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The Origin of the Azar Kayvan School: The Artificial Ancient Iranian Vocabulary and Zoroastrian Pahlavi Uzwarišn in the Delhi Sultanate India
Get PDFThis is a study devoted to the origin of the school of Āzar Kayvān (d. 1618), the legendary medieval Irano-Indian sage to whom numerous works on ancient Iranian sacred book(s), ancient Iranian vocabulary, and Persian Sufism were attributed. Among those diverse fields, this article is an étude into relatively uncharted territories: the creation of “ancient Iranian vocabulary” and understanding of Zoroastrian Pahlavi Uzwārišn (Aramaic heterograms).
Scholars who were already familiar with the Āzar Kayvān school thought that their “ancient Iranian vocabulary” was formed by Āzar Kayvān himself in Safavid Iran in the late 16th century or Mughal India in the early 17th century. But in 2020 a study by Ṣādeghī argued that there were indeed some distinctively clear precedent cases of “ancient Iranian vocabulary” and Zoroastrian Pahlavi Uzwārišn in a Persian dictionary edited in Bihar, India in 1519. If so, it seems safe to say that a large-scale acceptance of ancient Iranian culture and falsification of “ancient Iranian vocabulary” took place in northern India at the end of the Lodi dynasty.
Indeed, however, the direct evidence of Ṣādeghī is one lithograph of a Persian dictionary. In this paper, the author aims to refine Ṣādeghī’s points by comparing and examining other manuscripts of the same Persian dictionary, two preceding Persian dictionaries, and one Persian dictionary immediately following it.
As a result, it was found that the lithograph used by Ṣādeghī contained artificial ancient Iranian vocabulary and Uzwārišn that were not found in earlier manuscripts, indicating that it may have been added by later generations. The acceptance of ancient Iranian culture and falsification of “ancient Iranian vocabulary” at the end of the Lodi dynasty should be denied. However, it has been confirmed at the same time that some artificial ancient Iranian vocabulary dates back to the Persian dictionary of the early Sayyid dynasty. If this is the case, it can be determined that the origin of this artificial ancient Iranian vocabulary dates back to at least the early 1400s. It was also confirmed that the knowledge of Uzwārišn was reflected in the Persian dictionary 200 years later, during the Mughal Empire. The reception of ancient Iranian culture and lexical forgery in medieval India is a cultural phenomenon that spans a considerable time span.journal articl