International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation
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Metaphors in the Palm-Leaf Manuscript of Cilinaye Written in Sasak Language and their Translations into Indonesian
Get PDFSeveral translation experts still argue whether metaphors can be translated or not as they cannot be separated from their cultural contents. The aim of the writer of the palm-leaf manuscript of Cilinaye to use metaphors is that there are many ideas, feelings and objectives which cannot be understood if they are literally expressed, as expressed in the symbols used in the metaphorical expressions. This current study is a product-oriented translation study in which the qualitative descriptive approach was applied. This approach was used to explain the types, functions and meanings of metaphors, and the problems of metaphoric translation in the palm-leaf manuscript of Cilinaye from the Sasak language into the Indonesian language. Based on the results of analysis and discussion, several conclusions can be drawn as follows. First, the metaphors in the Sasak language using the same symbols can be used to express different meanings. As an illustration, if the prefix ‘be-‘is added to the expression ‘lauk daye’, it will become ‘belauk bedaye’, causing the meaning expressed in SL to be different from that expressed in TL. Second, the concept proposed by Ching. Ed. (1980) that metaphors can be divided into Human, Animate, Living, Objective, Terrestrial, Substantial, Energy, Cosmic, and Being metaphors are not complete yet. The reason is that in the text used as the data source of the current study, the researcher also found the metaphors using directions such as down-up, front- back, east-west, south- north, and so forth. Third, several metaphors were also found to be used to express the same meaning, for example, the concept ‘anak’ (child) was expressed using a number of different metaphors; they are nune, Pegeran buaq ate ngaji, and Dende Pati Anaq kaji. Apart from that, the researcher also found that the concept ‘gadis’ (gir ) was expressed using a number of metaphors; they are Duh mas mirah kembang mete, Duh mas mirah serining kasur, Duh mas mirah buaq bulu, Neneq bini, Duh den dare masku, Dendare, dende, and Duh mas mirah dende ayu
Translation of the Book titled “Authentication of Hadith: Redefining the Criteria” from English into Swahili: An Analysis of Translation Procedures
Get PDFThis article aimed at identifying dominant translation procedures applied in the translation of the book titled “Authentication of Hadith: Redefining the criteria” from English into Swahili. Using descriptive qualitative method and content analysis, the data of the study was analyzed to achieve the stated aim. The research primarily attempted to seek answer to research question, what was the dominant translation procedure applied in the translation of “Authentication of Hadith: Redefining the criteria” from English into Swahili? The data included 158 phrases. Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedure was used for identifying the procedure applied. The results of the study showed that the translator used six translation procedures, 48 included borrowing translation procedure, 5 calque, 7 literal translation, 36 equivalence, 1 adaptation and 61 transposition. Though the study focused on the Islamic text but the findings of this research will be helpful to Swahili translators and can be applied to other texts
A Study of Memory and Psychological Defense Mechanism in Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending
Get PDFIn The Sense of an Ending, Julian Barnes portrays the mysterious workings of the human mind as it distorts facts towards the end of a self-image that one can live with. The protagonist in the novel deploys certain psychological defense mechanisms in order to protect himself from feelings of anxiety, only to experience even more profound anxiety due to his excessive use of them. The significance of the present paper lies in its novel view of the book. So far, the critique on the novel has mainly been focused on the workings of time on memory; however, the present paper investigates how psychological defense mechanisms blur the protagonist’s perception of reality and distort his memories. This paper also attempts to attract scholarly interest in the study of psychological defense mechanisms in the study of The Sense of an Ending which has so far been to the best of our knowledge overlooked
Sugar-coating Female Genital Mutilation in United Nations Documents in English and Arabic: A Diachronic Study of Lexical Variation
Get PDFThis study investigates the terminology used when addressing “Female genital mutilation” in English and Arabic and, the impact of each term. Large number of young girls in the Middle East, Asia and Africa go through female genital mutilation, which is known as ‘FGM’. According to a United Nations Children's Fund report (UNICEF 2005a), 91% of girls in Egypt and 88% of girls in Sudan experience this procedure annually. Arabic language practitioners’ lexes for FGM include the words ( ﺧﺘﺎ ن ) (khetan) which means “circumcision”, ( ط ﮭﺎ رة ) (tahara), which means “purification”, ( ﻗﻄﻊ ) (Kat’e) which means “cutting”, ( ﺗﺸﻮﯾﺔ ) (tashweeh) which means “corruption - damaging” and the term ( اﻟﺒﺘﺮ ) (batr) which means “mutilation”. This study will focus on the translation of FGM from English to Arabic over twenty years from 1996 until 2016 in the United Nations documents
The Link Between Masculinity and HIV Among The Basotho
Get PDFThis study is motivated by a need for another phase / strategy that the Basotho have to adopt in the fight against the newly infected patients of HIV and the related illnesses. Regardless of many efforts that Lesotho government through the ministry of Health puts into place such as Know your Status’, ‘Kick for life’ Television dramas etc., there are still new infections of HIV among the Basotho. Most interestingly, Lesotho has a small population though it is second in HIV prevalence in the world. Therefore, there is a need for more strategies to be employed in order to help in the fight against new infections. This study focuses on the masculine language and its influence on HIV infections among the Basotho in Lesotho. As a direct consequence, this study intends to find out the contribution of masculine language on HIV and its related illnesses among the Basotho. The study adopts Cathexis Masculinity theory to unpack data. It collects data through interviews: both structured and unstructured. The study finds out that the language that is used to construct masculinity among the Basotho highly contributes to the new infections hence the need to propose another phase and strategy to tackle HIV and related illnesses
The Problems of Religious Translation
Get PDFThe religious translation is one of the most difficult translations for the translator and interpreter as it relates to the biggest and most sensitive issue in the human life, the issue of religion and belief. Man naturally loves his religion and clings to his faith more than anything else. From this perspective comes the importance of religious translation, which is needed by more than a billion Muslims around the world, who do not speak Arabic, in order to transfer the Sharia sciences to them in different languages they speak. The study follows descriptive, comparative and analytical methods. The hypotheses correspond with the results that the translator faces a problem when translating the religious texts. There are several problems when translating religious texts, such as the problems related to word and semantics. The results showed that the translator and interpreter face some problems at the semantic and word levels; also, the study made some recommendations to find the suitable equivalents in the other languages
Language-Crossing: The Sociolinguistic Dynamics of the Language/Discourse of Shamasha (Randok) in Sudan
Get PDFThis study seeks to investigate "Language-crossing" (or Code-crossing) ( a complex sociolinguistic phenomenon where speakers freely opt to adopt the speech/variety of another group). Sudanese mainstreamers (speakers of Standard Colloquial Sudanese Arabic (SCSA) have been observed to cross to "Randok" ; a variety spoken by an extremely marginalized social group known by their pubic name of (Shamasha). This is a kind of a street language (or anti- language, to borrow Halliday's term) with unique linguistic features. A tiny literature exists whether on "crossing", (coined and pioneered by Rampton), or "Randok" . The phenomenon of mainstreamers crossing to Randok, has, to our knowledge, never before been examined(as a "crossing" act). Drawing on Hewitt (1986), Rampton(1995,1996,1997), Cutler ( 1999), and others, crossing to Randok, has been closely observed, analysed and interpreted; based on a host of sociolinguistic\discourse approaches: Identity formation/construction/shift/representation, code-switching/mixing/choice, New Ethnicities, Anti-languages, etc. Collected over several years, the data encompasses observation, interviews( Randok speakers and (SCSA) mainstreamers of various backgrounds: street venders, intellectuals, academics, writes, linguists, middle class youths, etc.), focus-discussions, and phenomenological materials such as 'introspections/retrospections". Results confirm the existence of language-crossing among (SCSA) mainstreamers to Randok. However, the interpretation of the phenomenon stops short of arriving at a conclusive argument. Instead, Randok crossing has been shown to be supremely interesting, a complex multi-faceted sociolinguistic behavior with a wide range of implications for sociolinguistics, discourse analysis (power relations), language policy, identity theory, knowledge representations, etc. A final distinctive feature of Randok crossing, is the existence of mediators (venders and football fans/journalists) who spread the behaviour among mainstreamers
Postcolonial Perspective in The Tempest: Shakespeare’s Relevance in Today’s Very Different World
Get PDFThe twentieth century brought about a new form of understanding, producing and living art that has become a mean to react against the oppression that different groups suffered for centuries. Post-colonial criticism is an approach of analysis that questions racial identity and gender equity. This study investigates how Shakespeare’s plays relate to the social codes and the more recent history of the reception of Shakespearian drama within decolonization movements. The Tempest by Shakespeare is defined as a postcolonial text because the colonised is represented in regarding cultural hybridity in which the Self and the Other enlace the colonial experience. Literature has naturally given a voice to these omitted groups and this play is thought to be an early post-colonial work by some scholars. Shakespeare had intended to criticise the European attack of the new lands to the West, and the theme of colonialism is outrightly presented in The Tempest. Post-colonial reading of the text examines the projection of the colonial experience back to Europe. Slavery, colonialism, and the power of changing other civilisations by the West are themes to make inferences
Representation of Women in "The silence of Mohammed" by Salim BACHI
Get PDF‘The Silence of Muhammad’ is a novel written by Salim BACHI, published in 2008, it is a fictionalized story based on historical facts recounting different facets of the life of the Prophet of Islam Mohammed – Peace be upon Him. He was a man like no other who began his life as a shepherd in Mecca. Then he became a successful merchant. In this novel, the author relates another aspect of the life of the Prophet according to the eyes of two of his wives, notably, Khadidja and Aicha. Hence, this paper tries to highlight the different facets of the life of the Prophet of Islam; our attempt is placed on the humanistic side of the Man before being a Prophet. Besides, attention is placed on the existence of women in the life of the Prophet through his two wives
Gender and Demand Strategies: A Sociolinguistic Stud
Get PDFThe investigation on the impact of gender as a sociolinguistics factor on the use of different strategies for demands or requests by men and women is the aim of this research. Six strategies reviewed in this study: Direct Request, Conventional Indirect Request, Hints, Alerters, Supportive Moves, and Internal Modifiers. To discover the role of gender on the use of these strategies in demands, 80 students of Jahrom University, Iran participated in this study. They divided into two 40 groups according to their gender. A questionnaire of six-items was designed to collect data. Each of the items in the questionnaire explained different situations. T-test and Chi-squared test applied for the data analysis. The result revealed that men use the strategies of direct request, conventional indirect Request, hints and alerters in their requests more than women. On the other hand, women use the strategies of supportive moves and internal modifiers in their demands more than men. The result also showed that female students paid more attention to the way of their demands than male students especially in formal social contexts and act more conservative. This can be related to this fact that women try to observe in social face in their speech acts