Centro Universitário Farias Brito: FB UNI Portal de Periódicos
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Teaching Open and Reproducible Scholarship: A Critical Review of the Evidence Base for Current Pedagogical Methods and their Outcomes
No full textIn recent years, the scientific community has called for improvements in the credibility, robustness, and reproducibility of research, characterized by increased interest and promotion of open and transparent research practices. While progress has been positive, there is a lack of consideration about how this approach can be embedded into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. Specifically, a critical overview of the literature which investigates how integrating open and reproducible science may influence student outcomes is needed. In this paper, we provide the first critical review of literature surrounding the integration of open and reproducible scholarship into teaching and learning and its associated outcomes in students. Our review highlighted how embedding open and reproducible scholarship appears to be associated with (1) students’ scientific literacies (i.e., students’ understanding of open research, consumption of science, and the development of transferable skills); (2) student engagement (i.e., motivation and engagement with learning, collaboration, and engagement in open research), and (3) students’ attitudes towards science (i.e., trust in science and confidence in research findings). However, our review also identified a need for more robust and rigorous methods within pedagogical research, including more interventional and experimental evaluations of teaching practice. We discuss implications for teaching and learning scholarship
Intergenerational equity and responsibility: a call to internalize impermanence into certifying carbon sequestration
No full textCarbon Dioxide Removal that limits or reduces cumulative emissions for the goal of climate action requires sequestration. The assurance that carbon remains sequestered is colloquially known as permanence. In current certification frameworks, permanence is often ascribed a duration inconsistent with and much shorter than the scientific understanding of the lifetime of carbon in the environment. These frameworks treat “impermanence” as an externality. First, this violates the polluter-pays principle rooted in international law, as it absolves the emitter and storage operator of responsibility. Second, any failure of sequestration threatens intergenerational equity, which is a binding concept in climate treaties. Impermanence can be managed if the responsibility for future losses is clearly delineated. For responsible carbon management, we propose shifting the responsibility for the carbon onto the storage operator. As a result the cost of monitoring the carbon reservoir and re-sequestration of any losses will have to be incorporated into the cost of certificates of carbon sequestration. Internalizing monitoring and re-sequestration put temporary and long-term storage on equivalent footing and allow for both. It therefore would strengthen the likelihood of success in reaching the climate goal and would help bridge a major gap between typically short-lived “natural” solutions and theoretically long-lived “engineered” solutions without compromising intergenerational equity
Reasons to believe: A systematic review and meta-analytic synthesis of the motives associated with conspiracy beliefs
No full textBelief in conspiracy theories has been linked to harmful consequences for individuals and societies. In an effort to understand and mitigate these effects, researchers have sought to explain the psychological appeal of conspiracy theories. This article presents a wide-ranging systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on conspiracy beliefs. We analyzed 971 effect sizes from 279 independent studies (Nparticipants = 137,406) to examine the relationships between psychological motives and conspiracy beliefs. Results indicated that these relationships were significant for all three analyzed classes of motivation: epistemic (k = 114, r = .14), existential (k = 121, r = .16), and social motivations related to the individual, relational, and collective selves (k = 100, r = .16). For all motives examined, we observed considerable heterogeneity. Moderation analyses suggest that the relationships were weaker, albeit still significant, when experimental (vs. correlational) designs were used, and differed depending on the conspiracy measure used. We statistically compare the absolute meta-analytic effect size magnitudes against each other and discuss limitations and future avenues for research, including interventions to reduce susceptibility to conspiracy theories
PSACR: The Psychological Science Accelerator's COVID-19 Rapid-Response Dataset
No full textIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data
Cracking the Enigma of the Sagnac Effect
No full textOne of the daunting problems in searching for a correct model of the speed of light is the contradiction between the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Sagnac effect. I have been working on a new theory called Apparent Source Theory (AST ), which is based on three assumptions: 1. The effect of absolute motion of an inertial observer is to create an apparent change in the time of light emission. 2. The center of the light wave fronts moves with the same velocity as the absolute velocity of the inertial observer and the velocity of light depends on the mirror velocity relative to the observer 3. Two observers/detectors that happen to be at the same point in space at the same time instant and moving with equal velocities will observe identical physical phenomena (for example, fringe position). The third postulate is used to analyze light speed problems involving accelerating observers/detectors. AST has been successful in providing consistent explanations for many light speed experiments. However, the precise application of AST to the Sagnac effect has been a challenge for AST. In this paper, a new analysis of Sagnac effect based on AST is presented. One of the unexpected findings is that the light beam propagating in the same direction as the observer will take less time to reach the observer than the light beam propagating in the opposite direction. Unconventionally, the fringe shift in the Sagnac effect is not due to a difference in path lengths of the counter-propagating light beams, but due to difference in their velocities according to the ballistic hypothesis. Experimental testing of this claim is proposed
Proyecto 2005.Posgrado y educación continua.
No full textPosgrado y educación continua. La reflexión y motivación para emprender este proyecto tan exigente, fue comenzar de nuevo en otro contexto geográfico y la firme decisión de reconocer la obra formadora de mi querida Maestra,Tutora y Madre que gracias a su sacrificio incondicional de aconsejarme,guiarme y de haberme criado con un exquisito sentido del deber para el estudio y la formación integral en la vida. Razones para abrir muchas puertas. Estudiar y continuar la educación de postgrado es una experiencia que puede cambiar tu vida profesional y que te permite seguir trazando metas y objetivos en tu vida académica. Justo el 4 de Agosto del 2005,marcó el camino de este proyecto,dedicado a ella y continuará hasta el fin de los días. Mi querida Madre,este Proyecto es en realidad su verdadera obra
Affective Forecasting Accuracy in Everyday Life
No full textPeople often predict how they might feel in the future, with varying degrees of accuracy. Such affective forecasts can centre around periods of time (e.g., tomorrow, next week) and/or specific events (e.g., an upcoming meeting). Affective forecasts for quotidian events or periods of time are the building blocks of everyday decision-making. Yet, most affective forecasting research has focused on forecasting accuracy for rare and consequential events, such as election results and romantic break-ups. Therefore, in two intensive longitudinal datasets, we tested everyday forecasting accuracy in general and in relation to specific unpleasant events. In Study 1—a week-long experience sampling study—participants (N=209) provided (i) one weekly forecast about their feelings over the next week, and (ii) daily forecasts about their feelings the next day. Participants also rated their (i) daily affect each evening, and (ii) their momentary affect nine times each day. In Study 2—a two-week daily diary—participants (N=69) nominated an upcoming unpleasant event each day and forecasted their affect in relation to that event. Each evening, participants rated how they felt when this event occurred. We found that participants could predict when a day/event would make them feel better/worse than usual, showing relative accuracy, but sometimes made small errors in forecasting their absolute affect levels, showing absolute inaccuracy. These findings suggest that people make smaller forecasting errors in everyday life than for major events, which likely aids everyday decision making, for example by informing the use of future-oriented affect-regulation strategies (e.g., situation selection)
Altered structural covariance networks in nonsuicidal self-injury: Implications for socio-affective dysfunctions
No full textNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious behavior that emerges during adolescence and young adulthood, a time of substantial cortical development and challenges in coping with social and emotional stress. However, there is a significant gap in research regarding the neurophysiological basis that may underlie socio-affective difficulties in individuals with NSSI. This study aimed to address this gap by examining changes in structural covariance networks (SCNs) and their associations with socio-affective dysfunctions in individuals with NSSI. Sixty-one individuals with NSSI and 62 healthy controls completed anatomical T1-weighted MRI scans and self-report questionnaires on emotion dysregulation and emotional contagion. Individualized SCNs were constructed using cortical thickness measures, and graph theoretical analysis was applied to examine the global and regional properties of these networks. Compared to controls, individuals with NSSI exhibited significantly reduced global efficiency, local efficiency, global clustering coefficient, regional nodal strength in the right insula, but increased hubness in the middle posterior cingulate cortex (mPCC). Lower nodal strength in the insula was correlated with diminished positive emotional contagion, while greater hubness in the mPCC was linked to heightened emotion dysregulation in the NSSI group. Taken together, our results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that NSSI may be associated with reduced efficiency in brain network organization, particularly in regions associated with socio-affective functioning. These findings highlight the necessity of targeted interventions that enhance positive emotional contagion and improve emotion regulation strategies, offering a promising direction for clinical practice
The Death of the Author, Reconsidered: Spatial and Demographic Constraints on College Admissions Essay Writing
No full textComputational text analysis has grown in popularity among social scientists due to the massive influx of digitized data available to study. However, much of this research disconnects patterns observed in text from information about the original authors. Eliding authorship considerations from sociological analysis of text can potentially lead to claims and assertions of trends that are independent from the social actors, conditions, interactions, and contexts which the text was produced. While text analysis without authorship information can yield reasonable inferences about society, complementing that approach with research that explicitly considers the people producing the text could expand the theoretical and empirical scope of work in this area. In this paper, we adapt perspectives from sociolinguistics and explicitly consider categorical identity markers of authors and geography as foundational axes of variation in textual data. We explore these dimensions in a large corpus of college admissions essays (n = 254,820 essays submitted by 83,538 applicants) and metadata about applicant identity, including the ZIP code of their high school. After generating features of the essays using computational methods, we find that author identity markers, such as gender, parental education, and socioeconomic status are highly salient. We also find that ZIP code level socioeconomic measures are extremely correlated with the writing style and content of local applicants. We also find that individuals whose personal identities are spatially unique–that is, demographically different from others in their immediate content–were most likely to be misclassified by our models, indicating that writing is influenced both socially and spatially. This work clarifies how authorship characteristics, like identity and spatial context, constrain the breadth of what we write and how we write by showing strong alignment between text and authors that is observable through machine reading of text