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Population status and adaptive capacity of black-and-white cattle in the Agrocity area, Ulaanbaatar
No full textSustainable agribusiness development relies on productive and well-adapted livestock populations to ensure food security and support dairy farming systems. This study evaluated the population structure, production performance, genetic diversity, and environmental adaptability of Black-and-White (Holstein-type) cattle in the Agro-City regions of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia an important hub for intensive dairy production. The area maintains 23,500 cattle, including 5,300 Black-and-White and crossbred cows, accounting for 54.1% of the national population of this breed and supplying approximately 28.1 million liters of milk annually to urban consumers. Localized Black-and-White cows produced an average of 3,277 ± 220.9 kg of milk per lactation, with mean fat and protein contents of 3.55% and 3.1%. Reproductive indicators included a 267.6 ± 16.5-day lactation length, 395.3 ± 21.1-day calving interval, 84.0% conception rate, 1.2 calvings per year, and 96.4% calf survival, resulting in an overall reproductive efficiency of 80.0%. Genetic analysis showed moderate variability, with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.31 and expected heterozygosity of 0.627. After more than 15 generations since their introduction from Russia, the population demonstrated strong climatic resilience, with an adaptability index of 4.23. Overall, the localized Black-and-White population represents a well-adapted genetic resource with significant potential to enhance sustainable and intensive dairy production in Mongolia’s Agro-City region
The study of katydid (Tettigoniidea) state in Mongolia
No full textWe carefully filtered all the studies on the classification of Tettigonoidea distributed in Mongolia, since 1960s and combined with our research results. As a result we found that 42 species (17 subspecies), 3 subtribes, 6 tribes, 16 genera, 2 subspecies belonging to 1 superfamily, were recorded in Mongolia. As a result of field research, 392 samples were collected from 140 points of 116 sums in 18 provinces of Mongolia. Deracantha onos Pallas, 1772 (Common bull katydid) has been determined to be Mongolia\u27s most widespread katydid species. As a result of our field research conducted in 2013-2022, 82 out of 43 research points in 31 districts of 12 provinces were found. It was determined and consolidated. Based on this distribution map, using the Maxent-Geographic distribution model, it was calculated that the Common bull katydid is spread over an area of 881,730 km2. It is estimated that the average annual temperature will increase by 2.2 degrees and precipitation by 14.5 percent in 2050. In the year 2080, the Maxent model predicts that the distribution of the will increase slightly from the current average annual temperature of 4.0 degrees, and precipitation will increase by 25.8 percent
Preliminary results of the development of a portable visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to detect Lumpy skin disease virus
No full textIn recent decades, emerging and re-emerging diseases have been spreading worldwide. Lumpy skin disease is one of the most significant economic transboundary animal diseases. It has been reported in several areas of the world.
The study supports the adoption of the portable Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (vLAMP) assay as a primary diagnostic tool for lumpy skin disease virus. Main diagnostic methods such as Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detecting Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) are sensitive and reliable but are often labor-intensive and time-consuming. In contrast, the portable vLAMP assay offers significant advantages for field application. It eliminates the need for specialized expertise or sophisticated laboratory equipment and can detect Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) within 60 minutes under constant temperature conditions. This study aimed to develop and optimize a rapid, portable vLAMP assay for the on-site detection of LSDV. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay are comparable to conventional PCR and other tests. Thirty-two samples, including tissues, whole blood, serum, and swabs were analyzed using two DNA extraction kits and molecular methods: conventional PCR and vLAMP assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the vLAMP assay were estimated using a two-by-two contingency table and found to both be 100%. The vLAMP had a kappa value of 1.0 against the conventional PCR. Therefore, this vLAMP assay can be adopted as a timely and simple method for the early detection, monitoring, and control of LSDV outbreaks in field settings
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Mongolian Monosyllabic words for Word Recognition Testing
No full textObjective: To develop a set of Mongolian monosyllabic word lists suitable for measuring Word Recognition Scores (WRS) and to evaluate their validity using psychometric function analysis. Methods: In the first phase, 220 Mongolian monosyllabic words that are widely recognized and commonly used in daily conversations by the general population were selected from various linguistic sources and phonemically balanced. A professional female voice artist digitally recorded these words in a sound studio, and their intensity levels were normalized using the Root Mean Square (RMS) value at 1000 Hz. In the second phase, word recognition tests were administered to 50 participants with normal hearing, aged 18 to 29 years. The tests took place in a sound-treated booth, with words presented at intensity levels ranging from –4 to 18 dB HL in 2 dB steps. The 220 words were randomly divided into four blocks of 55 words each. In the third phase, psychometric functions were generated using logistic regression analysis. To determine statistical differences between the lists and half-lists, chi-square (χ²) tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results: From the original pool of 220 words, the 200 most perceptible monosyllabic words were selected based on recognition accuracy across presentation levels. These were divided into four balanced 50-word lists and eight 25-word half-lists. Psychometric functions were calculated for each list using logistic regression. The average slope at the 50% threshold was 10.43%/dB, and the slopes between 20% and 80% recognition ranged from 8.61 to 9.38%/dB. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences in recognition scores or intensity levels across lists and half-lists, confirming their equivalence. Intensity adjustments (≤ ±0.3 dB) were applied to standardize the 50% threshold across all lists (mean=6.16 dB HL). The results demonstrate that the developed Mongolian monosyllabic lists are phonetically and perceptually homogeneous, making them suitable for clinical and research use. Conclusions: This study developed a standardized set of Mongolian monosyllabic word lists with consistent psychometric properties. These materials are suitable for use by otologists and audiologists in clinical assessments and speech audiometry research in Mongolia
Synergistic use of PRISMA hyperspectral and Sentinel-1B SAR data for land cover classification
No full textThe aim of this study is to compare the performance of deep learning, machine learning, and advanced hyperspectral image classification methods for distinguishing land cover types in Ulaanbaatar city. The study area includes various land cover classes such as built-up areas, ger districts, forests, willows, grasslands, soil, and water, with significant statistical overlaps between the built-up areas and the ger districts. For data sources, we selected PRISMA (Hyperspectral Precursor of the Application Mission) and Sentinel-1B dual-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Three different band combinations were utilized to identify the mixed urban land cover classes in Mongolia\u27s capital city. To differentiate the existing classes, we employed an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and spectral angle mapper (SAM), assessing their performance against one another. To evaluate the accuracy of the classification results, we applied the Kappa coefficient. For all three band combinations, the SVM method demonstrated superior performance, with Kappa coefficients ranging from 0.96 to 0.98. The ANN showed the second-highest performance, with Kappa coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.96. In contrast, the SAM yielded the lowest performance, with Kappa coefficients between 0.67 and 0.71. Our study observed that the performance of the selected classification techniques depended on the chosen parameters and the structure of the datasets. Overall, this study highlights that the combined use of hyperspectral and microwave datasets can enhance the classification of land cover types, with the SVM approach emerging as the most reliable method for producing an accurate land cover map
Studying racehorse depictions via scriptural character and dimensional box analysis
No full textThis study presents a scientifically grounded examination of how traditional Mongolian culture surrounding swift horses is visually represented in contemporary artworks. The research aims to compare the external characteristics of fast horses, as described in classical equine scriptures, with their portrayal in modern artistic creations. The analysis draws upon primary textual sources, including The Mergen toil Scripture, The Scripture on Erdenitü külüg-ün singjikü ba uyaqu jasaqu sudur orusibai, The scriptures on tqangdu vang-un küriyen-ü qurdun morin-u singji-yin niguča sudur-uud-un jingkini eke orusibai, The scriptures on sigamuni burqan-du mörgümüi, mangjusiri-du jalbarimui, The scripture on the Character of Racehorses. Based on these descriptions, one artwork from each of four contemporary artists was selected for analysis using the “Dimensional Box Analysis Method” within the framework of the “Sequential Descriptive Methodology.” A quantitative approach was employed to evaluate the extent to which the traditional equine features are reflected in the selected artworks. The findings reveal a significant alignment between the traditional textual descriptions and the visual representations of swift horses in the selected works, suggesting that contemporary Mongolian artists possess a nuanced understanding of equine traits and consciously integrate this knowledge into their creative practice. This research provides valuable insight into the intersection of cultural heritage, artistic methodology, and traditional knowledge, offering a foundation for further interdisciplinary studies on Mongolian equine culture.
Хүлгийн дүрслэлийг судар дахь шинж, хэмжээст их хайрцаглах аргачлалаар судлах нь
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгаанд уламжлалт хүлгийн соёлыг уран бүтээлээр хэрхэн тусган дүрсэлж буйг шинжлэх ухааны үндэслэлтэйгээр судалсан болно. Судалгааны зорилго нь хүлгийн шинжийн судруудад тэмдэглэсэн хүлгийн гадаад шинжийн дүрслэлийг орчин үеийн уран бүтээлчдийн бүтээл дэх дүрслэлтэй харьцуулан судлах болно. Үүний тулд судалгааны эх сурвалжууд болох “Мэргэн толь судар”, “Эрдэнэт хүлгийг шинжих ба уях засах судар оршив”, “Ханд вангийн хүрээний хурдан морины шинжийн нууц судруудын жинхэнэ эх оршвой”,“Шигамуни бурханд мөргөмүй, Манзуширт залбирмуй”, “Морины шинжийн нэгэн судар” дахь хүлгийн шинжийг дүрслэн бичсэн тодорхойлолтыг үндэслэн дөрвөн уран бүтээлчийн нэг, нэг бүтээлийг сонгон “Өртөөлөн дүрслэх арга зүй”-н “Хэмжээст их хайрцаглах аргачлал”-аар бүтээлүүдэд тоон аргаар дүн шинжилгээг хийж, гарсан үр дүнг танилцуулав. Судалгааны үр дүнд дээрх сударт дурдсан хүлгийн гадаад төрх, шинж чанарын дүрслэл нь сонгогдсон бүтээлүүдийн дүрслэлтэй олон талаараа нийцэж байгааг тогтоов. Монголын орчин үеийн уран бүтээлчид ч хүлгийн шинжийг судалж, уран бүтээлдээ тусган харуулдаг болохыг харуулж байна. Иймд энэхүү судалгаа нь адууны соёлын өв, уран бүтээлчдийн арга зүй, уламжлалын уялдаа холбоог судлах үндэстэй эх сурвалж болох ач холбогдолтой гэж үзэж байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: хэмжээст их хайрцаглах аргачлал, хүлгийн шинж, хүлгийн дүрслэл, хүлгийн шинжийн суда
A Comparative Experiment on the Features of Traditional Mongolian Bowing Technique
No full textThis study aims to identify the connection between the bowing technique of the Morin khuur and traditional Mongolian games (flicking in shagai shooting and the bow grip in archery). It further seeks to compare the features of the traditional Mongolian bowing style with that of Inner Mongolian Morin khuur players, focusing on differences in sound production and articulation. The study analyzed the electric signals of the Morin khuur tones, comparing the physical characteristics such as the frequencies and sound levels of the fundamental and overtone components. The main finding is that the energy distribution of sound signals in the Inner Mongolian technique is more dispersed, while in the Mongolian technique, the energy concentration is more stable. This indicates that the Mongolian bow-hold produces clearer and better-quality sound. A total of 146 students and staff from a professional institution participated in the research. Among the professional players surveyed, nearly all (99%) using the Inner Mongolian bow-hold, while more than half (52.5%) stated that it is necessary to learn the Mongolian bow-hold technique. Most students expressed a need for Morin khuur lessons to be provided online and supported with audio and video materials. The study concluded that there is a pressing need to preserve and pass on the traditional bowing culture to future generations. It is also recommended that professional Morin khuur players, universities, professional institutions, and training centers raise awareness of the advantages of the traditional Mongolian bow-hold and continue conducting further research and analysis.
Уламжлалт монгол барилаар хуурдах онцлогийг харьцуулан туршсан нь
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгааны ажлаар морин хуурын хуурдах арга барил нь монголчуудын уламжлалт тоглоом наадгайтай (шагай харвааны нясалгаа, сур харвааны нумын барил) уялдсан байдлыг тодруулж, улмаар уламжлалт монгол барилын онцлог болон Өвөр монгол морин хуурчдын нумын хоёр барилыг харьцуулж, дуугаралт, хэллэгийг тодорхойлохыг зорьсон. Морин хуурын эгшгүүдийн цахилгаан дохиог судалж, үндсэн болон дагалдах өнгүүдийн давтамж, дуугаралтын түвшин зэрэг физик шинжүүдийг харьцуулсан болно. Эгшгүүдийн дуугаралтын цахилгаан дохионы үзүүлэлтүүд өвөр монгол барилын хувьд энергийн төвлөрөл сарнилт ихтэй бол монгол барилын хувьд энергийн төвлөрөл тогтвортой байна гэсэн гол үр дүн гарлаа. Энэ нь монгол барил дуугаралт цэвэр,сайн байгааг харуулж байна. Судалгаанд мэргэжлийн байгууллагын нийт 146 оюутан, ажилтан хамрагдсан. Судалгаанд оролцсон мэргэжлийн хуурчид 99% нь өвөр монгол нумын барилаар хуурдаж байгаа бол 52.5% хувь нь монгол нумын барил сурах шаардлагатай гэж хариулжээ. Оюутнуудын хувьд дийлэнх нь морин хуурын хөгжмийн хичээлийг цахим хэлбэрээр оруулсан байх, түүнчлэн аудио, видео бичлэг шаардлагатай гэжээ. Эдгээрээс хуурдах соёлыг хойч үедээ өвлүүлэн үлдээж, мэргэжлийн морин хуурчид, их, дээд сургууль, мэргэжлийн байгууллага, морин хуурын сургалтын төвүүдэд уламжлалт монгол нумын барилын давуу талыг танин мэдүүлж, цаашид судалгаа, шинжилгээ хийх шаардлагатай гэж үзлээ.
Түлхүүр үгс: нумын барил, дуугаргалтын энергийн тархалт, цохилго, хуурын татлага, нумын хэмжээ
Causes, Conditions, and Influences Cyber Fraud
No full textThis research article aims to comprehensively study the causes, conditions, and influencing factors of cyber fraud crimes. The rapid progress of modern electronic technology makes our lives easier and more comfortable, at the same time it has opened up new opportunities for committing crime. A clear example of this, is the increasing forms and scale of cyber fraud, posing serious threat to societal wellbeing.The article presents the current situation and statistical information on cyber fraud both on domestic and international levels. It also provides an in-depth analysis of the main factors influencing the commission of such chirmes. Based on the results of the study, I propose practical recommendations for combating and preventing cyber fraud crimes, and identified directions for further investigation. It is hoped that this article will aid meaningfully to efforts aimed at countering cybercrimes, I be lieve that this article will contribute to the fight against cybercrime.
Залилан мэхлэх (цахим) гэмт хэргийн шалтгаан нөхцөл, нөлөөлж буй хүчин зүйлс
Хураангуй: Энэхүү эрдэм шинжилгээний өгүүлэл нь залилан мэхлэх (цахим) гэмт хэргийн шалтгаан нөхцөл, түүнд нөлөөлж буй хүчин зүйлсийг судлахыг зорьсон юм. Орчин үеийн цахим технологийн хурдацтай дэвшил нь бидний амьдралыг илүү хялбарчилж, тав тухтай болгож байгаа хэдий ч гэмт хэрэг үйлдэх шинэ боломжуудыг нэгэн зэрэг нээж өгсөөр байна. Үүний тод жишээ нь цахим залилан мэхлэх гэмт хэргийн хэлбэр, цар хүрээ өдрөөс өдөрт нэмэгдэж, нийгэмд ноцтой аюул учруулж буй явдал юм. Өгүүлэлд цахим залилан мэхлэх гэмт хэргийн олон улсын болон Монгол Улсын хэмжээнд үүсээд буй өнөөгийн нөхцөл байдалд дүн шинжилгээ хийж, энэхүү гэмт хэрэг үйлдэгдэхэд нөлөөлж буй гол хүчин зүйлсийг гүнзгийрүүлэн шинжилсэн. Судалгааны үр дүнд үндэслэн цахим залилан мэхлэх гэмт хэрэгтэй тэмцэх, урьдчилан сэргийлэх практик зөвлөмжүүдийг боловсруулж, цаашдын судалгааны чиглэлийг тодорхойлсон болно. Энэхүү өгүүлэл нь цахим гэмт хэргийн эсрэг тэмцэхэд хувь нэмэр оруулна гэдэгт итгэж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Кибер аюулгүй байдал, гэмт хэргийн шалтгаан, мэдээллийн хамгаалалт, урьдчилан сэргийлэлт, нийгмийн эмзэг байда
Emergency State Establishment Issues and Court Decision Enforcement Organizations
No full textThe issue of establishing a state of emergency is a topic that is not often discussed, primariliy be cause it is rarely implemented in practice, yet it is an important and urgent measure that must be tak en when emergencies arises. This measure is reflected in two laws that govern the Mongolian court enforcement agency. These are: The Law on the Execution of Decisions on the Arrest and Detention of Suspects and the Accused, and the Law on the Execution of Court Decisions. Does the issue of “Establishing a Special Regime” specified in these laws necessarily apply to both? Or is there a legal overlap? This micro-study was conducted to clarify which is which. In this regard, this article examines the Constitution of Mongolia, the Law on the State of Emergency, and other relevant laws to clarify their content and meaning, and compared them to provide assessments and opinions. It also examines how the issue of “establishing a special regime” is reflected in the legal regulations for enforcing court decisions of some foreign countries. Finally, the article explains and defines what constitutes establishing a regime and a special regime from the perspective of legal theory.
Онцгой дэглэм тогтоох асуудал ба шүүхийн шийдвэр гүйцэтгэх байгууллага
Хураангуй: Онцгой дэглэм тогтоох тухай асуудал бол тэр бүр хөндөгдөөд байдаггүй сэдэв бөгөөд тэр тусмаа амьдрал дээр хэрэгжүүлэх нь цөөн боловч нөхцөл байдал нь үүссэн үед зайлшгүй авах хойшлуулшгүй чухал арга хэмжээ, үйл ажиллагаа билээ. Энэхүү арга хэмжээ нь Монгол Улсын шүүхийн шийдвэр гүйцэтгэх чиг үүрэг бүхий байгууллагын мөрддөг хоёр хуульд тусгагдсан байдаг. Тодруулбал: Сэжигтэн, яллагдагчийг баривчлах, цагдан хорих шийдвэрийг биелүүлэх тухай хууль, Шүүхийн шийдвэр гүйцэтгэх тухай хууль юм. Эдгээр хуульд заасан “Онцгой дэглэм тогтоох” тухай асуудал нь зайлшгүй хоёуланд нь байх ёстой юу? Эсвэл эрх зүйн давхцал уу? Аль нь болохыг тодорхой болгох үүднээс энэхүү бичил судалгааг хийсэн юм. Үүнтэй холбоотойгоор Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хууль, Онц байдлын тухай хууль болон холбогдох бусад хуулийг зайлшгүй судлан тэдгээрийн агуулга, утга санаатай хэрхэн нийцэж уялдаж байгааг тодруулах зорилгоор харьцуулан үзэж судлаачийн зүгээс үнэлэлт өгч, өөрийн саналаа илэрхийлсэн болно. Шүүхийн шийдвэр гүйцэтгэх чиг үүрэг бүхий гадаадын зарим орны эрх зүйн зохицуулалтад “Онцгой дэглэм тогтоох” асуудлыг хэрхэн тусгасан байгааг судлан үзсэн. Мөн дэглэм, онцгой дэглэм тогтоох гэж юу болохыг эрх зүйн онолын үүднээс тайлбарлан тодорхойлсон болно.
Түлхүүр үг: Үндсэн хуулийн эрх зүй, эрүүгийн шийдвэр гүйцэтгэх эрх зүй, дэглэм, хорих ял эдлүүлэх дэглэм, онц байдал, онцгой дэглэ
Ensuring Safe Educational Environments: International Experience and Policy Implementation in Mongolia
No full textThis study investigates safety concerns in Mongolia’s general education school settings in comparison to global standards. The research highlights the importance of creating secure physical, digital, and socio-psychological environments for children as a crucial factor for their development. However, the study notes that the enforcement and oversight of laws, policies, and regulations in Mongolia, are lacking. The high incidence of accidents and injuries, particularly children impacted by traffic accidents, underscores the urgent need for improved safety measures. Therefore, the study recommends adopting international best practices, enhancing monitoring of educational safety, and strengthening collaboration among child protection agencies.
Сургалтын орчны аюулгүй байдлын олон улсын туршлага ба Монгол Улсын бодлогын хэрэгжилт
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгаанд Монгол Улсын ерөнхий боловсролын сургуулиуд дахь сурах орчны аюулгүй байдлын асуудлыг олон улсын туршлагатай харьцуулан судаллаа. Судалгаанд үндэслэн хүүхдийн физик, дижитал, нийгэм-сэтгэлзүйн орчныг аюулгүй байлгах нь хөгжлийн үндсэн нөхцөл болохыг онцолсон. Түүнчлэн Монгол Улсад хэрэгжиж буй хууль, бодлого, стандартуудын хэрэгжилт хангалтгүй, хяналтгүй байгааг дүгнэлээ. Тухайлбал: Зам тээврийн осолд өртсөн хүүхдийн тоо улсын хэмжээний осол гэмтлийн статистик үзүүлэлтээр дээгүүр байр эзэлж байгаагаас үзэхэд аюулгүй байдлын хэрэгцээ хангагдаагүй нь илт байна. Иймд олон улсын сайн туршлагыг нутагшуулах, сургалтын орчны аюулгүй байдлын хяналт-шинжилгээг сайжруулах, хүүхдийн эрхийг хамгаалах байгууллагуудын уялдааг нэмэгдүүлэх шаардлагатай гэж үзэж байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Суралцах орчин, боловсролын бодлого, олон улсын туршлага, сургуулийн аюулгүй байдал, хүүхдийн хөгжлийн хэрэгцэ