Centro Universitário Farias Brito: FB UNI Portal de Periódicos
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“If you want to be an ally, what is stopping you?” Mapping the landscape of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual barriers to allyship in the workplace using ecological systems theory
No full textMany claim to be allies to marginalized groups, yet few actively engage in allyship behaviors. To better understand this discrepancy, we applied Ecological Systems Theory (EST) to map contextual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal barriers to allyship from the perspectives of potential allies in their workplaces. Open-ended responses from two representative samples of employed individuals (Sample 1, n = 778; Sample 2, n = 973) were analyzed. Results were consistent across samples, showing that 19% of barriers to allyship concerned features of the organizational context (e.g., lack of resources), 16% pertained to interpersonal dynamics (e.g., lack of trust from coworkers), and 25% referred to intrapersonal barriers (e.g., lack of knowledge about how to be an ally). Many (27.5%) claimed no barriers. We interpret findings using EST to theorize potential interactions among barriers and explore four promising organizational actions that target multiple barriers across levels of the ecological system: (1) expand opportunities for allyship, (2) diversify allyship strategies, (3) facilitate coalition-building between employee resource groups, and (4) tailor interventions to fit organizations’ unique barriers. Our analysis illustrates the practical value of a systems approach to enhancing allyship while moving away from narratives that primarily assign blame to individuals for inaction
An Examination of the Racial Attitudes of Black U.S. Residents in Relation to Shifts in Systemic Racial Inequalities
No full textShifts in systemic racism and racial inequalities in the U.S. over the last several decades have been mixed—some things have improved whereas others have remained unchanged or even worsened. Although school segregation is now illegal and the country has had its first Black president, the racial wealth gap continues to widen. In the current work, we examine whether shifts in racial inequalities in key structural areas in recent decades predict implicit and explicit racial attitudes among Black U.S. residents (N = 38,448). We observed some evidence of more pro-Black attitudes in states where racial inequalities in income, unemployment, and being uninsured decreased over time. However, the most robust association was between decreased racial inequalities in high school completion rates and decreased pro-Black attitudes. Thus, the current findings provide empirical evidence convergent with the notion that the public education system in the U.S. might be contributing to internalized racism among Black people in the U.S
The Welfare Prison Experiment: Philosophical Treatise on Mental Health as Undocumented Pediatric TBI Patient in Norway
No full textBrain injury — the younger the patient — the more plagued and trouble from neglect anddifficulties with logical separation of physical and psychological trauma.Whereof intelligence is assumed to involve good—general neurological health—unless savan-tism is involved. Here we expose to what extreme extents psychopathology is clinged to.Risks of toxic neurological reactions from medications ignored in support of activity thatcan halt, prevent and damage stages of rehabilitation and reparation of injuries for patientswith expected—irregular—cognitive and psychosocial development.**Result**: Traumatic Brain Injury must always be documented with burden to respect, followup and suspect it — to counteract hopes, dreams and wishes on behalf of nurturing andpersonal experiences of those supposed to help and document, so society actually have aright to be considerate and give preferential treatment and exceptions. For a patient groupespecially vulnerable to maltreatment and malpractice, good intentions rarely leading to anawakening of unhealthy patient relations with risk of creating them
The fast and the curious: Creative improvisation as action-oriented abduction
No full textImprovisation, understood as a skillful activity, suggests a tension between the constitutive roles of habit and creativity. Cognitive and phenomenological accounts of skill acquisition point to the importance of developing habitual responses that facilitate fluid performance. Yet, habit formation is associated with repetitive behavior. Seemingly at odds with repetition, spontaneous invention is often regarded as the basis of improvising creatively. The puzzle – how habit and creativity relate in skillful improvisation – is resolved by drawing on a view of the brain as an embodied, predictive organ, entangled in cultural scaffolding, and perpetually engaged in inference. This view is in part rooted in the pragmatist tradition, as is a large body of work on music. By combining strands of theoretical and empirical research on the embodied, predictive, creative, and musical mind, an account of action-oriented abduction is developed and applied to an illustrative vignette. The resulting application goes beyond existing accounts to articulate an enriched sense of creative improvisation
Resilience of primal world beliefs to the initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textINTRODUCTION: People hold general beliefs about the world called primals (e.g., the world is Safe, Intentional), which are strongly linked to individual differences in personality, behavior and mental health. How such beliefs form or change across the lifespan is largely unknown, although theory suggests that beliefs become more negative after disruptive events. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to test whether dramatic world changes and personal adversity affect beliefs.
METHOD: In a longitudinal, quasi-experimental, pre-registered design, 529 US participants (51% female, 76% White) provided ratings of primals before and several months after pandemic onset, and information about personal adversity (e.g., losing family, financial hardship). Data was compared to 398 participants without experience of the pandemic.
RESULTS: The average person in our sample showed no change in 23 of the 26 primals, including Safe, in response to the early pandemic, and only saw the world as slightly less Alive, Interactive, and Acceptable. Higher adversity, however, was associated with slight declines in some beliefs. One limitation is that participants were exclusively American.
CONCLUSION: Primals were remarkably stable during the initial shock wrought by a once-in-a-century pandemic, supporting a view of primals as stable lenses through which people interpret the world
Neurocomputational basis of learning when choices simultaneously affect both oneself and others
No full textMost prosocial and antisocial behaviors simultaneously impact both ourselves and others, requiring us to learn from their joint outcomes to guide future choices. However, the neurocomputational processes supporting such social learning remain unclear. Across three pre-registered studies, participants learned how choices affected both themselves and others. Computational modeling tested whether people mentally simulate how other people value their choices or integrate self- and other-relevant information to guide choices. An integrated value framework, rather than simulation, characterized multi-outcome social learning. People update the expected value of choices using different types of prediction errors related to the target (e.g., self, other) and valence (e.g., positive, negative). This asymmetric value update is represented in brain regions that include ventral striatum, subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate, insula, and amygdala. These results demonstrate that distinct encoding of self- and other-relevant information guides future social behaviors across mutually beneficial, mutually costly, altruistic, and instrumentally harmful scenarios
Predicting Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal Behavior in Adulthood Using Machine Learning
No full textBy violating social norms, deviant behavior is an important issue that affects society as a whole and has serious consequences for its individuals. Different scientific disciplines have proposed theories of deviant behavior that often fall short of predicting actual behavior. In this registered report, we used data from the longitudinal National Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine the predictability of juvenile delinquency (Wave I) and adult criminal behavior (Wave V), distinguishing between drug, property, and violent offenses. Comparing the predictive accuracy of traditional regression models with different machine learning algorithms (elastic net regression and gradient boosting machines), we found the elastic net regressions with item-level data performed best. The prediction of juvenile delinquency was relatively accurate for drug offenses (R² = .57), violent offenses (R² = .44), and property offenses (R² = .39), while the performance declined significantly for adult delinquency, with R² values ranging from .16 to .13. Key predictors of juvenile delinquency versus adult criminal behavior were clearly different from each other. Early risk factors for adult criminal behavior included prior juvenile delinquency, particularly drug-related offenses, sex, and school-related issues such as suspension or expulsion. We discuss the findings in the context of relevant theories on the causes and development of criminal behavior and explore potential approaches for prevention and early intervention, particularly within the framework of the “Central Eight”
Broadening horizons: development of multi-site teamworking skills within interdisciplinary doctoral training
No full textThis paper has now been published as: Cramman, H., Eerola, P.-S., Elliot, Z., Shields, L., Robson, J., & Whitton, N. (2025). Development of multi-site teamworking skills in scientific interdisciplinary doctoral training: a case study. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/SGPE-01-2025-0005
Doctoral graduates are now expected to possess a range of teamworking and interdisciplinary collaboration skills beyond their disciplinary subject area, with many institutions providing additional training to facilitate such development. This study presents findings from a comprehensive exploration of an established, seven-month intensive, interdisciplinary doctoral training programme, investigating the degree to which training contributed to the development of teamworking skills and a multi-site working mentality for students. A concurrent mixed-methods design collected data across the programme with quantitative data analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank testing and qualitative data analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings were interpreted within a Contribution Analysis framework. We found strong evidence that the programme contributed to students developing teamworking skills and in students seeing the potential benefits of multi-site working. We make recommendations relevant to an international audience for maximising opportunities for students to develop depth and breadth of skills and knowledge in intensive doctoral training programmes
When police pull back: Neighborhood-level effects of de-policing on violent and property crime
No full textMany U.S. cities witnessed both de-policing and increased crime in 2020, yet it remains unclear whether the former contributed to the latter. Indeed, much of what is known about the effects of proactive policing on crime comes from studies that evaluate highly focused interventions atypical of day-to-day policing, use cities as the unit of analysis, or cannot rule out endogeneity. This study addresses each of these issues, thereby advancing the evidence base concerning the effects of policing on crime. Leveraging two exogenous shocks presented by the onset of COVID-19 and social unrest following the murder of George Floyd, we evaluated the effects of sudden and sustained reductions in high-discretion policing on crime at the neighborhood level in Denver. Multilevel models accounting for trends in prior police activity, neighborhood structure, seasonality, and population mobility revealed mixed results. On one hand, large-scale reductions in stops and drug-related arrests were associated with significant increases in violent and property crimes, respectively. On the other hand, fewer disorder arrests did not affect crime. These results were not universal across neighborhoods. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of debates concerning the appropriate role of policing in the 21st century
Capturing complexity in thinking requires complexity in methods
No full textThis study tests three common assumptions in research on complex thought and wisdom: common cause of indicators, cross-situational consistency, and between-within isomorphism. Using a year-long, multi-wave study of 499 North Americans’ event-contingent reflections on autobiographical adversity, we examined intellectual humility, open-mindedness, perspective taking, and search for a compromise/conflict resolution. Network models outperformed factor models, questioning the common cause assumption. Wisdom-related features showed lower stability than personality traits and subjective well-being, challenging cross-situational consistency. Between-person and within-person associations differed, violating the isomorphism assumption. Longitudinal analyses further revealed that within-person change in self-distancing and perceived level of distress, but not other proposed moderators, were associated with within-person growth in several wisdom features three months later. These results call for a revision of approaches to studying complex thought and adversity, highlighting the importance of longitudinal research and more precise temporal claims in psychological science