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Cultural heritage related to the Mongols of the Ilkhanate in Erzurum
No full textThe city of Erzurum in Türkiye is home to two architectural masterpieces that are considered invaluable cultural and historical heritage and ancient works of art: Hasan Castle and Çobandede Bridge. Located on the eastern edge of Anatolia and on the historical Silk Road, Erzurum is one of Türkiye’s current border cities and has long been considered a region of significant geopolitical importance. At the heart of this city are two important architectural landmarks: the Twin Minaret Madrasa (Hatuniye Madrasa, 1285-1290) and the Yakutiye Madrasa (1310-1311). Scholars have noted that these structures have transformed Erzurum into a city famous for its history and architecture. In addition, landmarks such as Hasan Castle and Çobandede Bridge, dating back to the Ilkhanate period, serve as evidence of the historical heritage left in this city by the Mongols.
Эрзурум хот дахь Ил хаант улсын соёлын дурсгал
Хураангуй: Бүгд Найрамдах Турк Улсын Эрзурум хотын түүхийн үнэт дурсгал, соёлын биет өв, эртний урлагийн бүтээлд тооцогдож буй хоёр уран барилга, Хасан цайз Чобандеде гүүрийн тухай авч үзсэн болно. Турк улсын хилийн хотуудын нэг Эрзурум нь торгоны замын чухал бүс болж, Анатолийн зүүн хязгаарт оршиж эртнээс өнөөг хүртэл геополитикийн хувьд ч өндөр ач холбогдолтой хот байсаар иржээ. Хотын төвд Хос баганат сүм/Хатуниеэ медресе (1285-1290), Якутиеэ медресе (1310-1311) хэмээн нэрлэгдэх хоёр уран барилга байх нь Ил хаант улсын монголчуудын бүтээн байгуулалтын жишээ бөгөөд судлаачид Эрзурумыг хот болгон хувиргасан уран барилга, түүхийн дурсгал гэж тэмдэглэжээ. Мөн Хасан цайз Чобандеде гүүр зэрэг Ил хаант улсын үед хамаарах буюу Монголчуудын үлдээсэн дурсгалууд энэ хотод бий юм.
Түлхүүр үгс: Эрзурум, Хос баганат сүм, Якутиеэ медресе, Ил хаант улс, Ил ха
The Results of field research conducted on the Upper Mongolian Long Song
No full textThis paper documents field research findings on the Mongolian longsong tradition (urtyn duu) conducted in China’s Qinghai Province. The study employed a mixed-methods approach combining thematic interviews on historical origins, instrumental accompaniment patterns, geographical distribution, and performative characteristics, with direct observation of ritual practices and systematic collection of 170 transcribed melodies alongside 15 audiovisual recordings. Through analyzing genre-specific transmission patterns and examining performance contexts within natural environments and wedding rituals, this investigation establishes an empirical framework for assessing the current preservation status of this UNESCO-designated intangible cultural heritage.
Дээд монголын уртын дуунд хийсэн хээрийн судалгааны үр дүн
Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд БНХАУ-ын Хөхнуур мужид Дээд монголын уртын дуунд хийсэн хээрийн судалгааны үр дүнг танилцуулж байна. Уг судалгааг хийхдээ, Дээд монгол уртын дууны үүсэл гарал, хавсрах хөгжимдүүр, тархац, зан үйл, онцлог, төрөл зүйлтэй холбогдох асуулгыг боловсруулан ярилцлага болон хээрийн судалгаа, цуглуулах, баримтжуулах, нэгтгэн дүгнэх зэрэг аргыг тус тус ашигласан. Судалгааны үр дүнд 170 гаруй уртын дууны эгшиг тэмдэглээ, 15 аудио болон дүрс бичлэгийг цуглуулан авч, Дээд монгол уртын дууны тархцын байдлыг төрөл зүйлд тулгуурлан тодруулж, уртын дуу зан үйлийн холбогдлыг дуулагдаж буй орчин, найр хуримын дэгтэй холбон авч үзэж, өнөөгийн оршин тогтож буй байдлыг тодорхойлох оролдлогыг хийлээ.
Түлхүүр үгс: Дээд монгол, урт дуу, хээрийн судалгаа, төрөл зүйл, тарха
Potential toxicity effects of Gurgem injection on prenatal development of wistar rats
No full textSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has long been used to treat cardiovascular diseases. In this study, an injectable formulation of Carthamus tinctorius (CTI) was developed. Beyond its pharmacological benefits, potential toxicity must be thoroughly assessed. Previous studies have reported possible maternal, fetal, and teratogenic toxicities in rodents, while also suggesting fertility-enhancing properties, underscoring the need for further investigation.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity effects of CTI in pregnant Wistar (Han) rats and their developing fetuses. The research followed OECD Guideline No. 414, the international standard for prenatal developmental toxicity testing.
Methods: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=3 females/group): a control and three treatment groups receiving CTI at doses of 0.45 (low), 0.82 (medium), and 1.65 ml/kg (high). CTI was administered daily via intramuscular injection from gestational day (GD) 6 to 20. On GD21, cesarean sections were performed. Maternal parameters (body weight gain, ovaries with HE staining, corpora lutea count, and uterine examination) and fetal parameters (body weight, head cranium, tail length, placental weight) were evaluated.
Results: Corrected maternal weight gain and fetal body weight were significantly reduced in low- and high-dose groups compared to the control. Increased anogenital distance index and congenital abnormalities, such as hydrocephalus, were observed in some fetuses. Conversely, the 0.45 ml/kg group showed improved embryonic survival and no significant treatment-related adverse effects.
Conclusion: The study identified a monotonous dose-response curve (MDRC), showing increasing adverse effects with higher CTI doses. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 0.45 ml/kg, and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was also determined at 0.45 ml/kg, suggesting limited safety margins for CTI use during pregnancy
The Impact of Fake News on National Security
No full textIn the 21st century, information and the digital space have become key factors in the internal and external development of nations. Digital transformation and the widespread use of the internet, on the one hand, have expanded democracy and freedom of information, while on the other hand, they have posed new types of challenges to national security. Among these challenges, “fake news” has emerged as one of the most widespread and most harmful phenomena.
Үндэсний аюулгүй байдалд хуурамч мэдээний үзүүлэх нөлөөлөл
Хураангуй: XXI зуунд мэдээлэл, цахим орчин улс орны дотоод, гадаад орчны хөгжлийн гол хүчин зүйл болж байна. Дижитал шилжилт, интернэтийн нэвтрэлт нь нэг талаас ардчилал, мэдээллийн эрх чөлөөг тэлж буй бол нөгөө талаас үндэсний аюулгүй байдалд шинэ төрлийн сорилт учруулж байна. Тэдгээрийн дотор “fake news” буюу хуурамч мэдээ хамгийн түгээмэл, хамгийн хортой үзэгдлийн нэг болжээ.
Түлхүүр үг: Монгол, технологи, сошиал сүлжээ, олны тани
Subterranean Border and Border Security Challenges
No full textNations across the world are deploying multifaceted controls, protection measure and modern technological solutions to ensure border security. Yet the underground space, particularly subterranean border protections remain unaddressed, leaving a major vulnerability. This creates conditions that allow the digging of illegal tunnels, building of underground networks that gives access to organized criminal organization further exacerbating illicit activity, contrabands, drug trafficking, arms trafficking and human trafficking.Furthermore, oil, natural gas and mineral deposits along shared borders may cause/exacerbate inter-state disputes, geopolitical tensions, economic and security risks. Therefore, this article aims to explore such inter-state conflicts and disputes, policies and responses, including technical and technological solutions for border protection used to solve them, and predict potential challenges.
Газрын хэвлийн хил ба хилийн аюулгүй байдлын сорилт
Хураангуй: Дэлхийн улс орнууд хил хязгаарын аюулгүй байдлыг хангахын тулд олон талт хяналт шалгалт, хамгаалалтын арга хэмжээг хэрэгжүүлж, орчин үеийн технологийн шийдлүүдийг эрчимтэй нэвтрүүлж байна. Гэсэн хэдий ч газар доорх орон зай, ялангуяа газрын хэвлийн хил хамгаалалт нь харьцангуй орхигдсон хэвээр байгаа нь томоохон сул тал болж байна. Энэ нь хууль бус туннель (хонгил) ухах, газар доогуур нэвтрэх сүлжээ байгуулах зэрэг зохион байгуулалттай гэмт бүлэглэлийн далд ажиллагааг дэмжиж, хууль бус худалдаа, хар тамхи, зэвсэг, хүн дамжуулах нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлж байна. Мөн хил дамнасан газрын тос, байгалийн хий, ашигт малтмалын ордууд нь улс орнуудын хооронд маргаан үүсгэх, геополитик, эдийн засаг, аюулгүй байдлын эрсдэлийг нэмэгдүүлэх гол эх сурвалж болж байна. Тйимээс улс орнуудад гарч буй зөрчил, маргаан, тэдгээрийн эсрэг авч хэрэгжүүлж буй бодлого, хариу арга хэмжээ, хамгаалалтын техник, технологийн шийдлийг судлахын зэрэгцээ ирээдүйн сорилтыг таамаглахыг зорьсон болно.
Түлхүүр үг: Газрын хэвлийн хилийн хамгаалалт, аюулгүй байдал, сорилт, таамагла
The Periodization of Mongolia–Kazakhstan Political Relations
No full textThis study examines the evolution of political relations between Mongolia and Kazakhstan since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1992. It analyzes how both countries, emerging from post-socialist transitions, gradually deepened their partnership- from initial consolidation to strategic alignment. By situating bilateral developments within broader regional and international dynamics, the study identifies the main factors shaping cooperation and evaluates their significance for small-state diplomacy in Central Asia. The analysis draws on political documents, high-level visits and their outcomes, official negotiations, and socio-political developments in both countries since the early 1990s. The development of Mongolia–Kazakhstan political relations can be understood through three historical phases: the first phase (1992-2008) was characterized by stable and steadily strengthening relations; the second phase (2009-2018) saw a slowdown yet continued stabilization; and the third phase (2019-present) marked a period of more active, dynamic, and intensified cooperation. Tracing these shifts reveals how bilateral interaction evolved in response to domestic transformations and changes in the regional environment. Overall, the study highlights how Mongolia and Kazakhstan have expanded cooperation, elevated their ties to a Strategic Partnership, and exercised diplomatic agency characteristic of small states seeking to enhance regional stability and diversify foreign relations
China’s Policy and Activities Toward Taiwan
No full textSince 1949, The People’s Republic of China has pursued the overarching objective of “reunifying” Taiwan, with its policies and practices consistently grounded in the principle of “One China.” Over time, Beijing’s approach has undergone a notable transformation, shifting from coercive strategies toward the framework of “One Country, Two Systems,” a change that reflects broader geopolitical shifts in the post–Cold War era as well as the United States’ commitment to Taiwan’s security. More recently, Taiwan’s Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) leadership has articulated positions such as “Taiwan is already a sovereign state” and “the mainland and Taiwan are mutually independent.” These assertions have heightened Beijing’s concerns, leading to statements that it “will not renounce the use of force if necessary” and to the staging of large-scale military exercises around the island, significantly intensifying regional tensions. This study examines the historical evolution and current trajectory of cross-Strait relations, examining the shifting policies of mainland China toward Taiwan. Particular attention is given to the theoretical underpinnings, mechanisms, and implementation of Beijing’s strategy of “peaceful reunification,” as well as to Taiwan’s responses within the context of domestic political dynamics and external influences. Taiwan’s countermeasures and strategies to resist pressure from the mainland will be the subject of a subsequent study.
БНХАУ-аас Тайваньд хэрэгжүүлж буй бодлого, үйл ажиллагаа
Хураангуй: Хураангуй: БНХАУ-аас Тайваньд хэрэгжүүлж буй бодлого, үйл ажиллагаа нь “Тайванийг өөртөө нэгтгэх” зорилтын дор 1949 оноос хойш тасралтгүй үргэлжилж байна. Хятадаас Тайваньд чиглэсэн бодлого, үйл ажиллагаа нь түүний эрх баригчдын дэвшүүлсэн “Нэг Хятад” бодлогод суурилж, аажмаар энэ нь “Нэг Хятад, Хоёр Систем”-ийн бодлого буюу “хатуу”-гаас “зөөлөн” арга хэлбэрт шилжих замаар дүр төрхөө өөрчилжээ. Энэ нь “Хүйтэн дайн”-ы дараах геополитикийн нөхцөл байдалд гарсан өөрчлөлт, Тайванийг хамгаалах АНУ-ын амлалт зэрэгтэй уялдсан бодлогын томоохон шилжилт юм. Гэвч сүүлийн жилүүдэд Тайванийн Ардчилсан дэвшилт намын эрх баригчид “Тайвань аль хэдийн тусгаар тогтносон улс”, “Эх газар, Тайвань хоёр нь харилцан хамааралгүй” зэрэг байр суурь илэрхийлэх болсон нь Хятадын эрх баригчдыг түгшээн, “шаардлагатай тохиолдолд цэргийн хүч хэрэглэхээ буцахгүй” хэмээн мэдэгдэж, Тайвань арлыг тойрсон томоохон цэргийн сургуулилт явуулах болсон нь бүс нутгийн нөхцөл байдлыг хурцатгаж байна. Иймд энэхүү судалгаагаар, “Хоёр эрэг”-ийн харилцааны түүх, одоохи нөхцөл байдал, Эх газраас Тайваньд хэрэгжүүлж буй бодлогын өөрчлөлт, ялангуяа түүний “Тайванийг энх тайвнаар нэгтгэх” үйл ажиллагааны онолын үндэслэл, хэрэгжүүлж буй арга хэлбэр, Тайванийн хариу үйлдэл, тэдгээрт нөлөөлөх дотоод, гадаад хүчин зүйлийг авч үзэв.
Түлхүүр үгс: “Хоёр эрэг”, “Эх газар”, Тайвань, “Нэг Хятад, Хоёр систем”, “92 оны зөвшилцөл”, “Дайны 3 номлол
Developing new recipes for goat offal soup and mushroom-enriched products
No full textThis study evaluated the chemical composition, sensory attributes, fatty acid profile, and microbiological quality of pasture-raised goat offal soup and mushroom-enriched products. Product formulations were optimized through sensory evaluation. Trained panelists rated the offal soup containing 8% liver as the most palatable (93/100), while the formulation with 50% mushrooms (F3) achieved the highest acceptability. The offal soup and mushroom-enriched products contained 68.0 vs. 70.6% moisture, 18.5 vs. 19.2% protein, 7.7 vs. 2.9% fat, 1.3 vs. 1.2% ash, 4.5 vs. 6.0% carbohydrates, and 424 vs. 670 mg/100 g salt, respectively. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) accounted for 54.73% in the soup and 30.2% in the mushroom product; monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were 42.28% vs. 32.1%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 3.62% vs. 37.3%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids were oleic (39.6%), stearic (27.9%), and palmitic (21.9%) in the soup, and linoleic (34.2%), oleic (30.0%), and palmitic (17.2%) in the mushroom product. Microbiological counts remained below 10³ CFU/g during a six-month storage period, confirming product safety. These findings demonstrate that both products are nutritionally balanced, microbiologically stable, and represent sustainable food innovations for the meat industry. Moreover, it can be products that meet the healthy and natural food choices prioritized by modern consumers
Etiologic Spectrum of Optic Disc Edema in Mongolia: Clinical Insights from a Resource Limited Setting
No full textObjective: Optic disc edema (ODE) is a critical clinical sign that often marks the initial manifestation of a vision- or life-threatening systemic disease, depending on its underlying etiology. This first Mongolian observational study defines the demographic characteristics, etiologies, and clinical features of ODE, assessing diagnostic reassessment as a challenge for multiple specialties. Methods: We conducted a 5-year retrospective–prospective observational study with reassessment to evaluate etiologies, clinical features, and visual outcomes. Results: Seventy patients (90 eyes) with optic disc edema were included in the analysis. Demyelinating optic neuritis (36.4%) predominated in younger females, ischemic cases (44.4%) in older patients, and infectious causes (26.9%, syphilis) in males. Inflammatory etiologies were mostly uveitis. Baseline vision was poor, with 20% presenting with profound impairment (Visual acuity (VA)≤20/400). Severe loss (<6/120) was most frequent in demyelinating cases (72.2%). Visual recovery was most significant in demyelinating and inflammatory cases, and minimal in ischemic cases, with initial BCVA being the strongest prognostic factor (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that optic disc edema shows a diverse age-related etiologic spectrum, with demyelinating and ischemic causes predominating, with differing prognoses and a high burden of infectious (mainly syphilis) and uveitis cases. Initial visual acuity was the key prognostic factor, emphasizing the importance of systemic screening and multidisciplinary care