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Shanghai Cooperation Organization: The End of Mongolia’s Observership
No full textThe Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has evolved as a regionally important and internationally attractive regional organization. Albeit its inherent challenges of dealing with competitive interests of great powers, regional powers, and Central Asia states, the SCO has become well institutionalized as an organization, endured during the global pandemics and geopolitical tensions, and kept its focus on Central Asia. Mongolia had been welcomed by its two powerful members, China and Russia, to become a full member of the organization, but this invitation was not uniformly endorsed by Mongolian political leaders, pundits, and even the public. This resulted in an observer status. However, last September, the SCO merged both observer and partner statuses - ending Mongolia’s unique status of the observer. This article argues a key reason for Mongolia’s hesitance in joining the SCO is its explicit regional identification with East Asia, not Central Asia. We will discuss Mongolia\u27s involvement during different phases of the organizational evolution, analyze the internal debate about the country’s membership, and present our explanation of contemporary Mongolia’s identification with the East Asian region
Reforming livestock taxation for sustainable rangeland use: Macro-level analysis on Mongolia’s livestock tax law implementation
No full textThis study evaluates the effectiveness of Mongolia’s Livestock Tax Law (LTL), implemented in 2021, as an environmental policy instrument to mitigate desertification by regulating herd sizes and supporting rangeland rehabilitation. Specifically, it asks whether livestock taxation can influence livestock numbers and improve vegetation conditions. Panel data from 330 soums spanning the period from 2002 to 2024 were analyzed, integrating livestock and taxation records, satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and climate variables. Data prior to 2021 were used to establish a baseline and control for climatic variability and external shocks, enabling robust before-and-after comparisons of policy impacts.
Employing generalized least squares regression models, the present study examines the following: (1) the effect of tax collection on livestock numbers, and, (2) the relationship between livestock density, climate factors, and vegetation health measured by NDVI. Results show that tax collection has a statistically significant, but relatively weak positive association with livestock numbers (β = 0.0132, p = 0.039), while herd persistence over time remains strong, with recent declines likely driven by environmental and socio-economic shocks. Livestock density exerts a statistically insignificant effect on NDVI (β = -0.0019, p = 0.615). In contrast, precipitation and land surface temperature strongly enhance NDVI, underscoring the dominant influence of climate factors over grazing pressure.
Regional ecological zones significantly shape both livestock density and NDVI values, with temperate regions showing comparatively healthier vegetation. Further modeling of ecologically differentiated tax adjustments - based on rangeland carrying capacity and regional economic conditions - demonstrates potential gains in policy effectiveness.
Overall, the findings highlight the limited direct ecological impact of livestock taxation, but underscore its potential when combined with ecological differentiation and stronger compliance mechanisms. Strengthening these dimensions is critical for enhancing both the environmental and fiscal outcomes of the LTL
Development, current status, and strategic significance of the Altanbulag Border Port and Free Zone
No full textThis article examines the historical development, current operations, and strategic significance of Mongolia’s Altanbulag border checkpoint and the Altanbulag Free Trade Zone. Using passenger flow and trade turnover statistics from 1995 to 2025, along with relevant legal and regulatory documents, the study conducts quantitative and comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the Altanbulag checkpoint and the Free Trade Zone have evolved in a mutually reinforcing manner, playing an important role in the country’s economic activity, trade, and transport flows. In particular, the post-COVID-19 increase in passenger and cargo movements, as well as the rise in trade turnover within the Free Trade Zone, serves as a key indicator of economic recovery. The study highlights that integrating the Altanbulag checkpoint and the Free Trade Zone into a unified “dry port-free zone-logistics integration hub” should become a core goal in the next phase of Mongolia’s border economic policy.
Алтанбулагийн боомт, чөлөөт бүсийн хөгжил, өнөөгийн байдал, стратегийн ач холбогдол
Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Монгол Улсын Алтанбулагийн боомт болон Алтанбулагийн чөлөөт бүсийн түүхэн хөгжил, өнөөгийн үйл ажиллагаа, стратегийн ач холбогдлыг судлан дүгнэсэн болно. Судалгаанд 1995-2025 оны хугацаан дахь зорчигчдын урсгал, бараа эргэлтийн статистик мэдээлэл, холбогдох хууль эрх зүйн баримт бичгүүдийг ашиглан тоон болон харьцуулсан дүн шинжилгээ хийв. Судалгааны үр дүнгээс үзэхэд Алтанбулагийн боомт ба чөлөөт бүс нь өөр хоорондоо харилцан уялдаатай хөгжиж, эдийн засаг, худалдаа, тээврийн урсгалд чухал үүрэг гүйцэтгэж байна. Тухайлбал, “Ковид-19” цар тахлын дараах нөхцөлд зорчигч, бараа тээврийн урсгалын өсөлт, чөлөөт бүсийн бараа эргэлтэд гарсан өсөлт нь эдийн засгийн сэргэлтийн нэгэн чухал үзүүлэлт болж байна. Цаашид Алтанбулагийн боомт, чөлөөт бүсийг нэгтгэн “хуурай боомт-чөлөөт бүс-логистикийн интеграл төв” хэлбэрээр хөгжүүлэх нь Монгол Улсын хил орчмын эдийн засгийн бодлогын дараагийн шатны гол зорилт болохыг судалгаанд онцоллоо.
Түлхүүр үгс: ОХУ, Монгол Улс, эдийн засаг, гадаад худалдаа, Алтанбулаг боомт, чөлөөт бү
The Memoirs of “Barga” Erdembileg: In Foreign Hands
No full textIn 1989, while working on the fifth volume of memoirs by senior Party members—an initiative led by the Institute of Social Sciences, I visited the home of an elderly man named “Barga” Erdembileg in a district of Ulaanbaatar. I met with him several times and conducted extensive interviews. Although the manuscript for this volume was completed in 1990, its publication was ultimately postponed due to financial and budgetary constraints.My task was to collect and compile interviews with prominent figures such as T.Bavuudorj, T.Genden, O.Dorj, and G.Erdembileg. This work took place during a period of political transition in Mongolia, between 1988 and 1989, when the reformist atmosphere emerging in the Soviet Union began to influence Mongolian society as well.At that time, formerly repressed Party and state leaders, including D.Damba, Ch.Surenjav, and B.Shirendev, were once again permitted to speak publicly, occasionally delivering lectures at the Institute of Social Sciences. This volume contains the memoirs of “Barga” Erdembileg, who migrated from Barga to Mongolia and later became a department head within the Ministry of Education of the Mongolian People’s Republic. In his vivid and detailed account, Erdembileg describes the revolutionary movement in Barga during the 1920s, his involvement in the Rebellion of 1928 in Barga, his subsequent studies in the Soviet Union, and his career at the Ministry of Enlightenment, where he was eventually arrested and repressed.
Барга Эрдэмбилэг: Хүний гарт
Хураангуй: 1988-1989 онд Нийгмийн ухааны институт Намын ахмад гишүүдийн дурдатгалын V ботийг бэлтгэх үед миний бие Улаанбаатар хотод амьдарч байсан Барга Эрдэмбилэг гуайтай хэд хэдэн удаа уулзан ярилцлага авсан юм. Тухайн үеийн нийгмийн уур амьсгал өөрчлөн байгуулалтын нөлөөгөөр нээлттэй болж, өмнө нь хэлмэгдсэн нам, төрийн зүтгэлтнүүд, тухайлбал, Дашийн Дамба, Ч.Сүрэнжав, Б.Ширэндэв зэрэг хүмүүс манай институтэд ирж ярилцлага хийдэг болсон цаг үе байв. Эрдэмбилэг гуай 1920-иод оны Баргад хувьсгалт хөдөлгөөн хэрхэн өрнөж, 1928 оны Баргын бослогод өөрөө ямар үүрэгтэй оролцсон, Зөвлөлтийн Дорнод дахины сургуульд суралцсан, Буяннэмэх зэрэг хувьсгалт ажилтнуудын нууц ажиллагааны талаар маш тодорхой ярьсан нь Баргын хөдөлгөөний дотоод зүй тогтол, баргуудын хүсэл зоригийг илэрхийлсэн чухал баримт болж байна.Тэрбээр 1938 оны 12 дугаар сард баривчлагдаж, олон сар мөрдөнд хоригдсон бөгөөд дараа нь орчуулагчдын группт орж “ЗХУКН ын товч түүх”-ийг Ринчин, Дугаржав нарын эрдэмтдийн хамт яаралтай орчуулсан тухайгаа өгүүлсэн. Улмаар 1940 оны эхээр засанд илгээгдэж эм найруулагч, орчуулагч, бага эмчээр ажиллаж байсан зэрэг хэлмэгдүүлэлтийн үеийн нөхцөл байдлыг нэн тодорхой өгүүлэн, өөрийн дурсамжийг хуваалцсан нь тухайн үеийн улс төрийн хэлмэгдүүлэлтийн бодит дүр зургийг шинэ өнцгөөс харах боломж олгож байна хэмээн үзлээ.
Түлхүүр үгс: Барга, Эрдэмбилэг, Өвөр Монгол, Коминтерн, Баргын Хувьсгалт нам, 1928 оны Баргын бослого
Preliminary study on the phytoremediation potential of Reaumuria Soongorica and Nitraria Sibirica for heavy metal reduction
No full textAs part of efforts to monitor and mitigate environmental degradation caused by mining, an experimental study was conducted on reducing heavy metal concentrations in the tailings soil of the Oyu Tolgoi Mine. This mine is located in the Khanbogd soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia. The study employed phytoremediation, an ecological engineering method that uses plants to extract or stabilize contaminants. Since soil contamination typically accumulates over long periods, two-year-old seedlings of two native plant species, Nitraria sibirica Pall. and Reaumuria soongorica Pall. Maxim., were planted to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing heavy metal concentrations. A total of 96 seedlings were planted in two rows with 24 replicates each: one test site adjacent to the tailings facility and one control site located 5 km away. Heavy metal content in both the seedlings and the soil was analyzed over a five-month period by Hanlab LLC’s Mineral Analysis Laboratory, Mongolia. Among the 28 heavy metals detected, the native shrub, Reaumuria soongorica, showed higher absorption and accumulation of arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, and nickel ranging from 65.4% to 82.7% compared to Nitraria sibirica (14.8% to 75.4%), indicating its potential as an effective species for phytoremediation in contaminated tailings soil
Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection: Case Reports of SJS, MIRM, and Fuchs Syndrome
No full textObjective: After lifting COVID-19 restrictions, increased spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been observed in both adults and children, with a growing number of cases showing extrapulmonary involvement. We present reports of three cases: pneumonia with infection-related Stevens–Johnson syndrome affecting 7-8% of body surface area and leading to pulmonary obstruction in a child; pneumonia with rash and severe mucositis in an adolescent; and Fuchs syndrome in an adult. We further discuss the pathogenesis of extrapulmonary manifestations, focusing on the role of the CARDS exotoxin and host immune responses
Mongolian archaeological musical instruments
No full textМонголын археологийн дурсгалаас олдсон хөгжмийн зэмсгүүд
Хураангуй. Монгол Улсын нутаг дэвсгэрт явуулсан археологийн судалгааны хэрэглэгдэхүүнээс үзэхэд, хөгжмийн зэмсэгтэй холбогдож болох сэдэв агууламж бүхий хадны сүг зургуудыг хэд хэдэн газраас илрүүлж олсон бөгөөд он цагийн хувьд шинэ чулуун зэвсгийн үеэс хүрлийн үед хамааруулан үзсэн байдаг. Харин археологийн малтлага судалгаагаар хөгжмийн зэмсэгтэй холбогдох олдворын зүйл цөөнгүй олдсон нь сонирхолтой юм. Тухайлбал: Хүрэл зэвсгийн үед холбогдох 2 ясан шүгэл, Хүннү хэл хуур, Түрэгийн босоо ятга, Уйгурын хүрэл хонх, Монголын эзэнт гүрний үеийн ясан шүгэл, их бага хүрэл хонхнууд зэрэг Монголын эртний түүхэн үеүдэд холбогдох хэдэн зүйлийн хөгжмийн зэмсэг илэрч олдсон байна. Манай улсын археологийн дурсгалаас олдсон эдгээр хөгжмийн зэмсгийн холбогдолт олдворууд нь одоогийн монгол нутагт оршин тогтнож явсан эртний нүүдэлчдийн оюуны соёлын хөгжлийг илтгэн харуулахын зэрэгцээ хөгжмийн зэмсгийн төрөл зүйл, түүхэн уламжлал, хөгжлийг гэрчлэн харуулах биет баримт хэрэглэгдэхүүн болох нь илэрхий байна.
Түлхүүр үг: Нүүдэлчдийн хөгжим, ясан шүгэл, хэл хуур, босоо ятга, хүрэл хон
Sustainable development policy in Mongolia: National aspirations and local priorities for the resource regions
No full textThe institutional framework is the most important basis for the functioning of sustainable development instruments. For an intensively developing economy like Mongolia, it is important to maintain harmony between economic, social and environmental concerns. This paper provides an overview of the key features of sustainable development policy in Mongolia. Relevant documentation is reviewed, and the most important priorities are highlighted. Authors have analyzed documents such as Vision for Sustainable Development of Mongolia until 2030 and “VISION 2050”, The Mongolian Green Taxonomy. Sustainable financing instruments are highlighted as the most important aspect of the practical application of the issues under study, especially green loans and social loans, sustainability-related loans. Due to the critical importance of the mining industry for the Mongolian economy, a model territory in the form of Umnugovi aimag is selected, for which the case of the Oyu Tolgoi mine is considered. It is important to note which aspects of policy implementation are left to governmental and non-governmental organizations, and which aspects are taken up by business. Big degree of responsibility regarding ESG-policy currently falls on the private companies. A particular case study of the Oyu Tolgoi revealed how the sustainable development of the resource region is related to the indstrual actor. This particular case study is an example of the successful implementation of such dependence, although it is unlikely to be the case for every private company. Further study of this topic will not only provide concrete analytical reports, but will also contribute to the development of practical solutions to the nature-society nexus in Mongolia
Soil carbon management index under different land use
No full textThis study evaluates the Carbon Management Index (CMI) across various land uses: settlement, pasture, forest, wheat cropland, abandoned cropland, and potato cropland in Jargalant soum, Central province, Mongolia. We assessed soil quality and carbon dynamics using permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) as an indicator of labile carbon. Soil samples from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths revealed POXC ranging from 0.36 to 1.68 g kg⁻¹, highest in forest soils and lowest in abandoned cropland. The results of the study showed that at the 0-15 cm depth, CMI varied from 22.3 (settlement) and 28.4 (abandoned cropland) to 60.6 (wheat cropland), 60.9 (potato cropland), and 76 (pasture), indicating degradation in settlement and abandoned soils and rehabilitation in pasture and croplands soil. 15-30 cm depth, CMI varied from 67 (settlement) and 78 (abandoned cropland) to 131 (wheat cropland), 138 (pasture), and 198 (potato cropland), indicating degradation in settlement and abandoned soils and rehabilitation in pasture and cropland soils. POXC strongly correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC; r = 0.908, 0.841). These findings highlight POXC and CMI as sensitive tools for monitoring soil health and informing sustainable land management practices
Input-output structure characteristics analysis on Mongolia
No full textIn recent years, Mongolia has introduced a number of policies to promote economic growth and international cooperation. Analyzing the evolution of Mongolia\u27s economic structure with the help of macroeconomic data such as input-output is helpful to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of its policies. Based on the input-output table of Mongolia provided by the Eora National Input-Output Database, this paper systematically analyzes the input-output structure characteristics of Mongolia\u27s national economy from 2015 to 2021. The research content mainly starts from the three economic links of intermediate input and intermediate use, final use and initial input, revealing the core characteristics of Mongolia in industrial linkage, resource allocation and economic structure. On this basis, the potential impact of Mongolia\u27s participation in regional economic cooperation on its input-output structure and industrial development under the background of the implementation of the "Steppe Road" initiative is further explored. The research results help to understand the internal logic of Mongolia\u27s economic structure and provide a reference for policymakers in promoting economic diversification and enhancing the resilience of the domestic industrial chain