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Research on tombs and burials from the pre-mongol empire period
No full textArchaeological sites dating to the pre-Mongol Empire period are extremely rare. Burial sites as sociated with the Mongols from the end of the Uyghur period are particularly scarce, with only a few graves having been excavated accidentally. The Ereen Tolgoi burial site, located in Dadal soum, Khentii aimag, was excavated by our research team in 2021 and 2024, reveals a Mongol tomb from the Khitan period. The funeral rituals at the Ereen Tolgoi cemetery are characterized by the deceased being laid on their right side, with the head oriented towards the northeast, east, or southeast, and the legs slightly bent at the knees. These burials are accompanied by ritual elements associated with beliefs of the afterlife, including a small cattle palm bone and a knife.
Монголын эзэнт гүрний өмнөх үеийн булш, оршуулгын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Монголын Эзэнт гүрнээс өмнөх үеийн монголчуудтай холбогдох археологийн дурсгал бага судлагдсан бөгөөд одоогоор зарим нэг санамсаргүй байдлаар малтсан Уйгурын төгсгөл, Хятаны үеийн монголчуудын оршуулгын дурсгал байна. Бидний судалгааны баг 2021, 2024 онд Хэнтий аймгийн Дадал сумын Эрээн толгойн оршуулгын дурсгалд малтлага судалгаа хийсэн бөгөөд энэ нь Хятаны үеийн монголчуудын булш юм. Эрээн толгойн оршуулгын газрын оршуулгын зан үйлийн онцлог нь талийгаачийг голдуу зүүн гурван зүгт толгойг нь хандуулах бөгөөд баруун хажуугаар нь хэвтүүлээд, хөлийн өвдгийг нь бага зэрэг нугалан оршоож, үүнд хойд насны идээ болгож заавал богийн дал, хутга дагалдуулах онцлогтой.
Түлхүүр үг: Өвөг Монгол, оршуулгын зан үйл, булш, дал, хутга
Revised some words of abstract dated on 2025-09-1
Possibilities to Detect Greenwashing and to Prevent Confusion
Full text linkThe significance of interactions between humans and nature has been recognized globally since the mid-1990s. Following this trend, businesses and individuals have shown a preference for products that are ecologically friendly and recyclable. According to the report “Consumers Would Partner with Brands for Social Change, Environment” (2007, International Marketing Charts), companies have increasingly utilized greenwashing technologies to capitalize on the growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly products. The overuse of greenwashing technology has had a substantial influence on human life, health, and the environment in recent years; hence, this topic was chosen for investigation. This article examines incidents of "greenwashing" technology in the food sector on a global scale, using the Coca-cola Company as an example, to assess how it satisfies greenwashing standards.
Ногоон угаалгыг илрүүлэх, төөрөгдөлтөөс сэргийлэх боломж
Хураангуй: 1990-ээд оны дунд үеэс дэлхий нийтээрээ хүн, байгалийн дасан зохилдлого чухал болохыг ойлгож эхэлсэн билээ. Тухайн чиг хандлагыг дагаж байгууллага, хэрэглэгчид харилцан байгальд ээлтэйгээр үйлдвэрлэгдсэн, дахин боловсруулагдах боломжтой хэрэглээг эрхэмлэх болов. “Consumers Would Partner with Brands for Social Change, Environment” (2007, International Marketing Charts)-ийн тайланд дурдсанаар байгаль орчинд ээлтэй бүтээгдэхүүний өсөн нэмэгдэж буй хэрэглэгчдийн эрэлт хэрэгцээг ашиглан компаниуд ногоон угаалгын (greenwashing) технологийг түгээмэл ашигладаг болсон гэжээ. Ногоон угаалгын технологийг хэтрүүлэн ашиглах нь сүүлийн жилүүдэд хүний амь нас, эрүүл мэнд, байгаль орчинд хүчтэй нөлөө үзүүлж эхэлсэн тул энэхүү сэдвийг сонгон судалсан болно. Уг өгүүлэлд олон улсын хэмжээнд хүнсний бүтээгдэхүүн үйлдвэрлэлийн салбарт “ногоон угаалга”-ын технологийг ашигласан тухай Coca-Cola компанийн жишээн дээр кейсүүдийг шинжилж, ногоон угаалгын норматив хэм хэмжээг хангаж буй эсэхийг судалсан болно.
Түлхүүр үгс: Ногоон PR, хүрээлэн буй орчин, хүний эрүүл мэнд, нийгмийн хариуцлага, норматив хэм хэмжээ
Author name correction: Damgaasuren was changed to Dangaasure
Causes of bile thickening and its relationship with breakfast consumption among students of the school of Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Full text linkMongolian Traditional medicine has a history of more than 5000 years, and it is our insparable heritage created by the life experiences of the Mongolian ancestors. One of the cultural heritages of Mongolians is the culture of eating and drinking, which is basis of disease prevention, health care, and healthy living, according to the characteristics of the body, the place where they live, and the time and season. There are several causes of thickening of bile / coagulation /, among which not having breakfast is regurlarly is the most common cause. Breakfast not only gives a person energy and energy for the day, but also affects and concentration, so it is important to use it regularly and make it a habit
The Economic Scars of Conflict: FDI, Displacement, and Growth in Fragile States
No full textThis study examines the complex relationships between economic factors and conflict-related variables in 19 conflict-affected countries (e.g., Afghanistan, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, and Yemen) from 2000 to 2023. Using data from the World Bank, we analyze the interactions between foreign direct investment (FDI), GDP per capita growth, internally displaced persons (IDPs), military expenditures, and combat-related fatalities. The results suggest that FDI has a moderately positive effect on GDP growth, especially in countries with stable governance and institutional frameworks (e.g., Israel, Colombia). However, persistent instability and governance challenges (e.g., Iraq, DRC) significantly deter FDI inflows and undermine growth prospects. The negative correlation between IDPs and GDP growth highlights the economic costs of displacement, driven by human capital losses, labor market disruptions, and resource strains, as evidenced in Sudan and the DRC. Military spending, while associated with reductions in IDPs and combat deaths, shows no significant direct effect on GDP growth, suggesting that the opportunity costs of defense spending may hinder long-term economic development in conflict-prone regions. The strong correlation between combat deaths and IDPs perpetuates cycles of violence and displacement, contributing to economic stagnation, as observed in Ethiopia and Afghanistan. Regression analysis identifies FDI as a key predictor of growth, although its impact is moderated by contextual factors such as governance quality and infrastructure development (with a low R² of 0.290, indicating the influence of other unexamined variables). These findings highlight the heterogeneous impact of conflict on economic development and underscore the need for context-specific policy interventions that focus on governance reforms, human capital recovery, and conflict prevention to break the cycle of violence and underdevelopment
Surgical treatment outcome in Malignant glaucoma: Hospital-based single-center retrospective study
No full textObjective: To determine the results of surgical treatment for malignant glaucoma among inpatients at the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Central Hospital and to evaluate the post-operative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and the usage of intraocular antiglaucoma drops. Methods: A hospital-based, single-center, retrospective study of 19 patients treated for malignant glaucoma during the period from January 2019 to April 2023 at FCHM was conducted. Demographic and clinical data of cases were collected from medical records. Results: The average age was 74.5 ± 9.8 years. Female gender predominated, with 14 (82.3%) females and 16 (88.8%) eyes being pseudophakic. Of these, Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed in 9 (52.9%) cases, and transpupillary anterior vitrectomy (AV) was performed in 8 (47.1%) cases. Surgical capsulotomy and iridozonulatomy were done in all cases. The mean follow-up period was 11.44 ± 13.4 months (range, 2-38 months). The mean intraocular pressure decreased significantly from 39.4 ± 10.3 mmHg to 11.2 ± 3.2mmHg (p value < 0.01), and the number of antiglaucoma drops decreased significantly (p value < 0.01). In the anterior vitrectomy group, IOL removal surgery was performed in 2 cases due to recurrence detection. Conclusion: Pars plana vitrectomy surgery has been shown to improve visual acuity and effectively reduce intraocular pressure in patients with malignant glaucoma that is ineffective in laser and medical therapy. Transpupillary anterior vitrectomy, capsulotomy, and iridozonulectomy surgery are effective methods for reducing intraocular pressure and decreasing the need for antiglaucoma drops
Environmental conditions in the mining areas of the Umnugovi province of Mongolia
No full textAs part of a collaborative project, soil and well water samples were collected from herder households located near the Oyu Tolgoi and Erdenes Tavan tolgoi deposits in Khanbogd and Tsogttsetsii soums of Umnugovi province to assess contamination levels. In 2024, field investigations included sampling soil and well water from herder households within the mining vicinity. The Oyu Tolgoi company conducts monitoring of water quality and water levels for certain wells of herder households within the mine’s influence zone. However, comprehensive studies on heavy metal contamination in soil and well water among herders in the mining area remain scarce. More than 20 groundwater samples and over 30 soil samples were collected from areas adjacent to the coal mining operations at the Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi deposit and the copper mining facility at the Oyu Tolgoi deposit. Chemical and analytical procedures were conducted under both field and laboratory conditions using standard methodologies. Metal concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrometry. Petroleum hydrocarbon contents were measured using a Fluorat analyzer. Soil pH (pH_H2O) was determined potentiometrically. Organic carbon content (C<sub>org</sub>) was measured using the wet oxidation method according to Tyurin. High concentrations of nickel, copper, zinc, and arsenic, exceeding sanitary and hygienic standards by several fold, were detected in soils of adjacent territories. Near coal mining enterprises, the total soil pollution index (∑c) corresponds to the “moderately dangerous” and “dangerous” pollution categories. Elevated levels of sodium, fluoride, magnesium, chloride, sulphates, and several heavy metals have been detected in groundwater used for residents’ water supply. In the vicinity of copper and coal mining enterprises, the water pollution index (WPI) is elevated. Monitoring of water resources conducted by mining enterprises in production areas also indicates contamination and depletion of groundwater. However, these enterprises do not conduct ecological assessments of other natural environmental components
Heavy metal contamination in soil surrounding a waste battery recycling facility
No full textIn Mongolia, approximately 6,250 tons or 1.6 million lead-acid batteries are discarded annually. Of these, only 19% are recycled under poor conditions and exported, while the remaining 80% are improperly disposed into the environment, contributing significantly to soil, air, and water pollution. This study was conducted to determine the levels, vertical distribution, and chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils around a battery recycling plant in Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar, and to assess their environmental risks. A total of 78 soil samples were collected and analyzed for eight heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Co, As, Cd) using standard methods. The mobility of metals was assessed using sequential extraction. The results revealed that, except for Pb and As, most metals were within the permissible limits of MNS 5850:2019, though slightly elevated compared to control samples. The Pb concentration in the surface soil (0–5 cm) exceeded the standard by 52.6 times and the hazardous level by 687 mg/kg. Furthermore, 79.7% of Pb was in a mobile form, indicating high potential for environmental contamination. The enrichment factor (EF) of Pb was 18.5, and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) ranged between 0.77 and 3.45, indicating moderate to heavy pollution. These findings confirm that contamination originates mainly from human activities, particularly from poor battery recycling practices. This study provides a detailed assessment of total and mobile heavy metal fractions, highlighting the urgent need to implement appropriate remediation technologies and protective measures such as fume capture systems
Estimating the spatial distribution of urban heat islands in six central districts of Ulaanbaatar city using machine learning algorithm
No full textUrban Heat Islands (UHIs) represent a growing environmental challenge in rapidly urbanizing cities, particularly in extreme climate regions such as Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This study aims to model and analyze the spatial distribution of UHIs across six central districts of Ulaanbaatar using Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery. Land Surface Temperature (LST) was derived from Landsat 8, and its relationship with six spectral indices the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Bare Soil index (BI), Normalized Differences Water Index (NDWI), and Normalized Building Soil Index (NDBSI) was assessed. Two ensemble machine learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), were employed to model UHI patterns. RF performed better in 1994 (a coefficients of determination (R²) = 0.72, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 1.89°C), while XGB showed superior performance in 2024 (R2 = 0.75, RMSE = 1.97°C). BI and NDBSI were the most influential contributors to UHI intensity, whereas vegetated areas (NDVI, MNDVI) had consistent cooling effects. The spatial modeling revealed a clear intensification of UHI effects over time, particularly in built-up and bare land zones. This study is significant as it applies ML techniques to long-term satellite data in a cold-climate, data-limited urban setting. By providing a rare longitudinal perspective, it contributes to understanding UHI dynamics in Mongolia and demonstrates the potential of open-access remote sensing data combined with ML for urban climate assessments. The findings offer valuable insight for urban planners, emphasizing the critical role of green infrastructure in mitigating thermal stress and informing climate-resilient development strategies in rapidly growing cities
Applying Meta-Ethical Methodology to the Study of Buddhist Ethical Terminology
No full textIn the 20th century, analytical philosophers began to study the ontology, epistemology, and logic of words and concepts expressing moral relation and values. In this context, it is necessary to carefully study the terms in buddhist ethics. Therefore, in this paper, the importance of metaethical methodology is considered the translation and usage of Buddhist ethical terms. Recently, Buddhist scholars studing Buddhist views from the perspective of metaethics, but it expressed fewer that the problems of practical application of the terms in the Mongolian buddhism. So, the author try to consider the applying method of methodology of meta-ethics to Buddhist ethics, and examples of the some Buddhist terms definition and translation from Mongolian commentary of "Bodhicaryāvatāra" written by Shantideva.
Буддын ёс зүйн нэр томьёоны судалгаанд мета ёс зүйн арга зүйг хэрэглэх нь
Хураангуй: ХХ зуунд аналитик философичид ёс суртахууны харилцаа, үнэлэмжийг илэрхийлсэн категори, ухагдахууны онтологи, эпистемологи, логикийн асуудлыг судлах болсон юм. Энэ хүрээнд шашны ёс зүйн нэр томьёоны асуудал ч хамаарна. Сүүлийн үед өрнийн буддын судлаачид мета ёс зүйн үүднээс буддын үзэл санааг судлах болсон хэдий ч буддизм дэлгэрсэн орнуудад буддын ёс зүйн нэр томьёоны хэрэглээ ямар түвшинд буйг харьцуулсан судалгаа хомс байна. Мета ёс зүйн арга зүй нь буддын мэдлэг ухааныг шинжлэх ухааны нэр томьёо судлалын үүднээс авч үзэхэд чухал юм. Иймээс мета ёс зүйн арга зүйг буддын ёс зүйн судалгаанд харгалзах онол, арга зүйн зарим асуудал хийгээд Шантидэва гэгээний айлдсан «Бодьсадвын явдалд орохуй» шастирын тайлбар зохиолоос зарим нэр томьёоны оноолт, орчуулгыг жишээгээр харуулахыг зорьсон болно.
Түлхүүр үг: ёс суртахууны хэл, мета онол, аналитик философи, мета илэрхийлэ
The Custom of Levirate Marriage and the Conflict Between Begter and Temuujin in "The Secret History of the Mongols"
No full textThis article explores the traditional Mongolian burial rites for the deceased and the custom of levirate marriage (widow inheritance), as well as the conflict between Begter and Temuujin in The Secret History of the Mongols. It explains that Temuujin, during his youth, killed his half-brother Begter with the help of his full brother Khasar. This act was closely tied to the levirate tradition, as Begter, upon reaching adulthood, could have claimed their mother, Uelun, as his wife—thereby gaining leadership over the Khiad Borjigin clan. Thus, Temuujin\u27s elimination of his half-brother was both a political move and a response to the implications of the levirate custom. The article discusses how this event reflects the intersection of traditional marital practices and power struggles in early Mongol society.
Улирч гэрлэх ёс ба “Монголын нууц товчоон” дахь Бэгтэр, Тэмүжин нарын зөрчил
Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд монголчуудын үхэгсдээ оршуулах хойлгын ёс ба улирч гэрлэх (левират) ёсны уламжлал хийгээд “Монголын нууц товчоон”-ны Бэгтэр, Тэмүжин нарын зөрчлийг тайлбарласан байна. Ингэхдээ Тэмүжин бага насандаа өөрийн эцэг нэгтэй ах Бэгтэрийн дүү Хасарын хамтаар хөнөөсөн нь улирч гэрлэх ёстой холбоотой, учир нь Бэгтэр өсөж том болоод Өэлүн эхийг хатнаа болгон авах улмаар хиад боржигоны эзэн болох магадлалтай байсан тул ийнхүү ахыгаа өөрийн замаас зайлуулсан нь нэг талдаа улирч гэрлэх ёс, нөгөө талдаа улс төрийн шийдэл хийсэн тухай өгүүлсэн байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Хойлгын ёс, олдвор, улирч гэрлэх ёс, левират гэрлэлт