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A content analysis of the Cultural definitions (1871-2019)
Get PDFthe concept of culture is inherently complex and multifaceted, with attempts to define it remaining a subject of scholarly debate. This study analyzed and classified 304 cultural definitions proposed between 1871 and 2019, focusing on their theoretical foundations, content, and word frequency. The findings indicate that functionalist theory predominates among these definitions. Word frequency analysis revealed a high recurrence of terms such as “person”, “lifestyle”, and “behavior”, underscoring the centrality of the individual in conceptualizing culture. Moreover, based on the definitional elements, culture was categorized into 12 distinct types. This research contributes to the development of a comprehensive understanding of culture and offers a foundation for future efforts to formulate a unified definition.
“Соёл”-ын тодорхойлолтын агуулгын шинжилгээ
Хураангуй: Соёлын ойлголт нь нарийн төвөгтэй, олон талт учраас тодорхойлох оролдлого нь эрдэмтдийн дунд маргаантай хэвээр байна. Энэхүү судалгаанд 1871-2019 оны хооронд дэвшүүлсэн 304 соёлын тодорхойлолтыг шинжилж, тэдгээрийг онолын үндэс, агуулга, үгийн давтамжаар ангилсан. Судалгааны үр дүнд функционализмын онол давамгайлж буйг тогтоосон бөгөөд үгсийн давтамжийн шинжилгээгээр “хүн”, “амьдралын хэв маяг”, “зан үйл” зэрэг үгс өндөр давтамжтайгаар илэрч, соёл хэмээх ойлголтын гол субьект нь хүн гэдгийг харуулсан. Мөн соёлын тодорхойлолтыг бүрдүүлж буй элементэд тулгуурлан соёлыг 12 янзаар тодорхойлсон. Судалгаа нь соёлын талаарх цогц мэдлэгийг хөгжүүлэх, нэгдсэн тодорхойлолт гаргах цаашдын судалгаанд суурь болох ач холбогдолтой.
Түлхүүр үгс: функционализм, хүний төвтэй хандлага, онолын ангилал, үгийн давтамж, системчилсэн бүтэц, зан үйл, амьдралын хэв маяг, уламжла
Ethical and Philosophical Parallels of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Hindu Mythology The Mahabharat
Get PDFThis study explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) concepts in the context of Hindu epics, particularly The Mahabharata. The research seeks to draw parallels between ethical dilemmas faced by characters in the scripture and the contemporary challenges of AI governance. The objective is to examine how the concepts of autonomy, responsibility, and moral decision-making, as depicted in these ancient scriptures, can inform modern discussions on the ethical use of AI. The study adopts a qualitative methodology, analyzing specific episodes from The Mahabharat in light of AI governance frameworks. Key episodes, such as Yudhisthira’s dice game, Krishna’s counsel to Arjuna, and the use of Krishna’s Sudarshana Chakra, are examined for their relevance to AI ethics, particularly the dangers of unchecked autonomy, the balance between autonomy and responsibility, and the ethical use of autonomous systems. The findings reveal that The Mahabharat provide rich analogies for contemporary AI governance issues. The texts emphasize the importance of ethical oversight, human control, and moral responsibility in decision-making processes, mirroring current debates around AI’s role in society. The principle of dharma is highlighted as a potential framework for governing AI systems, ensuring that they operate ethically and prioritize human welfare. In conclusion, the study suggests that insights from Hindu philosophy, particularly the concept of dharma, offer valuable ethical guidance for the development and regulation of AI systems, ensuring that these technologies serve humanity responsibly.
 
Evaluating the meat market integration in the capital city and rural areas
Get PDFIn 2018, our country earned MNT 400.0 billion from meat export, which it has reached the highest level in history. However, the price of meat increased due to decrease in the supply of meat in the markets of Ulaanbaatar city (capital city of Mongolia) then the government took measures to limit the export of meat. This study determines the degree of integration between the central market (or Ulaanbaatar) and the local meat market. To assess the market integration, we estimate the Ravallion\u27s test based on a dynamic regression model using monthly beef price data. The test estimates separately the integration of two markets in the short term (in the form of strong and weak internals) and in the long term. As a result, the meat market of both Arkhangai, Dornod, and Khentii provinces, which were included in the research, has only long-term integration with the market of Ulaanbaatar city, while Khuvsgul province has no integration. Moreover, the results of Ravallion\u27s test were confirmed by estimating both co-integration model and error-correction model. In response to the increase in the price of meat in Ulaanbaatar, the price of meat in Khentii province increases the most scale, while market prices in Dornod province respond faster than the other three provinces. The policy recommendations from the results are: First, the fact that the meat markets of the capital and local areas have not been integrated in a short period of time indicates that the market is not working efficiently. Secondly, one of the ways to not increase the price of meat in Ulaanbaatar city along with the increase of meat export is to prepare the meat for export from provinces far away from Ulaanbaatar, whose markets are not integrated
Нийслэл, орон нутгийн махны зах зээлийн интеграцийг үнэлэх нь
Манай улс 2018 онд махны экспортоос 400,0 тэрбум төгрөгийн орлого олж, түүхэн дээд түвшин хүрсэн байдаг. Гэтэл Улаанбаатар хотын хүнсний захуудад нийлүүлэлт буурснаар махны үнэ өсч, засгийн газраас махны экспортыг хязгаарлах хариу арга хэмжээ авсан юм. Энэхүү судалгааны ажлаар Улаанбаатар ба орон нутгийн махны зах зээлийн хоорондох интеграц хэр хэмжээнд байгааг тодорхойлов. Бид үхрийн махны сарын үнийн мэдээлэл ашиглан динамик регрессийн загварт тулгуурласан Ravallion-ий тестээр зах зээлийн интеграцийг шалгав. Уг тест нь хоёр зах зээлийн интеграцийг богино хугацаа (дотроо хүчтэй ба сул гэсэн хэлбэртэй) болон урт хугацаагаар үнэлгээ өгдөг. Улмаар судалгаанд хамрагдсан Архангай, Дорнод, Хэнтий аймгуудын махны зах зээл Улаанбаатар хотын зах зээлтэй зөвхөн урт хугацааны интеграцтай, харин Хөвсгөл аймаг интеграцгүй байгааг тогтоов. Мөн урт хугацааны хамаарал (co-integration), алдаа-засварлах загвар (ECM)-ыг давхар үнэлэхэд Ravallion-ий тестийн үр дүнг бататгав. Тухайлбал, Улаанбаатар хотын махны үнийн өсөлтийн хариуд Хэнтий аймагт махны үнэ хамгийн ихээр өсдөг бол Дорнод аймгийн зах зээлийн үнэ бусад гурван аймагтай харьцуулахад хурдан хариу үзүүлдэг байна. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс гарах бодлогын санал, дүгнэлт нь: Нэгт, Нийслэл, орон нутгийн махны зах зээл богино хугацаанд интеграцлагдаагүй байгаа нь тэр хэрээр зах зээл үр ашигтай ажиллахгүй байгааг харуулж байна. Хоёрт, Махны экспортыг нэмэгдүүлэхтэй хамт Улаанбаатар хотын махны үнийг өсгөхгүй байх нэг арга зам нь экспортын мах бэлтгэлийг Улаанбаатар хотоос алслагдсан, зах зээл нь интеграцлагдаагүй аймгуудаас бүрдүүлэх, энэ чиглэлийн зах зээл, зохицуулалтыг шинээр бий болгох явдал юм.
Түлхүүр үг:
Бүс нутгийн зах зээлийн интеграц, махны зах зээл, Ravallion-ий тес
Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Age and Pre-pregnancy BMI-Matched Prospective Cohort Study in Ulaanbaatar of Mongolia
Get PDFObjective: This study aimed to assess maternal outcomes in women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Method: A multicenter, age, and pre-pregnancy body mass index-matched prospective cohort study was conducted in five maternity hospitals across Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, between February and April 2022. All participants (24-28 weeks pregnant) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g, oral glucose, capillary), and the results were considered as GDM (ADA, 2022). The GDM and non-GDM groups were followed from pregnancy to delivery. Maternal and neonatal delivery outcome data were extracted from the clinical records of five maternity hospitals. Results: The mean age and pre-pregnancy BMI were 35.05±3.8 years and 26.21±3.7 kg/m2, respectively. According to the univariate analysis, women with gestational diabetes had higher rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension, cesarean delivery, and labor induction than the non-GDM group. On the multivariate analysis, the risk of undergoing cesarean delivery and developing pregnancy-induced hypertension were 2.8 (aOR=2.83 CI=1.07-7.47) and 6.9 (aOR=6.91 CI=1.35-35.23) times higher, respectively, in the case group compared to the non-GDM group. Conclusion: Women with GDM had more complications during pregnancy and delivery than those without
Impact of Oocyte Morphologic Abnormalities on Embryo Development
Get PDFObjectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oocyte morphologic features and embryo development following an Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) procedure. Methods: In this retrospective study, 485 mature oocytes were obtained from 70 patients undergoing ICSI cycles. Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed using a standard antagonist protocol. Morpho kinetic variables were analyzed using Time-Lapse Monitoring (TLM). The primary outcome measures were fertilization and reasonable embryo rate. Results: The patients’ age ranged from 22 to 45 years (34.9±4.9 on average). From all retrieved MII oocytes, 285 (59.0%) showed at least one morphologic aberration. The organelle cluster and ovoid shape were related to a lower fertilization rate (OR: 0.35 p-value 0,045 and OR:0.137; p-value 0,048, respectively). Time to 5 cells (t5) and time to 7 cells (t7) were different between normal and abnormal morphologic oocytes (P-value 0.016 and 0.017, respectively). Average Oocyte Quality Index (AOQI) negatively correlated with the number of good embryos. Conclusions: In our study, the fertilization potential of organelle clusters and ovoid-shaped oocytes was lower. The t5 and t7 were significantly longer in the abnormal oocyte group
Exploring Genetic Variants in Epidermal Differentiation Complex Genes in Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Case Series
Get PDFObjective: The complex interplay between genetic and external factors contributes to the multifactorial nature of atopic dermatitis (AD). The study aimed to use next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify and describe genetic alterations and polymorphisms in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) in two children with severe atopic dermatitis. Methods: A case-series study was conducted involving two children with severe atopic dermatitis, selected from a group of 103 based on questionnaire data, clinical manifestations (SCORAD index, skin moisture, trans-epidermal water loss), and laboratory tests (total IgE levels). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to analyze their genomic DNA. Results: Among the two participants, gene variants related to skin conditions, allergies, autoimmune disorders, and neurometabolic disorders were identified. Both participants exhibited variants in FLG, HRNR, and SPRR1B genes located in the Epidermal differentiation complex. Among these genetic variants, classifications such as “VUS/Weak Pathogenic” and “Likely Pathogenic” were observed, and synonymous variants were found alongside missense. A significant finding was the identification of rare alleles not documented in allele frequency databases. Conclusion: Identifying various alleles highlighted those multiple gene variants, acting together, may contribute to the development of the disease, warranting further investigation
The problem of early human in the territory of the Khovd aimag : : A review of Stone Age research and main sites
Get PDFThe study of Stone Age Khovd Aimag, began in the 1950s. Joint Mongolian-Soviet Union archaeological team for studying Stone Age and joint Mongolian-Soviet Union historical and cultural expedition played a major role in the study of Stone Age in the territory Khovd Aimag. At present, 102 sites related to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic periods have been discovered and studied. These sites and stone tools from them show that starting from the Lower Paleolithic, ancient people began to settle in the intermountain plains, where are many animals for hunting, and in the basin of large rivers of the Mongolian Altay.
Ховд аймгийн нутагт эртний хүн суурьшсан асуудал: чулуун зэвсгийн судалгааны тойм, дурсгалууд
Товчлол. Ховд аймгийн нутаг дэвсгэр дэх чулуун зэвсгийн үеийн дурсгалыг судлах ажил 1950-аад оноос эхэлжээ. Тус аймгийн чулуун зэвсгийн судалгаанд Монгол, Зөвлөлтийн хамтарсан чулуун зэвсгийн судалгааны анги, МЗТСХЭ голлох үүрэг гүйцэтгэсэн юм. Одоогийн байдлаар тус аймгийн нутгаас палеолит, мезолит, неолитын үед холбогдох 102 дурсгалт газар илэрч, судалгааны эргэлтэд ороод байна. Дээрх дурсгалт газар, олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүнээс харахад доод палеолитын үеэс эхлэн Монгол Алтайн нурууны томоохон гол мөрний сав, уул хоорондын ан амьтан элбэг үржил шимт хөндий бараадан эртний хүмүүс амьдарч байсан нь батлагддаг.
Түлхүүр үг. Ховд аймаг, чулуун зэвсэг, доод палеолит, дунд палеолит, дээд палеолит, неолит, чулуун зэвсгийн үйлдвэрлэл
Newly discovered stone age site of Ulaan khanan : : a techno-typological study from the surface collection
Get PDFThe Kherlen River, which headwaters from the mountains of Khan Khentii, streams through the territory of three provinces of Mongolia: Khentii, Tuv, and Dornod. Most of the archaeological sites found in its basin exhibit characteristics of the Neolithic period, and mainly consist of in situ stone tools dispersed on the surface. The mixing of prehistoric artifacts from different periods in a certain place is undoubtedly related to the unique climatic conditions of Mongolia and the geology of the Kherlen River basin. In this article, we discuss the site of Ulaan Khanan, located about 21 km south of the Kherlen River in the Bayankhutag soum area of Khentii Province. The stone artifacts from this site are suggested as belonging to two different periods: The Paleolithic and Neolithic. The Paleolithic artifacts include points, scrapers, retouched blades, and different types of lithic blanks (mainly blades and flakes). Conversely, the Neolithic artifacts conform to knapping methods involving the reduction of narrow-faced and wedge-shaped cores, including a single micro-core as well as polyhedral and cylindrical cores. The lithic assemblage(s) described here consists of a few tool types, such as points, scrapers, burins, combination tools, and retouched blades, and show evidence of reduction sequences primarily aimed at blade and flake production
Re-examination of the Khar khoroot inscription
No full textThe inscriptions of Khar Khoroot, Bayanbürd Bag, Buutsagaan Sum, Bayankhongor Province, were re-examined. A few characters and letters were inadvertently copied. There is a single line of inscription in the Khar Khoroot that says, yätmis apa on bašï bitidim ~ I, the corporal, wrote for Yetmish Apa”. Except for Khar Khoroot, none of the Mongolian runic monuments have intentionally drawn boundaries. The inscription on Khar Khoroot is unique in this regard. Upon the demise of a nobleman named Yätmis Apa, an inscription was crafted in his honor. The framing of the inscription might serve as a symbolic indication of its intended purpose for a funeral. Depicting deceased individuals through the use of frames and fences is a prevalent practice in human societies, serving as a universal emblem and symbol throughout cultures. Put simply, Yetmish Apa, who died while traveling, was unable to construct a sacrificial complex due to lack of chance or time. As a result, they were burned, and a commemorative inscription was made. The absence of any other stamp associated with the Turkic and Uighur periods on the Khar Khoroot rock indicates that the scribes had a brief presence and only inscribed on specific occasions. Chronologically, it is clear that the Khar Khoroot inscription belongs to the Uighur period.
Хар хороотын бичээсийг нягтлахад
Товчлол. Баянхонгор аймгийн Бууцагаан сумын Баянбүрд багийн нутаг Хар хороотын бичээсийг дахин нягталлаа. Зарим үсэг тэмдэгтийг ташаарч хуулснаас судалгаа мадагтай болсон байна. Хар хороотод m}thi\vnoaPSmtJ ~ yätmis apa on bašï bitidim ~ Йэтмиш апад [зориулж] аравтын дарга бичив би гэсэн ганц мөр бичээс байх ажээ. Бичээсийг тусгайлан хүрээ татаж бичсэн байх ба Монголын руни бичгийн бага дурсгалуудаас зорилготойгоор хүрээ татаж бичсэн бичээс одоогоор Хар хороотоос өөр байхгүй байна. aPSmtJ yätmis apa гэх язгууртан тэнгэрт хальсанд, түүнд зориулж үйлдээд хойлго, оршуулгад зориулсан болохыг хүрээгээр төлөөлүүлсэн байх магадлалтай. Нас барсныг хүрээ, хашлагаар төлөөлүүлэх нь хүн төрөлхтний соёлын нийтлэг хэв шинж бөгөөд аль ч соёлд түгээмэл байдаг тэмдэг, тэмдэглэгээ билээ. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, аян замын зуур тэнгэрт хальсан Йэтмиш апа-д тахилын онгон байгуулах боломж, цаг зав байсангүйд чандарлан оршуулаад аравтын дарга бичээс үйлдсэн байж болох юм. Хар хороотын хаданд Түрэг, Уйгурын үед холбогдох өөр тамга тэмдэг ганц ч байхгүй байгаа нь бичээс үйлдэгчид маш богино хугацаагаар түр буудалласан, мөн онцгой тохиолдлоор бичээс бичиж үйлдсэн болохыг харуулна. Он цагийн хувьд Хар хороотын бичээс Уйгурын үед холбогдох нь тодорхой байна.
Түлхүүр үг. Баянхонгор аймаг, Бууцагаан сум, Хар хороот, руни бичиг, тамг
Symbolism and description of tiger in Mongolian folklore
No full textThis article tells about description and status of tiger which are assumed as ones of the four leviathans in Mongolian folklore and literary culture. For this the article not only dealt with epics, myths, tales, riddles, and proverbs but also Mongolian traditional land examining custom. There are full of roles and symbol isms of tiger in Mongolian literary culture, customs, and folklore. Tiger is deeply absorbed in literary culture than other animals that feeds Mongolians and have a significant impact on his lives. That is why it is interesting although tiger do not live in Mongolia. To clarify the reason of how they become part of Mongolian literary culture we should consider the issue in connection to the symbolism of “four leviathans”. There is a vital notion in oriental culture is the conjunction of symbols and de scription of the “four leviathans”. Originated place and date of this notion is not fixed but there are many hypothesizes and proposals. The most popular explanation is the following: Initially the myth roles named asuri, tengri, dragon are formed in mentality of Orientals after that the concept was born which expressed upper world, middle world, and lower world. There are two leviathans each in upper world and also middle world separately. Then altogether they called “four leviathans”. The myths were originated from India and China. The two leviathans in upperworld among the “four leviathans” are named dragon and garuda. The lion and tiger are leviathans of middle world which do not live in our country. Considering the roles of the tiger in Mongolian folklore, the epic named “Erkhiidee erchtei Eriin sain Khambuudai mergen khan” it is said as following:
“Manglai čaɣan arslan
Mal-i ni toɣurin (toɣlaǰu)
Qatun bars-un ǰulǰaɣ-a
Qatun-I toɣurin (toɣlaǰu) ǰeg d lebe gen-e”. It means ruling the tiger is
a symbol of the ability to repress evil.
Further in a Mongolian epic the lion is described:
“Baɣan-a tal-a-du ni bars arslan
Baǰaɣaldaulun seyilügsen
Dalan tabun teremetei bayidaɣ
Dalan ɣurban unitai bayidaɣ”
“Aduučin sayin aɣ saqal ebügen
Aba-a aq-a ni aru-du ergiged
Arban ǰil-dü ködülgedüi
Arslan čaɣan
Abdar-a-yin čooǰi-yi multuluad”
Clarified the behavoirs of its great power and rapid physique.
Mонгол аман зохиол дахь барын дүр, бэлгэдэл
Хураангуй: Өгүүлэлд ертөнцийн дөрвөн хүчтэний нэг болох барыг монгол аман зохиол, утга соёлд хэрхэн дүрсэлж ирснийг жишээгээр тодруулж, өнөөдөр бидний үед тэрхүү уламжлал хэрхэн хадгалагдаж буйг өгүүлэв. Чингэхдээ тууль, домог, үлгэр, оньсого, зүйр цэцэн үг зэрэг аман зохиолын төрөл зүйлсэд барын дүрийг хэрхэн дүрсэлснийг тодруулж, монголчуудын уламжлалт ан ав, зүүд, зүгийн бэлгэдэл, газар шинжих ёс зэрэгтэй харьцуулан тэдгээрийн утга бэлгэдлийг тайлан тайлбарласан байна.
Түлхүүр үг: аман зохиол, дөрвөн хүчтэн, дүрийн судалгаа, сүр хү