmental temperature registered between 15.8o to 17.5o C, relative humidity between 64%-67%, shade density of 93.6%. In the substrate, temperatures fluctuated between 8.5o and 14 °C in the same period (two years). The type of substrate, the base of the bamboo stem, leaf litter, decomposing grass tufts and rotten pieces of jonote, which provide chemical characteristics of acidity (5.0-5.5) and nutritional contribution, are another condition for its development. The information generated and the reproduction method validated by the authors enables its immediate application for the restoration of the species in the ecosystem.L
Objective: to characterize the microhabitat and requirements of Entoloma abortivum, which is considered as a wild fungus (known as Totolcozcatl, in Nahuatl), and as a non-timber forest resource in the cloud forest.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: E. abortivum is used for food (as a mushroom); it has ecological, cultural and economic importance for rural communities. Their non-regulated collection has led to depletion and over-exploitation in the mountanous cloud forest of Xaltepuxtla (Puebla) Mexico. Habitat characterization of the fungus, which it requires for development and reintroduction is presented. Sensors for temperature and relative humidity were placed in each site determined in the field visits, at the depth of emergence of the carpophores, in order to record these microclimate variables. These sensors were used before and during the whole period of development of the fungus in two seasons, 2016–2017 and 2017–2018; pH and substrate temperature sensors were also used.
Results: the surrounding plant composition, site-specific shade density and soil-substrate chemical characteristics were described. The emergence of carpophores occurred during the winter when the microenvironmental temperature was recorded between 15.8° and 17.5°C, relative humidity between 64%–67%, shade density 93.6%. In the substrate, temperatures fluctuated between 8.5°C and 14°C in the same period; the pH of the substrate, between 5.0–5.5; Chemical characteristics and base-type of the bamboo stem, leaf litter; tillers from decaying grasses, and rotten pieces of jonote are other conditions for the development of this fungus.
Limitations/ Implications of the study: female collectors identified and delimited the emergency sites of the fungus in the field visits. The capabilities of these female collectors are based on morphological traits, and they reach identification up to the level of species.
Findings/ Conclusions: this is the first site-specific characterization of the native habitat of the Totolcozcatl mushroom (Entoloma abortivum)
Imbibition of Seeds of Mexican Seepweed (Suaeda mexicana) and Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in Saline Solutions and its Effect on Germination and Initial Growth
No full textObjective: To evaluate the effect of salinity sources and concentrations, as well as the interaction of these study factors on the increase in seed mass during imbibition, germination and initial growth of Mexican seepweed (Suaeda mexicana) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seedlings were measured.
Design/methodology/approach: Seeds of Mexican seepweed (Suaeda mexicana) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) from the agricultural area of Tláhuac and San Gregorio Atlapulco, Xochimilco, Mexico City were used. They were incubated for 3 h in 15 saline solutions, which resulted from the combination of three sources: NaCl, Na2SO4, and CaCl2; and five concentrations: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 M. The seeds were incubated in Petri dishes at 28 °C in 80%relative humidity. The increase in seed mass gained after the imbibition period, germination percentage, and radicle and shoot length of the seedling were determined.
Results: The 0.25 M NaCl treatment increased germination in Mexican seepweed; in contrast, doses higher than 0.25 M of CaCl2 and Na2SO4 significantly reduced germination, as well as shoot growth. NaCl causes less inhibition of Mexican seepweed radicle growth than the other sources. In purslane, the 0.25 M CaCl2 treatment significantly reduced germination; but it stimulates radicle growth. The Na2SO4 and NaCl sources at doses starting at 0.5 M inhibited germination in purslane.
Limitations of the study/implications: No certified germplasm was used for this study, since the seed was obtained directly from producers who maintain semi-domesticated native accessions.
Findings/conclusions: Mexican seepweed is tolerant to NaCl and Na2SO4, but sensitive to CaCl2; this was also observed in purslane, although the ranges of tolerance to the concentration vary between salinity sources.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of salinity sources and concentrations, as well as the interaction of these study factors on the increase in seed mass during imbibition, germination and initial growth of romerito (Suaeda mexicana) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seedlings.
Design/methodology/approach: Seeds of romerito (Suaeda mexicana) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) from the agricultural area of Tláhuac and San Gregorio Atlapulco, Xochimilco, Mexico City were used. They were incubated for 3 h in 15 saline solutions, which resulted from the combination of three sources: NaCl, Na2SO4, and CaCl2; and five concentrations: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 M. The seeds were incubated in Petri dishes at 28 °C in 80% relative humidity. The increase in seed mass gained after the imbibition period, germination percentage, and radicle and shoot length of the seedling were determined.
Results: The 0.25 M NaCl treatment increased germination in romerito; in contrast, doses higher than 0.25 M of CaCl2 and Na2SO4 significantly reduced germination, as well as shoot growth. NaCl causes less inhibition of romerito radicle growth than the other sources. In purslane, the 0.25 M CaCl2 treatment significantly reduced germination; but, it stimulated radicle growth. The Na2SO4 and NaCl sources at doses starting at 0.5 M inhibited germination in purslane.
Limitations of the study/implications: No certified germplasm was used for this study, since the seed was obtained directly from producers who maintain semi-domesticated native accessions.
Findings/conclusions: Romerito is tolerant to NaCl and Na2SO4, but sensitive to CaCl2; this was also observed in purslane, although the ranges of tolerance to the concentration vary between salinity sources
Detection of Bruggmanniella perseae in Hass avocado (Persea americana cv. Hass) in Morelos, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: to determine the presence of Bruggmanniella perseae in commercial Hass avocado orchards in Teteladel Volcán, Morelos (Mexico).Design/Methodology/Approach: sampling was carried out in three Hass avocado orchards during October-December 2020. Adults of B. perseae were collected by direct collections of small fruits in the form of a spinningtop, with symptoms of B. perseae infestation inside. The adults thus collected were observed under a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope to confirm their identity.Results: adult specimens of B. perseae were captured and analyzed in the laboratory and their presence at thesampling site was confirmed. Avocado fruits with typical symptoms of avocado ovary fly larva infestation werecollected. If not controlled at the beginning of fruit tying, it can be a threat to avocado production (yield) in theregion. These results are the basis for generating knowledge about this pest, regarding its biology, distributionand control methods.Results: adult specimens of B. perseae were captured and analyzed in the laboratory and their presence at thesampling site was confirmed. Avocado fruits with typical symptoms of avocado ovary fly larva infestation werecollected. If not controlled at the start of the fruiting larvae can be a threat to avocado production (yield) in theregion. These results are the basis for generating knowledge about biology, distribution and control methodsfor this pest.Limitations/Implications of the study: capturing adults of B. perseae in the field is difficult, requiring the useof sticky colored traps, or other effective alternatives.Findings/Conclusions: the presence of B. perseae was confirmed in avocado cv. Hass in Tetela del Volcán,Morelos. The information generated can help avocado growers implement management measures and reducelosses from this pes
Yield of Cushaw squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma H.) with organic fertilizers
Get PDFObjective: to evaluate different doses of composted poultry manure and leachate applied to soil and foliage as organic fertilizers on the yield and yield characteristics of Cushaw squash (also known as Silver-seed gourd, and less frequently as creole squash).
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: ten treatments (T) were tested in four doses, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 tons per hectare (Megagrams, Mg ha-1) of composted poultry manure (C) applied to the soil at the beginning of crop cultivation, and leachates (L) at 50% applied to the foliage. A completely randomized design was used, with 15 replicates (fruits) per treatment.
Results: significant effects of compost and leachate treatments on the yield of Cushaw squash fruit were found.
Limitations/ Implications of the study: it is suggested to evaluate more production cycles in order to identify the best treatments in further studies.
Findings/ Conclusions: the combination of composts and leachates applied to the soil can be an alternative source of fertilization in the cultivation of Cushaw squash in Tabasco
Effects of nine monoculture agricultural systems on the fertility of an agricultural soil
Get PDFObjective: Determine and evaluate the effect of monoculture practices on the levels of seven soil fertility indicators
Design/Methodology/Approach: Nine monoculture agricultural systems were evaluated, in completely randomized blocks with four repetitions, during the 2012-2016 period. The plot was divided into 9 sections with four repetitions, giving a total of 36 plots where the 9 local systems studied were distributed until the conclusion of the experiment in 2020.The SAS VS 9 system was used for the statistical analysis of the results.
Results: The results indicated that the agricultural systems changed the chemical characteristics of the soil, highlighting four monoculture systems that included legumes (beans and fava beans) or the corn-bean (MF) and corn-fava bean (MH) combinations, which improved the organic matter (OM), total N (TN), and P content of the soil.
Study Limitations/Implications: The small plots that were contaminated by the tillage actions of continuous treatments, caused the conclusion of the experiment. Everything indicates that treatments can be reduced and the size of the plots increased.
Findings/Conclusions: The results indicated that the agricultural systems changed the chemical characteristics of the soil, highlighting four monoculture systems that included legumes (beans and fava beans) or the corn-bean (MF) and corn-fava bean (MH) combinations, which improved the organic matter (OM), total N (TN), and P content of the soil
Date estimation for the control of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)
Get PDFObjective: To generate a program that estimates the dates or times for the control of avocado anthracnose, based on the meteorological conditions required for the infection, establishment, and development process.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An Excel program was developed to estimate temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), dew point (PR), leaf wetness (LW), and probability of precipitation (PoP) and to evaluate, on an hour-per-hour basis, the fulfillment of the climate thresholds required for the establishment and development of Colletotrichum sp. The maximum and minimum daily temperature must be determined with an 80% probability of occurrence and the probability of precipitation. This information was obtained from the daily records of the CONAGUA (National Water Commission) weather stations for three avocado-producing municipalities in Puebla during a 16-year period (2007-2022).
Results: The resulting program estimates the meteorological variables for the following ten days. The conditions in January were not optimal for the onset and development of avocado anthracnose in the three municipalities of Puebla taken as a case study. On the contrary, June had optimal temperature and relative humidity, as well as a higher probability of precipitation.
Study Limitations/Implications: Accurate data on the meteorological conditions of the orchards under study are required to increase efficiency.
Findings/Conclusions: The program will help producers to determine application dates, developing a more user-friendly and efficient management proposal for controlling avocado anthracnose