ERNEST (Toyo Bunko E-Resource Network Storage) / 東洋文庫リポジトリ
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“Bibliographical Database of Islamic and Middle East Studies in Japan 1868–” on the Website of the Documentation Center for Islamic Area Studies, Toyo Bunko: From the Past to the Future
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The Use of Bamboo Slips in the Official Documents of the Eastern Han Wooden and Bamboo Slips from Wuyi Square
Full text linkThe Eastern Han Wooden and Bamboo Slips from Wuyi Square in the Middle Eastern Han Dynasty are a collection of discarded documents from the county court of Linxiang 臨湘, Changsha 長沙 commandery. The Middle Eastern Han Dynasty was the period of the emergence of paper as a material for writing, and was the final period when people mainly used bamboo and wooden slips for writing. Understanding how wood and bamboo were used differently in these documents is not only indispensable for reading the collection, but also provides a meaningful perspective for understanding the documents after the emergence of paper.
In the field of document administration, in addition to the original document that is sent out, a copy of the original document that remains with the sender was necessary to create. This paper assumes that the bamboo slips were predominantly used for transcribing copies of the original documents, and examines the originators of documents to prove it. The documents with the name of the county court as the originator probably correspond to such copies. Based on the format of official documents, the names of senders, subjects, and scribes for ascending indicate that most of the bamboo documents sent for higher, lower, and similar authorities originated from the county court.
Although documents received by the county court also exist in these bamboo slips, there is also the possibility these documents are copies. This is because the county court sometimes relayed received documents to multiple locations and, in such cases, the county court needed to create a copy of the received documents.
As a result, it seems that bamboo slips were used for making copies, and wooden mulianghang 木兩行 were used for the authenticated original documents. The bamboo slips are thinner and narrower than mulianghang. There is a significant visual and sensory difference between them to indicate a clear grade of materials. However, it is also possible that the difference was not only based on the materials but on the shapes: one-line for zha 札 and two-line for mulianghang. The light and useful zha were used internally, while the heavy, formal, and impressive mulianghang were used externally. There was an order of different grades for letter-copying materials indicated by their shape and the materials were selected according to the importance of the documents.journal articl
Reading “Behind” Imperial Decrees: A Discussion on Original Copies of Imperial Decrees Originating from the Sublime Porte
Full text linkThe Ottoman Archives of the Directorate of State Archives (BOA) in Istanbul, which inherited the archives of the Sublime Porte, the central government of the Ottoman Empire, collected a considerable quantity of original copies of imperial decrees. However, because most addressees of the imperial decrees were provincial administrative officials, the received decrees should have remained with these officials and not have been stored in the Sublime Porte. This study focuses on the notes written on the back of the paper of the imperial decrees to consider why these documents addressed to administrative officials in the provinces were transmitted to the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul.
Many of these imperial decrees can be found to have words ordering that they be “rewritten” (tebdīl), “revised” (taṣḥīḥ), or “preserved” (ḥıfẓ) in the bag for “canceled” (baṭṭāl) documents. In other words, the most of imperial decrees transmitted to the Ottoman Archives can be concluded to have required some revision without being sent to the addressees and to have been rendered invalid but preserved at the Sublime Porte.journal articl
Workers’ Social Cohesion and Their Political Consciousness as Indicated by Protest Styles in the Late Ottoman Period: A Case Study of the Anatolian Railway Disputes
Full text linkThis paper aims to identify workers’ social cohesion and political consciousness as indicated by the protest style in the labor movement after the Young Turk Revolution, a period when the labor movement flourished in the Ottoman Empire, by examining the case of the Anatolian Railway disputes. Recent studies on Ottoman labor history show evidence of labor relations, social relationships among workers, and forms of workers’ actions in the labor movement. Furthermore, previous studies on the Anatolian Railway dispute have discussed the religious, ethnic, and occupational divisions among workers, claiming the railroad union’s discrimination against Muslim and blue-collar workers. However, these claims warrant reconsideration. Therefore, in my paper, studies identifying the conflict and division among railroad workers will be reconsidered by examining the union’s demands and the 1910 railroad dispute’s characteristics. Additionally, the workers’ political consciousness will be considered by focusing on their protest style. The union’s demands and behavior demonstrate that in the 1908 dispute and the 1910 dispute, which arose as an extension of the 1908 dispute, demands for workmen’s accident compensation and improved labor conditions were presented, apparently targeting predominantly Muslim manual laborers. In addition, some Muslim workers served as dispute representatives and union leaders. Therefore, the railroad union pursued solidarity among workers of different religious, ethnic, and national backgrounds and acknowledged the interests of Muslim and blue-collar workers. Similar to other labor disputes and social movements of the period, the railway union called on the government for just mediation and agitated for fulfilling demands through demonstrations and publications. In their protests, the railroad workers took advantage of the revolution to justify the labor movement and demands to improve their working conditions. They associated the company’s unjust management with the tyranny of the Sultan, Abdülhamid II, praising the revolution and freedom to appeal to the government and public opinion.journal articl
