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"The acheulean like" lithic industry in south eastern Mongolia: results of excavation at the ikh Mandal-3 site.
Get PDFThis article shares the findings from an archaeological survey and dig done in 2024 as part of a project by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences at the newly found archaeological site Ikh Mandal-3, which was discovered during a 2023 survey in Bayandelger soum, Sükhbaatar province. The site has preserved many bifacial tools important to Palae olithic research in Mongolia. Located on a high rocky terrace on the southern slope of Ar Gol, Ikh Mandal Mountain, preliminary survey results indicate that the site spans an area of approximately 230 x 120 metres and represents a set tlement-workshop complex with widely distributed lithic artefacts. We conducted a 2 x 1 meter test excavation near the site’s rock exposure in 2024, uncovering three distinct cultural layers. The test pit reached a depth of 56 cm, and stone tools were discovered in each layer. We examined the lithic regions to uncover the cultural background of the bifacial tools from Ikh Mandal. The bifaces from Ikh Mandal are relatively large and exhibit clear technological characteristics of Acheulean lithic production, allowing us to associate them with this technological tradition. Such tools are commonly found at Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites across Africa, the Near East, Western Europe, China, Vietnam, India, the Caucasus, and other regions. Therefore, we attribute the lithic industry of Ikh Mandal to the Early middle pleistocene.
Их мандал хайрхны 3-р сууринд хийсэн малтлага судалгаа: Монголын зүүн өмнөд бүс нутгаас илэрсэн “ашелийн хэв шинжит” чулуун зэвсгийн үйлдвэрлэл
Хураангуй. ШУА-ийн грант төслийн хүрээнд 2024 онд Сүхбаатар аймгийн Баяндэлгэр сумын нутаг Их Мандал-3 чулуун зэвсгийн дурсгалт газарт хийсэн археологийн хайгуул судалгаа болон сорьц малтлагын үр дүнг энэ өгүүлэлд нийтэлж байна. Тухайн дурсгалыг өмнөх жил нь археологич С.Далантай шинээр илрүүлэн олсон юм. Монголын палеолитын судалгаанд онцгой ач холбогдолтой, чулуун зэвсэг үйлдвэрлэлийн өвөрмөц арга барилыг илэрхийлэхүйц олон тооны гилбэр зэвсэг болон том хэмжээтэй залтас, ялтас, цуулдас, багаж зэвсгүүд тус газарт хадгалагдан байна. Их Мандал хайрхны хормойг эмжин урсах Ар голын урд дэнж болох өндөр хадан хясаан дээрх дэвсэгт тухайн дурсгалт газар байрлана. Хайгуул судалгааны урьдчилсан үр дүнд 230 х 120 м талбайд чулуун зэвсгийн олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүн нэлэнхийдээ тархсан суурин-дархны газар болох нь тогтоогдсон билээ. 2024 онд хадан дэл гаршийн дэргэд 2 х 1 м хэмжээтэй сорьц малтлагыг хийж гүйцэтгэсэн ба малтлагын дүнд гурван соёлт давхаргатай болох нь тогтоогдлоо. Сорьц малтлагын гүн 56 см гүнтэй болсон ба давхарга бүрээс чулуун зэвсгийн олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүн илэрсэн юм. Нарийвчилсан хайгуул болон малтлагаас олдсон олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүнийг төрөлжүүлэн ангилан, тодорхойлон, хөрш зэргэлдээх бүс нутгаас илэрч олдсон ижил төстэй олдвор хэрэглэгдэхүүнтэй харьцуулан Их Мандалын гилбэр зэвсгийн үйлдвэрлэлийн хүрээний асуудлыг хөндөн авч үзэж байна. Их Мандалаас олдож буй гилбэр зэвсгүүд хэмжээний хувьд харьцангуй том бөгөөд ашелийн чулуун зэвсэг үйлдвэрлэлийн үндсэн шинжийг тов тодорхой агуулдаг нь тухайн олдворуудыг энэ үйлдвэрлэлийн хүрээнд хамруулан үзэх боломжийг олгож байна. Ийм төрлийн эдлэлүүд Африк тив, Ойрх Дорнод, Баруун Европ, Хятад, Вьетнам, Энэтхэг, Кавказ болон бусад олон газрын доод, дунд палеолитын үеийн дурсгалуудад түгээмэл тархалттай байдаг юм. Иймд бид Их Мандал-3-ын чулуун зэвсгийн үйлдвэрлэлийг дунд плейстоцены түрүү шатанд холбогдуулан үзэх саналтай байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: Их Мандал, гилбэр, пик хэлбэрийн зэвсэг, хянгар, хутга, шовх үзүүрт гурван талт зэвсэг, доод палеоли
Petroglyphs of the Ikh Nartiin Chuluu: New Rock Art Sites of Alag-Undur and Takhilgat Tsagaan
Get PDFThis article presents the rock art images of Alag-Ondor and Takhilgat Tsagaan cliffs, discovered in 2010 and studied in detail in 2013 in the territory of the Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Dalanjargalan soum, Dornogovi aimag. The pur pose is to describe the rock art imagery in both places, identify the distinctive aspects of the design, and compare them with similar rock art from Mongolia and neighboring regions to determine their chronological placement. There are more than 40 figures and images pecked on six rock surfaces in two parts of the Alag Ondor cliff and six figures pecked in one place on the Takhilgat Tsagaan cliff. These images were made using the full-body pecked technique. Based on the style and composition of the rock images, they are related to the Bronze Age and the Early Middle Ages.
Их нартын чулууны хадны зураг: Алаг-Өндөр, Тахилгат цагааны ар цохионы шинэ дурсгал
Хураангуй. Энэ өгүүлэлд Дорноговь аймгийн Даланжаргалан сумын нутаг Их Нартын Байгалийн Нөөц газрын нутаг дэвсгэрээс 2010 онд илрүүлэн олж, 2013 онд нарийвчлан судалсан Алаг-Өндөр, Тахилгат цагааны ар цохионы хадны зургийн дурсгалыг нийтэлж байна. Тус хоёр газрын хадны зургийн дүр дүрслэлийн тодорхойлолтуудыг хийж, зохиомжийн онцлог талуудыг тогтоож, Монголын болоод хөрш зэргэлдээх бүс нутгийн хадны зургийн ижил төстэй дурсгалуудтай харьцуулан он цагийн хамаарлын асуудлыг тогтоохыг зорилоо. Алаг Өндөрийн хадан цохионы хоёр хэсэг газрын зургаан хадан гадаргууд 40 гаруй дүр, дүрслэл, Тахилгат Цагааны ар цохионд нэг газарт зургаан дүр дүрслэл сийлэгдсэн байна. Тэдгээр зургийг битүү хонхойлон сийлэх арга барилаар урлажээ. Хадны зургийн дүрслэлийн арга барил, зохиомж зэргээс харахад хүрэл зэвсгийн үе, дундад эртний улсуудын үед холбогдохоор байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Их Нартын чулуу, Алаг-Өндөр, Тахилгат цагаан, хадны зураг, морьтон, янгир, завины дүрслэл, хүрэл зэвсгийн ү
A Study of Indium phosphide and line graph of subdivision graph of H-naphtalenic nano-sheet via irregularity indices
Get PDFIn this article, we have taken the molecular graph of indium phosphide and line graph of subdivision graph of naphthalenic naphtalenicnano-sheet. Irregularity indices play an important role to describe the quantitative characterization of the non-regular graphs. In various problems and applications, particularly in the subject of chemistry and material engineering irregular indices have so many uses, thus it is very important to know about the irregularity of a molecular structure. Moreover, the evaluation of the irregularity of graphs is an important not only for QSPR and QSAR but also very effective for measuring the entropy, melting and boiling points, enthalpy of vaporization, and toxicity. We have also discussed the graphical behaviors of the above indicated structures
The Paleolithic sites in the Uliin Tokhoi (Central Mongolia): Result of Excavation and Survey research
No full textThe Tuul River valley, one of Mongolia’s major river systems, has seen relatively little research on Paleolithic stone tool assemblages. As part of the "Stone Tool Sites in the Upper Tuul River Region" (2023–2024) project, a survey and excavation were conducted in 2024 at Uliin Tokhoi, with the objective of identifying new Paleolithic sites. Test excavations at three areas within the site yielded 100 lithic artifacts, while an additional 120 artifacts were surface-collected from 34 locations. Excavations revealed a primary artifact concentration between 0.8 m and 1.3 m below the surface, with no artifacts found beneath this stratigraphic layer. All artifacts exceeding 2 cm in length were systematically recorded. Sampling and fieldwalking surveys were the primary methods used for surface investigation. The lithic assemblage predominantly consists of blade-core reduction flakes, end scrapers, burins, knives, and perforators, characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic. Comparative analysis with dated sites in Mongolia and neighboring regions suggests that the site likely belongs to the Early and Initial Upper Paleolithic
Editorial highlights for Lavai-International Journal of Education: Editorial note
No full textPublishing and developing quality of scientific journals is always challenging. We have been published the first issue of Lavai – International journal of Education in 2003 (all articles in Mongolian), and it is still growing continuously. Because, it’s the first editorial note ever, we would highlight several milestones in history of Lavai – International journal of Education from our past. First, we received both pISSN 2410-4507 and eISSN 2959-9334 in 2015 and 2022 respectively. Secondly, we successfully hosted by the Mongolian Journal Online by December 2022. Simultaneously, we also recognized as international journal that indexed in Google Scholar, Dimensions and EBSCO with unique DOI numbers for each publishing article. Third, we publish only articles in English since 2024 (Vol. 20 No.31). Consequently, we hopefully believe that range of audience of our journal will increase. Fourth, we redesigned our publishing article format since Vol. 20, No. 30 (2024), which is more attractive than previous format. Lastly, we successfully indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals by March of 2025. Therefore, all published articles of this journal are included in the indexing and abstracting coverage of Google Scholar, Dimensions, EBSCO and DOAJ.
In this issue of volume 21, we received a total of 12 manuscripts, and we accepted five articles for publication. In this issue, we are publishing articles of Nigerian, Chinese, Philippines and Mongolian education scientists. Some highlights from these articles are i) researchers found a significant relationship between graduate unemployment and gambling, prostitution, and youth restiveness, also ii) in Philippines remote area, teachers recognizing both Modular Distance Learning’s advantages, such as flexibility and learner autonomy, and disadvantages, including time-consuming preparation and limited resources
The Influence of Ethical Climate on Professional and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Accountants in Mongolia
Get PDFThis study examines the relationship between ethical climate, professional commitment, and organizational commitment among accountants in Mongolia. Data from 492 accountants were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis.The findings indicate that ethical climate positively influences both professional and organizational commitment. A law and rule, social responsibility ethical climates enhances commitment, whereas a self-interest ethical climate reduces it.The study highlights the importance of ethical climate in financial sector stability and suggests further research on ethical leadership and the impact of international standards in Mongolia.
Ёс зүйн уур амьсгал, мэргэжил болон байгууллагадаа үнэнч байх хандлагад нөлөөлөх нь: Монгол Улсын нягтлан бодогч нарын жишээн дээр
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгаагаар Монголын нягтлан бодогчдын ёс зүйн уур амьсгал, мэргэжил болон байгууллагадаа үнэнч байх хандлага хоорондын хамаарлыг шинжлэв. 492 нягтлан бодогчийн өгөгдөлд хүчин зүйлсийн болон корреляцийн шинжилгээ ашигласан болно. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс ёс зүйн уур амьсгал нь мэргэжил болон байгууллагадаа үнэнч байх хандлагад эерэг нөлөөтэй болох нь тогтоогдлоо. Хууль, дүрэм журам, нийгмийн хариуцлагатай орчин нягтлан бодогчдын үнэнч байх хандлагыг нэмэгдүүлдэг бол хувийн ашиг сонирхлыг дэмжсэн ёс зүйн уур амьсгал үнэнч байх хандлагыг бууруулдаг байна.Судалгаагаар нягтлан бодох бүртгэлийн салбарын ёс зүй, байгууллагын тогтвортой байдалд ёс зүйн уур амьсгалын ач холбогдлыг онцлон харуулж, удирдлагын ёс зүйн манлайлал, олон улсын стандартын хэрэгжилтийг цаашид судлах шаардлагатайг онцлов.
Түлхүүр үгс: Ёс зүйн уур амьсгал, мэргэжилдээ үнэнч байх хандлага, байгууллагадаа үнэнч байх хандлага, Монголын нягтлан бодогчи
Overview of research on traditional medicinal ingredients and raw materials mentioned in the source texts of Ami barigch-5 powder medicine
Get PDFBased on the results of recent scientific research, Mongolian traditional medicine is one of the ancient medical practices with a history spanning 5,000 years. An invaluable contribution to the development of formulations in Mongolian traditional medicine is the work by Choijamts, titled “The Heart Essence of the Elixir Compiled from Various Essential Texts of Medicine: Ngo mtshar dga ston gter mdzod”. This work became widely renowned for its detailed explanation of the laws governing human health, the causes of illness, and the methods of healing, as well as for its exceptional collection of medicinal recipes. With the increasing need to systematically study traditional and modernized uses of medicines derived from plants, animals, and minerals, it is essential to elevate research to a new level. By studying traditional technologies and identifying proven medicinal compounds from ancient and rare texts, this research focuses on exploring the formula of Srog dzin-5 found in Choijamts’s work. This approach was chosen to contribute to the scientific understanding and application of traditional medicine. The Buddhist Lama Choijamts lived between 1860 and 1928. His work, “The Heart Essence of the Elixir Compiled from Various Essential Texts of Medicine: Ngo mtshar dga ston gter mdzod” commonly referred to as “Ngo mtshar dga ston gter mdzod” was initiated in 1921 and meticulously revised and completed in 1922. This monumental text comprises 129 chapters. The 58th chapter specifically addresses remedies for heart diseases, prescribing the “Ami Barigch-5” formula mixed with molasses. It describes the medicine as effective for treating heart conditions, insanity, seizures, emotional distress, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath. The composition and potency of this powdered medicine were examined in comparison to other formulations and raw materials described in historical texts and primary sources. Research further indicates that the Ami Barigch-5 powder medicine, with its carefully curated ingredients and therapeutic properties, has been validated through pharmacological and clinical trials, confirming its efficacy as a traditional medicinal recipe
Molecular epidemiological analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural population of nationwide tuberculosis prevalence survey in Mongolia
No full textObjective: Mongolia is among the 30 high-burden countries for TB and DR-TB. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) offers precise insights into TB transmission, strain diversity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which are vital for TB control strategies. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology, lineage distribution, transmission clustering, and drug resistance patterns of M.tuberculosis collected from rural areas of Mongolia using NGS.Methods: A total of 50,194 individuals were screened in a national TB prevalence survey conducted according to WHO guidelines. From rural participants, 102 TB isolates were obtained; 100 with sufficient DNA quality were subjected to WGS. Bioinformatics analyses included lineage identification, AMR mutation profiling, and phylogenetic and clustering analyses. Results: Among the 100 isolates, lineage 2 (Beijing genotype) accounted for 72.0% and lineage 4 (Euro-American) for 28.0%. The Beijing type was dominant across all regions, especially the central region (84.6%) and showed high clustering (56.4%). A total of 13 clusters (≤12 SNVs) were identified; 86.6% were Beijing strains. MDR-TB comprised 10% of isolates, with 100% of MDR-TB strains belonging to the Beijing genotype. Resistance to isoniazid (23%) was common. Mutations associated with resistance were mainly found in katG, inhA, rpoB, pncA, rpsL, rrs, and embB genes. No resistance was observed to new drugs such as bedaquiline, linezolid, or clofazimine. Conclusions: In rural of Mongolia, M. tuberculosis Lineage 2 (modern Beijing genotype) is predominant, accounting for 72% of cases, with consistent distribution across geographic locations. Beijing strains demonstrated higher drug resistance compared to Euro-American types. Importantly, no resistance was detected to newly introduced TB drugs
Impact of Booster Vaccination on Infection and Hospitalization Rates during the Mass Vaccination in Mongolia
No full textObjective: Our study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of booster vaccination in preventing new COVID-19 infections and related hospitalizations among groups that received the primary vaccination series. Methods: Booster vaccination started on August 31, 2021, at recruitment in May 2022. By May 2022, 64% of the Mongolian population had received two primary doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, and 31% had received a booster dose. We followed 1,251 participants (459 males and 792 females, with a mean age of 41.5 ± 14.5 years [18–93], and a median age of 39.0 years) over six months, from the start of booster immunization on September 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022. We compared infection and hospitalization rates among vaccinated groups using logistic regression and calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) for booster recipients with the formula: VE = 1 – (vaccinated rate/unvaccinated rate) × 100. Results: All participants received two doses of one of four vaccines used in the nationwide campaign. During the study period, we identified 449 new infection cases, accounting for 35.9% of all participants, and 150 subsequent hospitalizations, or 12.0% of the total. Participants who did not receive a booster demonstrated significantly higher infection rates compared to those who did. Booster vaccination provided notably better protection against new infections among frontline workers and reduced hospitalizations in high-risk groups. No significant differences were found in VE when comparing participants based on seroconversion after initial vaccination or the type of booster vaccine used.Conclusion: Therefore, we concluded that COVID-19 booster vaccinations effectively enhanced protection against new SARS-CoV-2 infections among frontline healthcare workers, government employees, and individuals at higher risk for severe disease, thereby reducing their risk of hospitalization
Stone age societies in the borderland between the Gobi-Altai Mountains and the Gobi Desert, Mongolia
No full textThis article summarizes the results of research conducted by the Polish-Mongolian archaeological expedition in south-central Mongolia (Ömnögovĭ and Övorkhangai aimags) in the Gobi-Altai region between 2016 and 2025. The work focused on the complex of Palaeolithic sites and a siliceous rock outcrop with lithic workshops, such as Tsakhiurtyn Hundi (Flint Valley). This research aims to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and human adaptation to climate change in this area from the Last Glacial Period to the late Holocene.
Монголын Говь-Алтайн нуруу, говь цөлийн зааг нутгийн чулуун зэвсгийн үе
Хураангуй. Энэ өгүүлэлд 2016-2025 оны хооронд Говь-Алтайн нурууны өмнөд, төв хэсэгт (Өмнөговь, Өвөрхангай аймгийн зааг нутаг) хийсэн Монгол-Польшийн хамтарсан судалгааны үр дүнг нэгтгэн авч үзжээ. Судалгааг Цахиуртын хөндий (Flint Valley)-ийн палеолитын суурингууд болон цахиур чулууны ордын орчимд байх дархны газруудад голчлон гүйцэтгэсэн байна. Судалгааны зорилго нь сүүлчийн мөстлөгийн үеэс хожуу голоценыг хүртэлх тухайн бүс нутгийн уур амьсгалын нөхцөл, хувьсал өөрчлөлт, хүмүүсийн дасан зохицох үйл явцыг тодруулахад чиглэгджээ.
Түлхүүр үг: Монгол, говь, Цахиуртын хөндий, палеолит, эртний уур амьсгал, чулуун зэвсгийн үйлдвэрлэлийн арга, шавар ваар, анчин-түүвэрлэгч, хожуу плейстоцен, голоце