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Role of the Female Conferment System and the Tianxia Order in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Get PDFThe conferment of titles upon women has been long regarded as adjuncts to men’s official positions or peerages and has scarcely been discussed. However, when considering the conferment of titles upon women during the late Tang and Five Dynasties periods, particularly in the Wu-Yue state of the Five Dynasties era, it becomes evident that while women’s titles depended on those of men, the system of conferment exhibits its distinct characteristics.
The regulations in the Six Codes of the Tang regarding the designation of the mother or wife of a king as a “concubine” (fei 妃) can not apply to the “non-related kings” (yixing wang 異姓王) of the later Tang and Five Dynasties periods. The emergence of a large number of non-related kings did not lead to the emergence of a large number of those kings’ concubines, instead, the mothers or wives of these kingdom rulers remained in the highest conferred position available to them, that of “Lady of the State,” typically obtained by women from bureaucratic clans.
However, the conferment system witnessed a transformation during the Five Dynasties period in the Wu-Yue Kingdom. During this period, while the central dynasties continued to use the conferment system of bureaucratic clans for the wives of monarchs in other states, the wives of Wu-Yue monarchs were given the title of “Lady of Wu-Yue” (Wuyue Guofuren 吳越國夫人), a position higher than the wives of monarchs from other states. This indicates the positioning of the Wu-Yue Kingdom in the hierarchy of the Five Dynasties’ state order, i.e., the Tianxia order.
Furthermore, after Qian Hongchu, the last king of Wu-Yue, submitted to the Song Dynasty, for the first time, the traditional conferment regulations were disregarded, and the founder of Song bestowed upon Qian Hongchu’s wife the title of “Queen Concubine of Wu-Yue” (Wuyue Guowangfei 吳越國 王妃). Very likely, by conferring a title upon Qian Hongchu’s wife, the Song founder aimed to appease him. This act utilized the conferral of titles for women to blur the lines between familial relations and those of ordinary subjects, thereby fostering a stronger sense of allegiance to the Song Dynasty within Qian Hongchu. In other words, by treating the family of the Wu-Yue monarch as members of his kin, the Song founder likely sought to publicize Wu-Yue’s submission to the Song Dynasty widely.journal articl
Chapter 5. Land-Grant Charters of Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Rajasthan: Changes from the Early Medieval Style
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Re-examination of the Qara-Qota Mongolian Documents of Request for Seasonal Provisions to the Chinggisids
Get PDFThis study examines the Mongolian and Mongolian-Chinese bilingual documents excavated in 1983–1984 from the ruins of Qara-Qota (Heishuicheng 黑水城) in Inner Mongolia. These documents pertain to the Yuan local government’s administration of seasonal provisions for the Chinggisids and serve as primary sources for exploring the multilingual practices within the Mongol-Yuan administration. The study begins by reconstructing the complete formula of Mongolian request documents for the assigned provisions, using two fragmented Mongolian texts. It then revises the previous editions of fourteen damaged Mongolian documents, as well as those in the Sino-Mongolian translation style, a distinctive form of direct translation that preserves Mongolian syntax (known as zhiyiti 直譯體 or yingyiti 硬譯體). Based on these revisions, the author restores the translation process from Mongolian to Chinese in the Sino-Mongolian style and analyzes the transmission of directives from Mongolian documents to Chinese texts circulated within the local governorate’s administration. These analyses lead to the conclusion that, in their chancellery practices, the Yuan government placed significant emphasis on the precise quotation of Sino-Mongolian texts, which were considered “Mongolian” in conveying the intentions of the Mongol ruling elite.journal articl
