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Icings in the Selenge River basin as an indicator of climate change
No full textThe Selenga River basin, with approximately two-thirds of its area located in Mongolia and the remaining third in Russia, hosts over 29,000 icings of diverse genetic types that form annually. In this study we analyzed the interannual variability of icings in the Selenga River basin. Using multi-temporal Landsat imagery, data from meteorological stations, hydrometric stations and expedition observations, the main trends in the change of icings formation intensity were established. Over the period from 1990 to 2024, a 3.5% decrease in the area of giant icings in the Mongolian part of the basin over 10 years was revealed. In the Russian part of the catchment basin, besides the reduction in the total area of icings by 6,7% over 10 years, an increase in the number of medium, small and very small ones is observed against the background of a decrease in the number of very large icings. The established trend is related to climate change. A significant increase in air temperature in April (on average in the basin by 0.75˚ over 10 years) may be one of the reasons for the overall reduction in the area of icings. As a result of the observed warming, the thickness of seasonal freezing of rocks decreases, which leads to an increase in the transition of icing-forming groundwater outside the icing fields. Also, melting of permafrost is recorded. Thus, icings are a kind of indicator of changes in permafrost-hydrogeological conditions under the influence of global climatic processes
Changes in aufeis area formed along the Selenge River basin from 2021 to 2025
No full textUnder cold climatic conditions, when the ground surface freezes, pressurized subsurface water emerges through porous soil layers, forming ice accumulations known as aufeis. While aufeis may cause damage to infrastructure and transportation networks in populated areas, they play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by enhancing river flows, preserving soil moisture, and serving as freshwater reservoirs. In recent years, the rising average temperatures have led to significant reductions in permafrost and glacial formations, with corresponding decreases in aufeis coverage. This makes detailed investigation of aufeis impacts on both human systems and natural environments particularly important. This study examines spatial and temporal changes in aufeis distribution within the Selenga River basin between 2021 and 2025. The research area encompasses transboundary regions of Mongolia and Russia along the Selenga River basin. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery processed through Google Earth Engine, we analyzed aufeis locations and areal extent by calculating spectral indices including the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The results of the study indicate that between 2021 and 2025, a total of 35,988 aufeis formations were recorded, covering a cumulative area of 317,976.25 hectares along the Selenga River basin. The year 2021 recorded the highest extent and number of aufeis formations, with 9,053 formations covering an area of 83,123.82 hectares. However, a gradual decrease in both the number and area of aufeis was observed over the subsequent years, reaching a minimum in 2025, when 4,987 formations were recorded over an area of 41,916.61 hectares. Furthermore, our study examined how climatic factors such as mean average air temperature (MAAT) and precipitation have influenced on the changes in both the area and number of aufeis formations
Structural Analysis of Single-Term Terminologies in Legal Texts
No full textWithin the framework of the project titled “Lexical and Grammatical Study of Legal Language” conducted by the Department of Applied Linguistics at the Institute of Language and Literature, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, we created an electronic database consisting of 1,696,931 words from 449 laws currently in force in Mongolia. Based on this database, we aimed to present some results of our structural analysis of single-term legal terminologies. In our research, we relied on the core methodology of registering frequently used words in native language processing. We employed the “Attribute Description Method” to tag the materials in the database and combined this with manual annotation methods based on the “Mongolian Language Processing Demonstration Page (Laboratory, 2016).” Additionally, we utilized tools from AntConc and Excel programs to assess the usability of the lexicon, analyze word structures, and determine frequency of usage. We also made extensive use of various analytical methods such as summarizing, dissecting, and interpretive writing. When classifying terminologies from 1,399 sampled laws based on their formation, 219 were found to be of simple structure, while 1,180 were compound terms. According to word-formation methods in the Mongolian language, 140 of the terms were derived (neologisms), and 79 were non-derived terms. This structural analysis of single-term legal terminologies is important in determining whether the terms meet core terminological criteria—being concise, unambiguous, and accurate—as well as ensuring that the meanings and concepts of the constituent words align precisely. For Mongolia, such analysis serves as a foundational step toward understanding the structure, formation methods, and usage patterns of single-term terminologies in legal drafting, and ultimately contributes to the development of standardized legal terminology.
Хуулийн бичвэр дэх дан нэр томьёоны бүтцийн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Бид ШУА-ийн ХЗХ-ийн Хэрэглээний хэл шинжлэлийн салбарын “Хуулийн хэлний үгийн сан, хэл зүйн судалгаа” сэдэвт төсөлт ажлын хүрээнд Монгол Улсад хүчин төгөлдөр үйлчилж байгаа 449 хуулийн 1,696,931 үгтэй цахим санг байгуулав. Улмаар уг сандаа тулгуурлан хуулийн бичвэр дэх дан нэр томьёог бүтцийн талаас судалсан судалгааны зарим үр дүнгээ танилцуулахыг зорьсон болно. Бид судалгаандаа эх хэлний боловсруулалтад өргөн хэрэглэдэг үгсийг материалын санд бүртгэх үндсэн аргад түшиглэж,“Онцлогийг тодорхойлох арга” (Attribute Description Method)-аар материалын сандаа тэмдэг хадсан бөгөөд цахим сангийн боловсруулалтаа “Монгол хэл боловсруулалтын үзүүлэн хуудас (лаборатори, 2016)”-ыг гараар тэмдэглэгээ хийх аргатай хослуулсан. Түүнчлэн үгсийн сангийн хэрэглээний чанарыг үнэлэх, үгийн бүтэц, хэрэглээн дэх давтамжийг тогтооход АntConc болон EXCEL программын хэрэгслүүдийг ашигласнаас гадна нэгтгэн дүгнэх, задлан шинжлэх, тайлбарлан бичих зэрэг олон аргыг түлхүү ашиглав.Түүвэрлэн авсан 1399 хуулийн нэр томьёог бүтэх аргаар ангилж үзэхэд, дан бүтэцтэй нэр томьёо 219, нийлмэл бүтэцтэй нэр томьёо 1180 байна. Монгол хэлний үг бүтэх аргаар ангилж үзвэл, үүсмэл нэр томьёо 140, үүсмэл биш нэр томьёо 79 бүртгэгдэв. Энэхүү хуулийн дан нэр томьёоны бүтцийн судалгаа нь нэр томьёо товч тодорхой, салаа утгагүй бөгөөд оновчтой байхаас гадна нэр томьёог бүтээж байгаа үгийн утга, ухагдахуун нь хоорондоо яв цав тохирч байх ёстой гэсэн нэр томьёоны үндсэн шаардлагад нийцэж буй эсэхийг тодорхойлоход ач холбогдолтой юм. Монгол Улсын хувьд хуулийн хэл найруулгад ашиглаж буй дан нэр томьёоны бүтэц, бүтэх арга, хэрэглээний байдал, цаашлаад нэр томьёоны стандартыг бий болгоход шаардах эхний алхам нь уг төрлийн шинжилгээ болно.
Түлхүүр үг: цахим сан, давтамж, нэр томьёо бүтэх арга, үгийн аймаг, нэр томьёоны орчуулга
Features of the Mongolian throat singing repertoire
No full textAbstract: In addition to the nature, society, and lifestyle of Mongolia, a unique form of folk art and culture is the Mongolian throat singing (khöömii). Mongolian throat singing has been a traditional Mongolian ritual since ancient times, and has become a means of communication through animal husbandry and nature. Therefore, the characteristics of the Mongolian throat singing repertoire were examined in relation to a specific historical period. Mongolians have created a unique repertoire of throat singing, a symbol, sign, meaning, imagery, mentality, and spiritual values, with unique sounds and melodies of throat singing.
Монгол хөөмийн урын сангийн онцлог
Хураангуй: Монголчуудын байгаль, нийгэм, ахуй амьдралын онцлогоос үүдэлтэй язгуур соёл, ардын урлагийн өвөрмөц нэгэн төрөл зүйл бол хөөмий юм. Хөөмийлөхүйн үйл нь эрт цагаас монголчуудын зан үйл, мал ахуй хийгээд байгаль дэлхийтэй харилцах дохио хэл бүхий харилцааны нэгэн хэрэглүүр болж ирсэн онцлогтой. Байгаль, дэлхий, мал ахуй, араатан жигүүртэн зэрэг сав шимийн ертөнцийн мөн чанарыг таних, аргадан дээдлэх, амьдрах арга ухаанаас хөөмийн үйл үүдэж, түүний мөн чанарын илрэл нь хүний дуу хоолойгоор амилан биежиж ирсний бодит тусгал нь хөөмийн урын сан юм. Иймээс хөөмийн урын сангийн онцлогийг тодорхой түүхэн цаг үед хамаатуулан авч үзэж, төлөөлөх уран бүтээлчдийн урын сангийн онцлог, хөөмийн уран бүтээлийн сэдэв, тоглох арга техник, хэв маяг болон соёлын үүрэг, ач холбогдол, хөгжлийн чиг хандлага зэргийг тус өгүүлэлд тодруулахыг зорив. Монголчууд хөөмийн өвөрмөц авиа эгшиг, ая аялгуугаар монгол соёлын нэгэн тэмдэг, дохио, утга бэлгэдэл, дүр дүрслэл, ертөнцийг үзэх үзэл, оюун санааны үнэт зүйлсийн давтагдашгүй утга агуулга бүхийн урын санг бүтээжээ.
Түлхүүр үгс: аман өв, зан үйл, сүсэг бишрэл, бүтээл, хамтлаг, гоцлол
Rituals and Symbols for harvesting five Species of crops
No full textMongolians are a people with a traditional culture of five species of food and drink. We are studying one type of it, the “Blue Food” culture, based on the example of five species of crops. An important part of this traditional farming culture is the harvest season. The ripeness and quality of the five species of crops vary from place to place.Each crop\u27s ripeness varies depending on factors such as the location of the crop field (high mountain region, forest fields, lowlands), rainfall, humidity, and air temperature. To study the rituals and symbols of а harvest, based on the example of five species of crops, it is necessary to study the following rituals and symbols related to the harvesting: Mongolian traditional food and drink culture, Clarifying the rituals of the “Blue Food” and five species of crops, Traditional hand farming methods of ethnic groups, Traditional agricultural irrigation system or "Bukh" culture, Rituals and symbols of planting seeds, Problems of disseminating traditional rituals of the “Blue Food”.We will also interpret the symbols, rituals, and folklore culture used during harvest.
Таван зүйлийн тариаг хураах зан үйл, бэлгэдэл
Хураангуй: Монголчууд идээ ундаагаа таван өнгөөр бэлгэддэг уламжлалт соёлтой ард түмэн. Үүнд, хөх, цагаан, улаан, хар, шар идээ тус бүр орно. Уламжлалт газар тариалангийн, тэр тусмаа гар тариалангийн соёл нь хөх идээнд холбогдох бөгөөд таван зүйлийн тарианы үрлэлттэй холбоотой зан үйл, ургуулах үеийн гар ажиллагаа, “бух” хэмээх усалгааны системтэй холбоотой зан үйл, бэлгэдэл зэргийг өмнө судалж, тодорхой үр дүнгүүдийг гаргаж хэлэлцүүлсэн болно. Биднээс өдрөөс өдөрт алсарч буй гар тариалангийн соёлын хамгийн чухал хэсэг тариа хураалтын үеийн зан үйл, бэлгэдлийн асуудлыг хээрийн судалгаагаар тусгайлан тодруулж буйгаараа энэхүү судалгаа онцлогтой.Таван зүйлийн тарианы болц төрөл тус бүрд харилцан адилгүй хугацаанд боловсордог нь өндөр уулын, ойт хээр, нам доор газар, хур бороо, чийгшилт, хөрс, халуун хүйтнээс шалтгаалдаг. Гар тариаланг боловсруулж ашиглан өөрийн хүч хөдөлмөрөө зориулан баялгийг бүтээж буй тариаланчид өвлөн уламжлагчид юм.Монголчуудын тариалангийн соёлд ажил хөдөлмөр, авьяас билгийн мэдрэмжээр аяндаа хэлэгдэж буй болсон аман соёлын илэрхийлэл, түүнийг буй болгосон хүчин зүйлүүд өөрийн биеэр үлгэрлэн, мэдлэг туршлага хуримтлуулсан тариаланчдын гар аргаар тариагаахураах ардын мэдлэг ухаан хоёрын олон зуун жилийн хөдөлмөр хэрхэн яаж одоо цагт ч харилцан шүтэлцээтэйгээр уламжлан хөгжиж ирснийг өнөө үеийнхэнд сурталчлан таниулах, сурвалжлан тэмдэглэж авч үлдэх хэрэгцээ шаардлага байна. Үүнд эл судалгааны ач холбогдол, үнэ цэн оршино. Гар аргаар тариа хураах зан үйл, бэлгэдэл, аман яруу найргийг сурвалжлан цуглуулж, экологид ээлтэй уламжлалт монгол эрдэм ухааныг нэгтгэн судалснаараа энэхүү ажлын шинэлэг тал оршино.
Түлхүүр үгс: хөх идээ, аман соёл, уламжлал, хүн, байгал
A study on hemostasis and uterine contraction properties Polygonum aviculare ( L.)
No full textBackground Polygonum aviculare (L.) distributed at phyto-geographical regions of Mongolia, where Khuvsgul, Khentii, Khangai, Mongolian Daguur, Central Khalkh, East Mongolia, Depression of Great Lakes, Valley of Lakes, and Gobi-Altai. The aim of the study was to determine the vitamin C content in the aerial parts of Polygonum aviculare (L.) by titration method, and to hemostasis and uterine contraction activity.
Methods: A samples of the aerial parts of the Polygonum aviculare (L.) were collected according to standards from Gachuurt village, Ulaanbaatar city, in August 2019. Vitamin C content was determined in the aerial parts of the Polygonum aviculare (L.). The powdered samples of the plant were extracted with distilled water, and the aqueous extract was used in this study. When examining the hemostatic properties, the activated calcification time was determined using a modified version of the method of U.Bergerhof and L.Rock (1984).
Results: Vitamin C content in the aerial parts was determined by titration and found to be 3.76 mg/ g. The bleeding time from the tail of treated mice was 2 times shorter than that of the control. The fibrinogen formation time in the blood of mice in the experimental group was shortened, and this indicator was different compared to the control.
Conclusions: The extract was shown to enhance the function of the blood coagulation system by exhibiting resistance to heparin, shortening the recalcification time, and increasing the fibrin content in the blood. To assess its uterotonic activity, a 120 mg/kg dose of the extract was injected into the femoral vein of experimental mice at approximately 20 days of pregnancy. The mice were observed over a period of 8 to 14 hours. Uterine contractions and miscarriage, accompanied by internal bleeding, were observed—indicating that the extract has a strong uterotonic effect
Ensuring the Security of Foreign Nationals through Registration
No full textIn recent years, Mongolia has actively pursued policies aimed at promoting foreign investment, labor force, and tourism in order to support economic growth and advance national development. As part of these efforts, creating a favorable environment for foreign nationals has become a key priority. Consequently, there is a growing necessity to modernize, digitize, and enhance the efficiency of the registration system for foreign nationals in accordance with international standards.To improve the registration system, the legal environment has been revised, and in 2020, the Parliament of Mongolia adopted several amendments to the Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Nationals, particularly concerning the registration processes and requirements for foreign citizens.Establishing a reliable registration system for foreign nationals residing in Mongolia—whether for official, personal, or short-term purposes—is of critical importance for ensuring their security, pre venting crime and legal violations, and enabling effective emergency response in the event of natu ral disasters or other force majeure situations. Furthermore, it contributes to the broader goals of protecting national security and public order.Accordingly, this study examines the legal framework, policy orientation, and current implementa tion practices concerning the registration and oversight of foreign nationals, with a comparative perspective drawn from the experiences of Singapore and Canada. It further identifies key chal lenges facing the system and offers policy recommendations and practical measures to improve its effectiveness and alignment with international best practices.
Гадаадын иргэдийн аюулгүй байдлыг бүртгэлээр дамжуулан хангах нь
Хураангуй: Сүүлийн жилүүдэд Монгол Улс эдийн засгийн өсөлтөө дэмжих, хөгжлийн түвшинг ахиулах зорилгоор гадаадын хөрөнгө оруулалт, ажиллах хүч, аялал жуулчлалыг дэмжихэд чиглэсэн бодлогыг тууштай хэрэгжүүлж, гадаадын иргэдэд таатай нөхцөл бүрдүүлэхийг зорьсоор ирсэн. Энэхүү бодлогын хүрээнд гадаадын иргэдийн бүртгэлийн тогтолцоог олон улсын жишигт нийцүүлэн шинэчлэх, цахимжуулах, үр ашигтай болгох зайлшгүй шаардлага тулгарч байна.Бүртгэлийн тогтолцоог сайжруулах зорилгоор хууль эрх зүйн орчны шинэчлэл хийж, 2020 онд УИХ-аас Гадаадын иргэний эрх зүйн байдлын тухай хуульд гадаадын иргэнийг бүртгэх, бүртгүүлэх үйл явцтай холбогдсон хэд хэдэн нэмэлт, өөрчлөлт оруулсан.Монгол Улсад албан болон хувийн хэргээр оршин сууж буй болон түр ирэгч гадаадын иргэдийн шилжилт хөдөлгөөн, урсгал, төвлөрлийг бүртгэлжүүлэх нь тэдний аюулгүй байдлыг хангах, гэмт хэрэг, зөрчлөөс урьдчилан сэргийлэх, байгалийн гамшиг, давагдашгүй хүчин зүйл тохиолдсон онцгой нөхцөлд хариу арга хэмжээ шуурхай авч хэрэгжүүлэх, үндэсний аюулгүй байдлыг хангах чухал ач холбогдолтой юм. Иймд энэхүү судалгаа нь Сингапур, Канад Улсын жишээг харьцуулан авч үзэж, Монгол Улсад гадаадын иргэдийн бүртгэлийн тогтолцоог боловсронгуй болгох чиглэлээр хууль эрх зүйн зохицуулалт, бодлогын чиг хандлага, хэрэгжилтийн байдал болон тулгамдаж буй асуудлыг тодорхойлон дүгнэж, цаашид авч хэрэгжүүлэх боломжит арга хэмжээг санал болгоход чиглэнэ.
Түлхүүр үг: бүртгэлийн тогтолцоо, 48 цагийн бүртгэл, хууль эрх зүйн орчин, аюулгүй байда
Validation of the Mongolian Version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in Clinical Leaders of Hospital
Full text linkObjective: Leadership is a critical determinant of healthcare quality, workforce development, and organizational performance. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), based on the Full Range Leadership Theory, is widely used to evaluate transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant leadership styles. However, a culturally validated Mongolian version has not yet been available. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the MLQ-5X for clinical leaders working in hospitals across Mongolia. Methods: A cross-sectional methodological study was conducted between March and September 2022 in 11 provinces and Ulaanbaatar. The MLQ-5X was translated using WHO translation guidelines and underwent expert panel review, pilot testing, and psychometric evaluation. A total of 1,458 clinical leaders participated. Construct validity was assessed through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (EFA and CFtA). Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, and face validity was evaluated through participant feedback. Results: EFA supported the original nine-factor structure. CFA showed a good model fit (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.056). Reliability was high across all subscales (α = 0.834–0.968), with overall reliability at 0.973. Face Validity Index scores indicated strong clarity (0.82) and comprehension (0.85). Conclusions: The Mongolian MLQ-5X is a valid and reliable tool for leadership assessment in healthcare settings
The Impact of Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Adhesions on Female Infertility
Full text linkObjective: To evaluate the impact of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions resulting from prior abdominal and gynecologic surgeries on female infertility. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted among 764 fertile and 506 infertile women in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Data were collected on prior abdominal and gynecological surgeries, including surgical approach (open vs. laparoscopic) and frequency. Baseline characteristics were compared with Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P-values. Results:Infertile women were older (32.1 ± 4.5 vs 30.8 ± 3.9 years, P= 0.02), had higher BMI (25.1 ± 3.3 vs 23.5 ± 2.8 kg m², P= 0.03) and were more likely to report a previous sexually transmitted disease (19.5 % vs 8 %, P < 0.001). Prior surgeries such as salpingectomy (OR =16.5), ovarian cystectomy (OR = 7.3), and ectopic pregnancy surgery (OR = 4.67) were significantly associated with infertility. Open surgical approach was associated with a higher risk (OR = 2.8, P= 0.015), while laparoscopy was protective (OR = 0.45, P = 0.021). The risk increased further with multiple open surgeries (OR = 2.96, P = 0.029). In multivariable analysis, the strongest predictors of infertility were salpingectomy (OR = 13.2,95 % CI 2.2–78.5, P= 0.005), ≥ 2 open abdominal surgeries (OR = 2.96, 1.11–7.91, P= 0.029). The model showed acceptable fit (Hosmer–Lemeshow P= 0.48; AUC = 0.78; Nagelkerke R² = 0.23). Conclusion: Postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions, particularly following open gynecologic and abdominal surgeries, significantly contribute to female infertility. Minimally invasive surgical techniques and adhesion prevention strategies may reduce this risk
The Impact of GPC3 rs2267531 Polymorphism on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility
Full text linkObjectives: To evaluate the association between the GPC3 rs2267531 polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in individuals from Mongolia. Methods: This study included 270 participants, consisting of 110 males and 160 females, with a mean age of 61.0 years (±9.5). Serum samples were collected from all participants, who were categorized into three groups: 90 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 90 individuals in the risk group (RG), and 90 healthy controls. The collected samples were analyzed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: No significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies were observed between the HCC group and the risk or control groups. However, the frequency of the GPC3 C allele was significantly higher in females in the HCC group. Additionally, the protective GG genotype of GPC3 was found to have a significantly lower frequency in females in the HCC group. In contrast, HCV-positive individuals exhibited a higher frequency of the GC genotype. Conclusion: The GPC3 C allele frequency is associated with HCC in females, while the heterozygote GC genotype is linked to HCV infection in both genders. These findings suggest that the GPC3 rs2267531 polymorphism may play a role in HCC susceptibility, particularly in relation to gender and HCV status