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Chinese Merchants in the Modern Sino-Japanese Coal Trade: Focusing on the Shanghai Market
Get PDFPrevious studies have often overemphasized the importance of Japanese merchants in the coal trade between Japan and China. In contrast, this paper focuses on Chinese merchants and examines their pivotal role in the Sino- Japanese coal trade, using the Shanghai market as a case study. Initially, Zhejiang coal merchants in Shanghai established branch offices in Nagasaki, which significantly facilitated the market expansion of Japanese coal into the Shanghai market. Meanwhile, in response to the rapid increase in direct coal exports by Japanese trading companies, Chinese coal merchants assumed a new role as brokers in the Shanghai coal market. They adeptly navigated through seasonal fluctuations and effectively controlled the market for affordable coal aimed at small and medium-sized consumers. Consequently, Chinese coal merchants strategically transitioned from traders to brokers, thereby, in the Shanghai coal market, Japanese trading companies dominated the sale of high-grade coal, while Chinese merchants adeptly controlled the market for medium- and low-grade coal.
Furthermore, this paper presents a new perspective on the role of Chinese merchants in Shanghai within the context of Sino-Japanese trade history. Contrary to the prevailing notion that Chinese merchants primarily dealt in goods other than coal and copper, it highlights that Zhejiang merchants, particularly those from Ningbo, had long been active participants in the Sino- Japanese coal trade. These merchants operated independently of the networks of Chinese merchants in Japan and exerted significant influence in the Shanghai coal market. They skillfully maintained a complex relationship of cooperation and competition with Japanese trading companies, securing their substantial presence and impact in the industry.journal articl
Chapter 1. Brahmanical Views on the Social Class of a King: Translation of the Aveṣṭi Section of the Tantravārttika and the Rājaśabdārthaprakāśa Section of the Vīramitrodaya
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A Recarved Tradition: The Formation and Reorganization of Order in Water Management in Grassroots Society in Early Modern Shanxi
Get PDFLongwang (Dragon King) Temple (Longwang miao) in the village of Xihai in Quwo county, Shanxi province, to reconstruct the formation of traditions concerning the use and management of water. The traditions surrounding the use and management of the hot spring’s water had their origins during the Mongol conquest of North China in the thirteenth century and were established as a result of the reconstruction that followed a major earthquake in the early fourteenth century. They were further reorganized in the first half of the eighteenth century on the pretext of reviving a former tradition and were reconfirmed in the first half of the nineteenth century through the production of recarved steles. This phenomenon occurred concurrently with the formation of the patrilineal descent group of the Jin lineage of Quwo county, and steles that were augmented or recarved played an important role in the process of reviving tradition. “Water books” (shuice) and water management steles, which served as the basis for water use rights, cross-referenced each other and served as backups, as it were, so that one could be restored by means of the other if either was lost. Furthermore, together with local gazetteers, these three forms of records made up for the deficiencies of each while changing in content from time to time. This is similar to the relationship between lineage genealogies, steles, and local gazetteers in the formation of order in patrilineal descent groups.journal articl
Chapter 9. Donations and Rewards in the Fundraising System of Chinese Charitable Organisations: The Case of the Chaozhonese Shantang
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A Study on the Origins of Manchurian “Paddy Rice Cultivation”:Focusing on How Japanese Engineers in Korea and Manchuria Perceive“Dry Rice” Differently
Get PDFIn this study, the author focuses on the difference in Japanese engineers’ perspectives on dry rice in Korea and Manchuria and reevaluates the theory in regards to the beginning of rice cultivation in Manchuria in 1875. Dry rice (kantō/geondo 乾稻) is one of the varieties of various species, such as the native species of rice found in Korea, including Yongcheon-se 龍川租, Daegu-s 大邱租, and Gyeyong-se 京租. Due to dry rice’s resistance towards droughts, it was possible to use a special cultivation method which involved sowing in a dry field and then moving to a wet field while waiting for the rain in the rainy season. Therefore, the dry rice was recognized as the wet field rice among the Japanese engineers in Manchuria. On the other hand, however, Japanese engineers in the northwestern part of Korea thought of it to be separate from the wet field rice and the land rice. In past research on rice cultivation in Manchuria, most researchers agreed that the cultivation of wet field rice was successful around 1875, along with the spread of wet field rice cultivation in various parts of South Manchuiria. The author presents an alternative view and argues that wet field rice cultivation spread to Manchuria via Korean immigrants during 1875. This led to Korean immigrants settling, arranging irrigation facilities, cultivating the dry rice, and “stabilizing” their cultivation skills by the end of the 19th century. In this paper, we focus on the rice cultivation research between Manchuria and Korea before the second world war, and point out that dry rice was historically cultivated in northwestern Korea and South Manchuria, while introducing the differences in knowledge between the two regions. In this paper, the characteristics of dry rice implemented the situation before wet field rice was imported, such as with Japanese species, and we clarify that the feature was one of the important nodes that shifted from native rice cultivation to modern rice cultivation.journal articl