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Geostrategy of the Arctic: Great Power Rivalry and Prospects for the Future
No full textThe Arctic region encompasses the northern parts of Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean (excluding the Norwegian coastal islands), and small portions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The southern boundary of the Arctic roughly coincides with the southern limit of the tundra zone. The area of this region is approximately 27 million km², although some sources define the Arctic as the area north of the Arctic Circle (66°33’N), in which case its total area is about 21 million km². As a result of rapid advances in civilization, technology, and industrialization, the phenomenon of a “greening Arctic” is emerging, revealing both opportunities to exploit the region’s natural resources and the opening of new maritime routes in the northern seas. These developments are key factors increasing global attention to the Arctic and enhancing its strategic value and importance.
Арктикийн геостратеги: Их гүрнүүдийн тоглолт болон ирээдүйн чиг хандлагын талаарх таамаглал
Хураангуй: Арктикийн бүс нутагт Евроази ба Хойд Америкийн хойд хэсэг, Хойд мөсөн далай (Норвегийн эргийн арлуудаас бусад), Номхон далай болон Атлантын далайн багахан хэсэг багтана. Арктикийн өмнөд хил нь тундрын бүсийн өмнөд хилтэй давхацна. Энэ бүс нутгийн талбай ойролцоогоор 27 сая кв2, зарим баримт бичгүүдэд Арктик нь өмнөд зүгээс хойд туйлын тойрог (66⸰,33’N)-оор хязгаарлагддаг бөгөөд энэ тохиолдолд түүний талбай 21 сая км2 байдаг. Соёл иргэншил, техник технологийн үсрэнгүй хөгжил, аж үйлдвэржилтийн үр дүнд “Арктик ногоорч” байгаа үзэгдэл нь энэхүү бүс нутгийн байгалийн баялгийг эзэмших боломж харагдахын сацуу умард этгээд дэх далайн усан замуудын шинэ шинэ маршрут нээгдэх болсон нь энэ бүс нутагт хандуулах анхаарал, тухайн бүс нутгийн үнэ цэнэ ач холбогдол өсөн нэмэгдэх нэгэн гол шалтгаан нь болж байна.
Түлхүүр үгс: Арктикийн бүс нутгийн аюулгүй байдал, Арктикийн зөвлөл, Их гүрнүүдийн ашиг сонирхол ба тоглол
Mineralogical characterization of the flotation products using automated mineral liberation analysis at the Erdenetiin Ovoo Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, Mongolia
No full textThe flotation process is used to extract copper-molybdenum sulfide minerals from ore. The selection of the flotation technology scheme largely depends on factors such as the composition of sulfide ore in the ore body, grain size, and characteristics of the ore mineral association. The chemical and mineralogical analysis of flotation products was collected from the Erdenetiin Ovoo Cu-Mo porphyry deposit. The deposit is the largest porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit in Mongolia. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence mechanism of copper minerals in flotation tailing using the fully automated Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer. The chemical analysis of the flotation products (feed, concentrates and tailings) sample was conducted by X-ray fluorescence, and the mineralogical composition of the flotation feed sample was characterized using X-ray diffraction. The copper content of the flotation tailing was 0.024%. Mineralogical characterization results showed that almost all copper minerals occurred within coarse gangue particles, the primary and secondary copper minerals were accumulated in the size fractions less than 150 μm and 13.5 μm, respectively. The finest grain size distribution was observed in secondary copper particles of size -19 μm. Chalcopyrite was the main copper-bearing mineral, and it was closely associated with K-feldspar and silicate in the flotation tailings. The flotation tailing sample still contained 24.1 wt% liberated primary copper (chalcopyrite) and 24.13 wt% secondary copper due to their extremely fine grain size particle. The mineral map derived from Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer analysis revealed that copper minerals mainly occurred as finely disseminated and fully enclosed structures within gangue minerals
Climate change impact of land cover changes in the Kharhiraa-Turgen mountain region
No full text The study region experiences marked seasonal climatic contrasts, primarily influenced by the Central Asian anticyclone during winter and the South Asian continental depression in summer. The Mongolian Altai Mountains serve as a significant orographic barrier, further shaping local climatic patterns. Although spatial variability in precipitation is relatively limited, the steady increase in temperature-exacerbated in recent decades by global climate change - has intensified climatic differentiation across the region. This warming trend contributes to growing heterogeneity in environmental conditions and landscape processes, underscoring the area’s heightened sensitivity to ongoing climatic shifts. The aim was to illustrate climate and land cover shifts in the Kharkhiraa-Turgen mountain region using Landsat satellite data at a spatial scale. Temporally, changes were assessed between 2002 and 2021 at five-year intervals. By 2021, grassland coverage dominated the landscape, occupying 46.1% of the land cover, an increase of 1.9% from 2015. Conversely, bare land decreased from 37.2% in 2000 to 30.2% in 2021, while wetlands along riverbeds expanded from 14.35% in 2000 to 17.5% in 2021. In January 2000, the average air temperature was -20.5°C, compared to -18°C in January 2021, reflecting a 2.5°C increase. July temperatures rose from 16.2°C in 2000 to 17.4°C in 2021, a 1.19°C change. Summer precipitation in 2021 (151 mm) surpassed that of 2015 (70.1 mm), 2010 (118.3 mm), 2005 (106.9 mm), and 2000 (96.5 mm), indicating a relative increase in precipitation in the area. The prevalence of bare soil in the region is closely associated with the mountainous terrain, steep slopes, and patterns of soil erosion. Harsh climatic conditions further exacerbate rock exposure and hinder soil stabilization. Rainfall predominantly runs off the surface rather than infiltrating, which, in turn, facilitates the development of wetlands and water bodies in certain areas
The Paleolithic open-air site of Tolbor-17 (Mongolia): A preliminary faunal report
No full textThe open-air site of Tolbor-17 (T17), located in northern Mongolia, contains one of few faunal assemblages in the region from early Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3, ~57-29 ka cal BP). During this period, humans migrated into northern Asia as part of the Initial and Early Upper Paleolithic (IUP and EUP). Much is still unknown about these populations, including the adaptive strategies that facilitated their success at the geographic margins of hominin dispersal. This paper presents the preliminary analysis of the T17 faunal assemblage, a valuable source of data on early human subsistence and paleoecology. Although small (n = 836) and fragmentary, the assemblage illuminates several aspects of early human behavior, namely the butchery of large and extra-large ungulates as well as the use of osseous tools and personal ornaments. In addition to ungulates, humans also exploited marmot, ostrich (eggshell) and at least one large carnivore, attesting to the wide range of human-animal interactions at the site. In addition to humans, carnivores also modified the assemblage, likely as scavengers of human butchery waste. These results provide a basis for future analyses at the site, focusing on the agents of accumulation, taphonomic processes, and implications for early human adaptations in Central Asia
Managing Fiscal Risks from The State-Owned Enterprises by Mixed Ownership Structure: Case of Mongolia
Full text linkThis study analyzes the fiscal risks posed by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Mongolia and evaluates the potential of mixed ownership structures, achieved through partial privatization via stock markets, to mitigate these risks. The research hypothesizes that mixed-ownership enhances SOE profitability, governance, and transparency, thereby improving operational efficiency, reducing fiscal vulnerabilities, and strengthening public finances.
Empirical findings validate that mixed-ownership reforms can alleviate fiscal risks by optimizing SOE financial performance and distributing risk among private stakeholders. However, structural challenges such as an underdeveloped stock market, weak governance, and persistent government control over privatized entities limit the effectiveness of these reforms.
The paper argues that while mixed ownership strategies hold potential, their success in Mongolia requires robust governance frameworks and improved stock market prerequisites. The findings contribute to the literature on fiscal risk management and SOE reforms in resource-dependent developing economies, offering actionable insights for policymakers and a framework for sustainable public finance strategies.
JEL codes: L32, H63, H8
A Study on some biological activities of Cacalia hastata L. extracts
Full text linkBackground: Cacalia hastata L. is used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds, reduce fever, treat gastric ulcers, and expel bile. In addition, Cacalia hastata L. is determined to have antiinflammation and antibacterial and antiviral activities. In this study, we determined the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Cacalia hastata L. extracts. Methods: The aerial parts of Cacalia hastata L. had been studied. These parts were extracted with 40%, 70%, 95% ethanol (1:10) by the remaceration method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for the identification of constituents as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, their quantities were determined by spectrophotometric methods, precipitation reactions were used for the qualitative analysis of the tannin, while its quantitative determination was performed by the direct titration with potassium permanganate using indigo sulfonic acid as an indicator. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by the DPPH assay and the antibacterial activity by the Agar diffusion method, respectively. Results: Quantities of phenolic compounds in 40%, 70% and 95% extracts were determined as 4.87%, 4.92%, and 4.17%, respectively. Whereas, total flavonoids were as 4.61%, 5.1%, and 4.13%, respectively. The reaction with ferric ammonium slag presented dark green color, which indicated the presence of a condensable agent. Total tannins were 7.4% in the 40% extract, 5.1% in the 70% extract, and 3.04% in the 95% extract, respectively, by titration with the potassium permanganate. In addition, all 40%, 70% and 95% extracts showed moderate DPPH scavenging activity as IC50 =48.5μg/ mL, IC50 =74.8μg/mL, IC50 =51.2 μg/mL, respectively, comparad to rutin. The 40% and 70% extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtillis with 3mm and 4mm inhibition zones, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the 70% ethanol extract of Cacalia hastata L. was more rich in biologically active products such as phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, and its extracts demonstrated antioxidant and antibacterial activities
The formulation and evaluation of antiviral herbal tablet Chun-7
Full text linkThis study explores the formulation and evaluation of Chun-7 antiviral herbal tablets derived from a traditional Mongolian medicinal blend. The objective was to develop a tablet form to enhance the convenience and efficacy of Chun-7, traditionally used for respiratory tract viral infections. The Chun-7 formulation includes seven medicinal plants known for their pharmacological properties. Tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method, with granules adjusted to different moisture levels (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) to evaluate their impact on tablet characteristics. The tablets were assessed for weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. Results indicated that the maximum weight variation was 3.62%, within acceptable limits. Tablets with 5% and 6% granule moisture content exhibited optimal hardness (1.11 and 1.08 MPa, respectively) and acceptable friability. The qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were modified, and requirements were evaluated according to Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia. Total alkaloids and phenolic content were 1.2 mg and 8 mg, respectively. The study underscores the importance of moisture content in granule preparation, influencing the tablets’ physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. This research provides a viable alternative to traditional herbal powder formulations, enhancing dosage accuracy and patient compliance. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the clinical efficacy and long term stability of Chun-7 tablets under varied storage conditions
The Impact of Global Geopolitical Shifts on the Security of Northeast Asia and Mongolia
Full text linkThe current international situation is transforming rapidly, becoming more unstable and unpredictable. Major transitions and changes occurring in international relations and geopolitics. Unfavorable military and political factors have increased at the regional security theaters; therefore, the international security environment has worsened. In the Northeast Asian region, the geopolitical situation caused by the new "Cold War" still prevails.
Northeast Asia contains economically developed relatively well-integrated countries but lacks the confidence-building mechanism and security cooperation. Now the Northeast Asian region is considered as the region with the highest probability of armed conflict arising from disputed territorial issues
A Review of Chinese Academic Research on the Strategic Role of People\u27s Republic of Mongolia During World War II
Full text linkThe strategic significance of People\u27s Republic of Mongolia during World War II has long occupied a marginal position in Chinese academic research concerning the history of war and regional politics. The existing literature on this subject is characterized by a lack of independence and systematicity in analysis. This paper utilizes a systematic approach to reviewing and analyzing extant Chinese academic literature to establish a link between the overall structure and the detailed research. It also assesses how Chinese academics recognize the functional role of People\u27s Republic of Mongolia in the Soviet Union\u27s military-strategic system, starting from three representative wartime scenarios. First, in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, although People\u27s Republic of Mongolia was not the main attacking force, it provided key support at the level of tactical coordination and strategic pivot. Secondly, within the context of the wartime material and personnel support system, People\u27s Republic of Mongolia established a logistical support system encompassing material resources, financial logistics, human capital, and institutionalized assistance. This system functioned as a critical component for the Soviet military to sustain its combat depth. In the North Chahar Campaign, People\u27s Republic of Mongolia\u27s military forces exhibited notable mobility and efficiency in their coordinated advancement. This paper posits that, despite the preliminary findings in the research on the role of People\u27s Republic of Mongolia in Chinese academia, there are deficiencies in the sources of historical materials, analytical perspectives, and regional subjectivity awareness. In light of these limitations, this paper attempts to propose a systematic research framework to promote the advancement of the study of the strategic role of People\u27s Republic of Mongolia in World War II
Geomorphometric delineation and subdivision of the Altai mountains using DEM-based analysis
Full text linkThis study redefines the borders, extent, and internal subdivisions of the Altai Mountains - one of the principal mountain systems in western Mongolia - by addressing longstanding inconsistencies in previous geographical and geological interpretations. A two-stage geomorphometric approach was applied to delineate the boundaries of the range. First, geomorphon classification was used to identify key terrain features, followed by the application of the Topographic Position Index (TPI) to refine boundary transitions based on relative elevation gradients. This combined methodology enabled the accurate differentiation of mountain extents from surrounding depressions, plains, and low-relief areas. Results indicate that the Altai Mountains extend approximately 2,400 km in a straight line from the Tigirig Range at the Russia–Kazakhstan border to the Khuut Mountain Range in Mongolia, with a cumulative watershed length of about 3,820 km. The total area covered by the range is estimated at 485,000 km2. Additionally, the study suggests that the low-relief mountain ridges in southwestern Mongolia likely represent the easternmost extension of the Tian Shan mountain system. By integrating recent neotectonic evidence with quantitative geomorphometric techniques, this research provides new insights into the structural geography of Central Asia and contributes to the refinement of regional mountain classification schemes