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Prevalence of major noncommunicable diseases and risk factors by region: Findings from the National Screening
No full textObjective: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for the majority of premature deaths. Mongolia faces a particularly high burden of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, contributing to over 80% of total deaths. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of major NCDs and associated risk factors among the adult population of Mongolia by region. Methods: This study utilized large-scale screening data from the mass screening program of adults aged over 18 years. Results: A total of 447,409 adults were included in the analyses. High prevalence of NCD risk factors was observed, including smoking (16.6-19.1%), alcohol use (5.9-11.7%), physical inactivity (76%–80%), and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (63%–79%). Regional comparison showed that the Northern region had the highest rates of smoking (19.2%), alcohol use (13.4%), and obesity (24.7%) (p<0.001). In contrast, Ulaanbaatar reported notably higher rates of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (82.2%–18.5%) compared to other rural regions (p<0.001). Conclusion: NCD risk factors are common across all regions of Mongolia, with clear differences between them. Notably, the urban population has higher rates of stomach and esophageal inflammation and ulcers, likely linked to lifestyle factors and obesity
Deer Stone at the Bayasgalant Mountain
No full textA fragmented deer stone discovered at the site of the Upper Monastery of Oorombo Gegeen, situated at the foot of Bayasgalant Mountain in the Orkhon River basin, Ögii Nuur soum, Arkhangai Province, was comprehensively recorded for the first time. Furthermore, detailed analyses were conducted on the carved motifs of the stele, with particular attention to the depictions of a dagger with a deer-head pommel and a shield.
Баясгалант уулын буган хөшөө
Хураангуй. Архангай аймгийн Өгийн нуур сумын нутаг Өгий нуурын сав газарт орших Баясгалант уулын өвөрт буй Ооромбо гэгээний дээд хийдийн туурь дээр буй хугархай буган хөшөөг анх удаа бүрэн хэмжээгээр баримтжуулж, уг хөшөөнд дүрслэгдсэн бугын толгойн толт бүхий чинжаал хутга болон бамбайн дүрслэлийн талаар илүү дэлгэрэнгүй авч үзлээ.
Түлхүүр үг: Хүрлийн үе, буган хөшөө, толтдоо бугын толгойн дүрстэй чинжаа
On the history of the formation of the legal environment for the preservation and protection of historical and cultural monuments (1921-1992)
No full textThis article aims to briefly describe how the state and government have resolved the issues of preserving, registering, researching, promoting, and restoring historical and cultural monuments within the legal framework since the establishment of the central organization for modern scientific organization in Mongolia (1921), until the period of the Mongolian People’s Republic (1992). State policy and activity in this area, which began with the registration of ancient monuments by the Scientific Committee, were subsequently based on legal acts, beginning with the “Rule on the Preservation and Protection of Antiquities,” adopted in 1924. In the Constitution of Mongolia (1992) indicates “Historical and cultural monuments, the scientific and intellectual heritage of the Mongolian people are under the protection of the state.
Can the mining industry improve social welfare? Evidence from Mongolian provinces
No full textThe mining industry plays a crucial role in the economies of many resource-rich countries, including Mongolia. While mining is widely recognized for driving economic growth, its implications for social welfare remain debated. This study investigates the relationship between the mining sector’s contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) and the Human Development Index (HDI) across Mongolian provinces over the period 2004–2023. Using a balanced panel dataset and a two-way fixed effects regression model, we examine how changes in mining activity influence key dimensions of human development, such as education, health, and living standards. Our findings reveal a positive and statistically significant association between the mining share of GDP and provincial HDI scores. The results suggest that mining-driven economic activity not only generates fiscal revenues and employment but also indirectly fosters improvements in public services and infrastructure, thereby enhancing social welfare. We also observe that the positive effects are more pronounced in urbanized provinces with better institutional capacity, suggesting that local governance plays a mediating role. To further test the robustness of the results, we conduct several sensitivity checks, including alternative model specifications and lagged variables. The study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing, resource-dependent country context and underscores the potential for the mining sector to serve as a driver of inclusive development. The findings offer policy insights for balancing economic extraction with long-term welfare enhancement in mineral-rich regions
Recent CO₂ and water vapor fluxes at Udleg forest research station, northern Mongolia Baseline data for climate–ecosystem studies
No full textThis study investigated seasonal and interannual patterns of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) obtained at a larch-dominated forest in northern Mongolia between 2010–2012 and 2022–2024. Seasonal and interannual variability in both fluxes has been observed; years with earlier leaf-out and higher early-season leaf area index (LAI) resulted in higher CO₂ uptake, while wetter summers promoted higher ET. Bayesian regression analysis revealed a shift in the relative influence of environmental drivers in the two periods. The soil water effect is remarkable in summer ET variation in previous relatively drier years. In contrast, surface soil temperature and solar radiation have become more influential than soil water in recent years. LAI emerged as a significant driver of NEE only in the latter period, suggesting improved photosynthetic responsiveness under favorable water conditions. These results indicate the sensitivity of larch ecosystems to decadal scale climate variability and suggest the importance of phenological dynamics and soil–plant–atmosphere interactions. Although these changes were likely within the natural variability range, they indicate the need for sustained monitoring. Long-term, interdisciplinary studies will be essential to understand the ecosystem\u27s water–carbon coupling in the forest–steppe transition zone
Seasonal water yield modelling of the Baidrag River Basin
No full textWater yield plays a critical role in sustaining ecological balance and supporting ecosystem services, yet it exhibits significant spatial and seasonal variability. Estimating water yield in data-scarce regions remains challenging, emphasizing the importance of model-based approaches. This study evaluated the performance of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs - Seasonal Water Yield Model (InVEST-SWYM) for simulating seasonal water yield in the Baidrag River Basin, Mongolia, over the period 2000–2020. The model was applied using key input parameters, including monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration, a digital elevation model, land use and land cover data, and soil characteristics derived from satellite imagery and primary sources. Key outputs included monthly and annual quickflow (QF), baseflow (B), and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Results revealed increasing trends in precipitation (180.9–253.7 mm/year) and quickflow (15.15-21.77 mm/year), with peak runoff in July. AET increased from 163.4 mm to 230.14 mm, while potential evapotranspiration (PET) declined from 1314.9 mm to 1139.6 mm. Baseflow remained low (0.1–4 mm), with higher values in northern and north-eastern zones. Quickflow showed strong seasonality and was spatially concentrated in the northern and western sub-basins. These patterns were interpreted to reflect the combined influence of precipitation distribution, topographic gradients, and land cover characteristics, based on visual analysis of spatial model outputs. The results highlight reduced flows during winter due to frozen ground and elevated summer flows linked to precipitation peaks. The seasonal quickflow estimation was validated by comparing the predicted results with observed streamflow data from the Baidrag-Baidrag gauging station for the years 2000 and 2020. To assess statistical correlation and reliability, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent Bias (PBIAS) were calculated. NSE values were 0.77 and 0.79 for 2000 and 2020, respectively, with PBIAS values of 25.64 and –23.64. The model tended to overestimate streamflow during spring snowmelt (May) and underestimate it during the summer rainfall season, likely due to bias in CHIRPS precipitation data
The Formation of Rotational Connection in Cyrillic Spelling Rules
No full textOne of the pieces of evidence that the Cyrillic orthography constitutes a coherent system is the internal and external integration of its rules. During the application of these spelling rules, a unique pattern was observed: when certain rules were taught, other related rules were repeated. The research shows that when one grammatical rule is introduced, related rules are repeated 2–6 times, forming a kind of rotational connection” between them. This pattern demonstrates that spelling is not merely a “collection of a few rules,” but rather a complex, interconnected system.
Кирилл бичгийн зөв бичих дүрмүүдэд эргэх холбоо үүсэх нь
Хураангуй: Кирилл бичгийн зөв бичих дүрэм нь харилцан уялдаа бүхий тогтолцоо болохыг зөв бичих дүрмүүдийн хооронд үүсэх гадаад, дотоод интеграц баталж байна. Зөв бичих дүрмийг ийнхүү интеграцчилан таниулах явцад зарим дүрмийг заахад бусад дүрэм дахин давтагдах өвөрмөц зүй тогтол ажиглагдсан юм. Үүнийг “зөв бичих дүрэмд үүсэх эргэх холбоо” гэж нэрлэсэн бөгөөд энэ нь хэлний жишээгээр нотлогдож байна. Энэхүү өвөрмөц зүй тогтол нь зөв бичих дүрэм бол “цөөн хэдэн дүрмийн цуглуулга” биш, нарийн уялдаа холбоо бүхий тогтолцоо болохыг баталж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: хэл, тогтолцоо, зөв бичих дүрэм, давтамж, уялдаа, эргэх холбо
А Study on Derived Verbs Expressing Positive Emotions in the Mongolian Language
No full textThis study investigates the morphological structures of 117 Mongolian verbs denoting emotional states—specifically those expressing “Happiness,” “Perseverance,” and “Calmness.” —as documented in The Great Dictionary of the Mongolian Language (2016). The research aims to classify and analyze the derivational patterns of these emotion-related verbs based on their morphological formation and suffixal affixation, grounded in linguistic theory. The research is structured into three primary sections: 1. Derivational patterns of verbs associated with Happiness emotions; 2. Derivational patterns of verbs related to the expression of patience; 3. Derivational patterns of verbs expressing a calm emotional state. The study emphasizes that the lexical inventory of any language is intricately linked to the cultural, psychological, and social characteristics of its speakers. In this context, emotion-expressing verbs in Mongolian are analyzed through a linguistic lens, with a focus on their grammatical categories, derivational mechanisms, and semantic domains. Among the 117 verbs surveyed, 88 were found to be formed through suffixation. A total of nine suffixes were identified—namely -d, -j, -l, -r, -rkh, -s, -t, -ts, and -shaa—with -l and -r being the most frequently occurring. These suffixes demonstrate productive morphological processes in the formation of emotion-related verbs. The findings of this study are significant for deepening the understanding of Mongolian verb morphology and hold practical implications for language instruction, particularly in elucidating the etymology, structure, and semantic function of derived verbs to language learners.
Монгол хэлний эерэг сэтгэл хөдлөл илэрхийлсэн үүсмэл үйл үгийн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Тус өгүүлэлд “Монгол хэлний их тайлбар толь” (2016) бичгээс бүртгэж авсан нийт 117 үгийг “Баярлах, Тэсвэр тэвчээртэй байх, Тайван байх” сэтгэл хөдлөлтэй холбоотой үйл үгийн бүтэх арга хэмээн утгын зүйлчлэлээр нь ангилсан бөгөөд тухайн үүсмэл үйл үгс ямар ямар дагаврын аргаар, хэрхэн бүтсэн зүй тогтлыг онолын суурь судалгаанд тулгуурлан тодорхойлов. Ингэхдээ үр дүнгийн хэсэгт судалгааны үндсэн агуулгыг 1. Баярлах сэтгэл хөдлөлтэй холбоотой монгол хэлний үйл үг бүтэх арга; 2. Тэсвэр тэвчээртэй байх сэтгэл хөдлөлтэй холбоотой монгол хэлний үйл үг бүтэх арга; 3. Тайван байх сэтгэл хөдлөлтэй холбоотой монгол хэлний үйл үг бүтэх арга хэмээн 3 хэсэгт авч үзэв.
Аль ч хэлний үгийн санд сэтгэл хөдлөл илэрхийлсэн үг хэллэг байх ба тухайн үндэстний соёл, амьдралын хэв маяг, ёс заншил, сэтгэлгээний онцлогоос хамаараад тоо хэмжээний хувьд харилцан адилгүй байдаг. Бидний судалгааны ажил нь монгол хэлний эерэг сэтгэл хөдлөл илэрхийлсэн үйл үгийн хүрээнд хамрах ба эдгээр үг хэллэгийг холбогдох эх хэрэглэгдэхүүнээс бүртгэн авч, үгсийн аймаг, үг зүйн талаас нь судалж, тухайн үйл үгсийн бүтэх аргын талаар тодруулахыг зорив. Түүвэрлэн авсан 117 үгнээс 88 нь дагаврын аргаар бүтжээ. Үүнд “-д, -ж, -л, -р, -рх, -с, -т, -ш, -шаа” зэрэг 9 дагавар бүртгэгдсэн байна. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, дээрх 9 дагаврын аргаар эерэг сэтгэл хөдлөл илэрхийлсэн нийт 88 шинэ үүсмэл үйл үг бүтжээ гэж ойлгож болно. Эдгээрээс хамгийн бүтээлч нь “-л”, “-р” дагавар байв. Энэ нь хэл шинжлэлийн эрдэмтдийн дэвшүүлсэн дүгнэлтдээ нийцэж байна. Хэлний хичээл зааж буй багш нар тухайн хэлний үгийн язгуур, үндэс, дагавар, нөхцөл болон уг үгийн хэрхэн үүссэн зүй тогтлыг сайтар ойлгож, суралцагчдад үгийн гарал болон язгуур, үүр нэгтэй үгийн талаар тайлбарлан таниулахад чухал ач холбогдолтой.
Түлхүүр үг: Үгсийн сан, үг бүтэх ёс, шинэ үг, үйл үгийн утга, хэлний хэрэглэ
The National Cultural Values Reflected in the Novel “Tenger Süld Tovruu” by writer Barmud Ulaankhuu
No full textLiterature, as an art form, serves as a reflection of a nation’s traditions, culture, and values. Through literary works, one can gain insight into a society’s history, beliefs, and way of life. Among various literary genres, the novel stands out for its depth and complexity, making it a rich medium for cultural expression. This article explores the cultural representations in Tenger Süld Tovruu, a novel by Barmud Ulaankhuu, a writer from the Alshaa region of Inner Mongolia. The novel serves as a “cultural encyclopedia,” chronicling the life of Shalbin, a legendary wrestler whose story has been passed down for centuries. By vividly portraying his life, the novel encapsulates the intangible cultural heritage of the Alshaa Mongols. To analyze these cultural expressions, the study applies Geert Hofstede’s “Cultural Dimensions Theory.” When analyzed through the framework of the “cultural layered model”, the narrative re¬veals the presence of three fundamental cultural components - symbols, heroes, and ritu¬als - which give rise to four key values: power, faith, native language, and knowledge. These values encapsulate the cultural legacy that the Alshaa Khoshuud have preserved and defended for generations. In this context, “Tenger Süld Tovruu” serves as a mean¬ingful contribution to the safeguarding and transmission of this heritage.
Бармуд Улаанхүүгийн “Тэнгэр сүлд товруу” романд илэрсэн үндэсний соёлын үнэт зүйл
Хураангуй: Уран зохиол бол үндэстний уламжлалт соёлыг элбэг баян тусгадаг хэлний урлаг билээ. Уран зохиолын бүтээлээр дамжин тус үндэстний шүтлэг бишрэл, түүх соёл, үнэт зүйл зэргийг бүх талаар ойлгож болно. Роман нь уран зохиолын төрлүүд дотор хуудас хэмжээгээр хамгийн их, дүр, үйл явдал хамгийн нарийн будилаантайн хувьд соёлын илэрхийлэл ч үлэмж баялаг байх нь гарцаагүй бөгөөд эл өгүүлэлд ӨМӨЗО-ы Алшаа нутгийн зохиолч Бармуд Улаанхүүгийн “Тэнгэр сүлд товруу” романы гүнд агуулагдаж байгаа соёлын илэрхийллүүдээр дамжигдан чухам ямар үнэт зүйлс илэрснийг тодруулахыг зорив. “Тэнгэр сүлд товруу” роман нь Алшаа нутагт хэдэн зуун жил яригдсаар ирсэн бөх Шалбингаар гол баатар болгож, түүний нэг насны амьдралыг урлан бүтээхдээ Алшаа монголчуудын биет бус соёлын өвийн олон илэрхийллийг өргөн дэлгэр багтааснаараа “соёлын нэвтэрхий толь”-ийн үүрэгтэй зохиол болжээ. Иймээс соёлын эдгээр илэрхийллийг эмхлэн харахын тулд Гийрт Хофстедийн “Соёлын давхраат загвар”-ын онолд үндэслэн задлан шинжилгээ хийв. Ийнхүү задлан шинжилснээр хүч чадал, сүсэг бишрэл, эх хэл, мэдлэг ухаан хэмээх дөрвөн төрлийн үнэт зүйлс илэрч буйг харж болох юм. Эдгээр үнэт зүйл нь Алшаа хошууд монголчуудын олон зуун жилийн турш хамгаалан тэмцэж ирсэн өв соёлын хүрээ цараа бөгөөд “Тэнгэр сүлд товруу” роман нь эдгээрийг цаашид өвлөн уламжлуулахад үнэтэй хувь нэмэр оруулж буй бүтээл болох нь маргаангүй юм хэмээн дүгнэв.
Түлхүүр үгс: үндэсний соёл, үнэт зүйлс, соёлын давхраат загвар, зан үйл, баатар, бэлгэдэл, үйлдэ
Systematization of traditional mongolian costume design and the creation of a digital information system
No full textThe Mongolian national costume represents a unique form of intangible cultural heritage that embodies ethnic identity, traditional lifestyle, aesthetics, and intellectual creativity. This study presents a systematic analysis of the structural and artisanal characteristics of traditional garments and proposes a methodology for developing a digital information archive. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, including morphological structure analysis, graphic schematics, pattern layout documentation, technical illustrations, decorative element analysis, and traditional crafting technologies. As a result, the study categorizes key structural components of national costumes and develops a model for codified technical cards based on standard classification principles. The proposed methodology demonstrates significant potential for application across various ethnic groups’ traditional costumes. It emphasizes the importance of utilizing modern software and digital technologies to preserve, document, and integrate cultural heritage into contemporary use through the development of digital archives. Furthermore, this research provides valuable resources and inspiration for modern designers and artisans seeking to reinterpret traditional culture and safeguard it through structured documentation and digital preservation efforts.
Монгол хувцасны уламжлалт ур хийцийн системчлэл ба мэдээллийн сан бүрдүүлэх асуудалд
Хураангуй: Монгол үндэсний хувцас нь угсаатны соёл, ахуй, гоо зүй, оюуны бүтээлч байдлыг илэрхийлсэн өвөрмөц соёлын өв юм. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд уламжлалт хувцасны хийц, урлалын онцлогийг системтэйгээр судалж, дижитал мэдээллийн сан бүрдүүлэх арга зүйг танилцуулсан. Судалгаанд морфологи бүтцийн шинжилгээ, график зураглал, эсгүүрийн дэлгэмэл зураг, техникийн зураглалын баримтжуулалт, чимэглэлийн элементүүдэд хийсэн дүн шинжилгээ, үйл урлалын технологи зэрэг олон талт шинжилгээний аргыг ашигласан болно. Судалгааны үр дүнд үндэсний хувцасны бүрдэл хэсгүүдийг тодорхойлон ангилж, кодчиллын зарчимд үндэслэн технологийн картын загварыг боловсруулсан. Цаашид судалгааны энэхүү арга зүйг үндэстэн, угсаатны бүлэг тус бүрийн хувцасны мэдээлэлд ашигласнаар орчин үеийн программ хангамж болон дижитал технологийг өргөн ашиглах, дижитал архив үүсгэх зэргээр соёлын өвийг хамгаалан хадгалах, хэрэглээнд шингээх өргөн боломж бүрдэж байгааг энэ судалгаанд харуулсан. Энэхүү судалгаа нь орчин үеийн дизайнер, урлаачдад уламжлалт соёлыг шинэ өнцгөөр сэргээн хэрэглэх, өв соёлыг хамгаалах, архивлахад чиглэсэн чухал мэдээлэл, эх сурвалжийг нэгтгэх зэрэг мэдээллийн сан бүрдүүлэх ажилд ихээхэн ач холбогдолтой.
Түлхүүр үгс: уламжлалт урлал, хувцасны хийц технологи, технологийн карт, дижитал кодчло